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EN
The paper investigates trials conducted against suicides by patrimonial courts in the Eggenberg/ Schwarzenberg and Czernin demesnes in South Bohemia in the pre-Enlightenment era (1675–1780). Primarily, it attempts to explain the gradual tendencies toward greater leniency over the period in question, and describes the strategies involved in this form of ‘decriminalization’, especially as regards broadening the exculpatory category of ‘melancholy/madness’. The paper also strives to analyze the attitudes of various social groups whose members were involved in the investigative proceedings and subsequent trials (town officials, patrimonial aristocracy, the appellate court in Prague, local clergy, the (arch)bishop’s consistory, but also the offender’s neighbors as witnesses), and demonstrate that the gradual decriminalization was a ‘vertical’ process which occurred from the top down: the patrimonial authorities tended to show the most leniency, whereas the offender’s neighbors were usually the most disapproving.
EN
The article deals with the scope of de-penalisation resulting from the amendments to Article 209 of the Penal Code and subsequent proper interpretation of Article 4 § 4 of the same code.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zakresu depenalizacji wywołanej zmianą art. 209 k.k. i związanej z tą depenalizacją problematyki właściwej wykładni art. 4 § 4 k.k.
EN
The author considers the reasonableness of the recently proposed – especially in the German and Ango–American science of Criminal Law – postulates of decriminalization of the unintentional crimes. The analysis of those propositions reveals that they are based on questioning the possibility of proving guilt of the perpetrator of inadvertently negligent crime. Such doubts have generally not been shared by the Polish doctrine of criminal law, although authors considering this question seem have been aware of the special character of the criminalization of those crimes, where there is no culpability of the will. At the same time, the analysis of the formulated on the grounds of theory of criminalization premises of the creating penal prohibitions reveals that the unintentional crimes, especially of inadvertent negligence, fulfill those premises. It does not change the fact that this type of responsibility should be applied exceptionally, more rarely than it is currently the case in the Polish Criminal Law. The achievement of this purpose could be possible by replacing in case of some crimes the unintentionality clause with recklessness clause. The chance to reflect upon this question could be the current discussion upon the changes in the Polish Criminal Code.
PL
Artykuł omawia konstytucję wydaną przez cesarza Honoriusza w 416 r., dotyczącą wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej sprawców czynów kwalifikowanych jako crimen w sytuacji, gdy działania te podjęte zostały w czasie najazdu barbarzyńców, ucieczki przed najeźdźcami czy rządów uzurpatorów. Akt ten stanowi, że nie ma mowy o przestępstwie, jeśli czyn popełniono w obawie o życie. W artykule analizowane są poszczególne wyrażenia użyte w akcie prawnym, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do języka prawnego epoki, jak również przedstawiono tło wydania konstytucji, a także wspomniano inne regulacje, odnoszące się do współdziałania – dobrowolnego lub pod przymusem – z wrogiem.
EN
The article analyses the constitution issued by Emperor Honorius in the year 416, concerning the perpetrators of offences qualified as crimen as the exemption from criminal liability, in a situation when such actions were undertaken during the barbaric invasions, escape from such invasions or the rule of the usurpers. The act governs that an action perpetrated for fear of one’s life cannot be seen as crime. The article analyses specific terms used in the above-mentioned legal act, especially in the context of the contemporary legal terminology of the epoch. Moreover, it presents the historical backdrop behind the issuing of the constitution, together with other regulations regarding collaboration with the enemy, both volitional and under coercion.
EN
Online accounts are nowadays an inseparable part of everyday life. Among the most important ones are online banking for managing finances and a social network profile for communicating with the social networks community. As these are computer systems, unauthorised access to them can be punished as a computer crime under Section 230(1) of the Criminal Code. However, a representative questionnaire survey carried out in 2020 in the Czech Republic showed that unauthorised access occurs quite frequently, especially between partners or within a close family. In many cases, attackers gain access using login credentials that are relatively commonly shared with others by users of online accounts, and the unauthorised access itself may be questionable in many cases. The aim of this article is therefore to highlight the inconsistency of the legal norm with common user practice and to propose a possible legal modification to better reflect social reality. Considering international obligations, a partial decriminalisation of the computer offence under Article 230(1) of the Criminal Code could be achieved by changing the term “overcomes” to “infringes” and adding an additional element to this offence – acts “with the intent to obtain computer data or with other dishonest intent”. Finally, we provide brief recommendations for preventing unauthorised access to online accounts.
CS
Online účty představují dnes již nedílnou součást každodenního života. Mezi ty nejdůležitější patří na jedné straně internetové bankovnictví sloužící ke správě financí a na straně druhé profil na sociální síti sloužící ke komunikaci s širokým okolím. Protože jde o počítačové systémy, neoprávněný přístup k nim lze postihnout jako počítačový trestný čin dle § 230 odst. 1 tr. z. Reprezentativní dotazníkové šetření realizované v roce 2020 v ČR však ukázalo, že k neoprávněným přístupům dochází poměrně často, a to zejména mezi partnery nebo v rámci úzkého rodinného kruhu. Útočníci získávají přístup zejména s využitím přihlašovacích údajů, které uživatelé online účtů relativně běžně sdílejí s dalšími osobami, a samotná neoprávněnost přístupu může být v řadě případů sporná. Cílem článku je proto poukázat na nesoulad právní normy s běžnou uživatelskou praxí a navrhnout možnou úpravu de lege ferenda tak, aby lépe odpovídala sociální realitě. Při zohlednění mezinárodních závazků by mohlo dojít k částečné dekriminalizaci počítačového trestného činu dle § 230 odst. 1 tr. z. změnou výrazu „překoná“ na „poruší“ a přidáním dalšího znaku k této základní skutkové podstatě – jednání „s úmyslem získat počítačová data nebo s jiným nečestným úmyslem“. Závěrem uvádíme stručná doporučení pro prevenci neoprávněných přístupů k online účtům.
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