Search results

1

The Usefulness of the Definitions of Abstract Nouns in OALD7 and NODE

100%

Grochocka M.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2008

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vol. 44

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issue 4

469-501

EN

The paper presents a study aiming at comparing the usefulness of the definitions of abstract nouns in a pedagogical dictionary (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, OALD7) and a nativespeaker dictionary of English (The New Oxford Dictionary of English, NODE). It starts with a brief description of the subclass of abstract nouns which is conceived of as a prototypically-structured category composed of members exhibiting different degrees of resemblance to the prototype. Moreover, the most prototypical members of the subclass of abstract nouns are proposed and a comparison of the definitions of abstract nouns from the two dictionaries is made. The paper then reports on the empirical study which investigated the usefulness of the definitions of abstract nouns from the two dictionaries on a group of 60 dictionary users whose level of English oscillated between upper intermediate and advanced. Finally, the results of the study are discussed and an attempt is made to set out the possible reasons for the final outcome of the study.

2

Archeologia ciała

100%

Matczak M. D.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2013

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vol. 61

51-75

EN

The archaeology of the body as a new sub-discipline emerged on the ground of post-processual archaeology in 90s of 20th century and it is connected with the so-called “body studies” associated with post-feminism. In this sub-discipline of archaeology the body is considered to be a research category through which an interpretations of the past social and economical processes are created. The human body as a skeletal remains, ashes or iconography is present in archaeology from its beginning as a discipline what might be observed for example in explorations of the cemeteries. In the history of archaeological thought many thesis of which the body is a topic has been published. But it was not until 90s of 20th century when the body started to play a central role in archaeological narrations. The break-thought was influenced by post-processual critique and new topics that emerged in archaeology and which were connected with agency and gender. The aim of archaeologists interested in the body is to create narration based on the concept of identity. As a sub-discipline archaeology of the body has its own research questions. First and basic is: what is the body in archaeology? Second is: what were ways of perceiving the body in the past? How archaeologists treat the body during scientific investigation? Who owns the the skeletal remains and who has rights to manage them? Who should display skeletal remains and where, for what and for whom? What should be done with skeletal remains after excavations? The archaeologists interested in the body use traditional methods to investigate the body which belong to osteological, iconographic and artefact analysis. Firstly it is necessary to consider the validity of using the word “body” in archaeology. Do archaeologists have access to the real body in their discipline? The article discuses different definitions of the body which vary in relation to the social theories applied for analysis. Alternative classification on the bodies has been presented by John Robb, Dušan Borić (2008) and Lynn Meskell (1999b). The body as a source, presented body, the body as a scene of display, shaped body, the body as a representation/embodied experience, performative body and fractal body might be distinguish of among many others. First of all, the human body is present in archaeology as a source, data or evidence as human remains, ashes, mummies, and in iconography. This means that the body has been present in archaeology since its very beginning as a scientific discipline. The different forms of the body began to be approached from the philosophical and theoretical perspective in 90’s of 20th century. As it was mentioned above, we might distinguish presented body, the body as a scene of display, shaped body, the body as a representation, performative body and fractal body (after Borić and Robb 2008; Meskell 1999b). One of the very first articles on the body in archaeology was Frameworks for an Archaeology of the Body by Tim Yates (1993). The publication is very much influenced by feminist philosophy and psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. It is a polemic with current approaches to the sex in archaeology. The author presents the ways of signifying the sex of the figures of rock art from Sweden and argues that we should speak about gender not sex. The conclusion is that the body is passive and those are scientists who signify it during interpretation process. The next interesting approach is the body as a scene of display of power or gender. The academics research topics are gesture, dresses, body ornaments and sexuality (e.g. Marcus 1993, 1996; Winter 1996; Sikora 2013). Lynn Meskell argues that the concept of the body as a scene of display is bounded in Michele’s Foucault’s theory of power and discourse. Another author, John Barrett in his book Fragments from Antiquity. An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC (1994) presents how the body was used in ritual practices and what was the aim of ritual practices? How bodies shaped the landscape? Barrett’s deliberations are grounded in post-structural theory of agency by Anthony Giddens and habitus theory by Pierre Bourdieu. The matter of analyses is megalithic architecture, burial customs, artefacts and households. The most ambitious approach in body studies is the body understand as a representation (Bynum 2002, 75). This approach is influenced by phenomenology by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (2001), performative theory by Judith Butler and Elizabeth Grosz (1994). In archaeology is promoted especially by Lynn Meskell (1999b, 2000a) and Rosemary Joyce (2005). In terms of interpretation of the body in archaeology very interesting is the performative theory which says that the body is a result of social practices (performance). The finest article which represents this approach is by Dušan Borić Body Metamorphosis and Animality: Volatile Bodies and Boulder Artworks from Lepenski Vir (2005) based on the ideas of Judith Butler, Anthony Giddens and Franz Kafka. The bodies are a sculptured boulders which present hybrids between human beings and fishes in Lepenski Vir in Danube River valley. The article aims to discus the neolitisation process in the region. Totally different approach to mentioned above, is presented by Chris Fowler (2008) who uses fractal concept grounded in mathematics. According to him fractals are the cultural and social patterns which are passed in generations. His proposition gives a new light to the archaeological eclectic interpretations on the body. Notwithstanding, several elements of the body which might be found in many archaeological publications are universal. First of all, the body in archaeology is a kind of metaphor. Archaeologists do not have access to the real biological body with bones, organs, skin and flesh, but to its remains: ashes, bones, sometimes skin and organs in the case of mummies. Another category is an iconography which only represents the bodies. Secondly, the body exists in biological and cultural contexts and in relation to the bodies of other people and objects (Sofaer 2006). Thus, the body is contextual and relational. It is changeable and undergoes with processes of becoming, as Chris Schilling (2011) emphasises, the body is a project. But from the other hand, the body is limited by cultural norms and expectations and also by biological materiality, so it cannot be changeable without end. The body is created by many different categories such as: sex/gender (Yates 1993), age, social status, ethnicity, which themselves might be regarded as a categories of identities, e.g. identity connected with age. Summarising, the body in archaeology is metaphorical, historical, material, contextual, relational, changeable, limited and composed from many different categories which create its holistic identity. To simplify it, it might be argued that the body in archaeology is a material metaphor. This means that the body discovered by archaeologist, is material but not in this way as our live bodies. The archaeological body is a metaphor which brings us to the real past and biological body. A big variety of theoretical approach to the body in archaeology resulted in multi concepts of the matter and difficulties in defining the body in archaeology (Borić 2005; Meskell 1999b). That is why every archaeologist has its own definition of the body. The big theorisation of the body in archaeology might be observed but the discipline lacks its own genuine concepts on the topic. Nowadays the tendency to leaving away a biological approach to the interpreting the past is visible. It is replaced by cultural understanding of the past, e.g. it is believed that the identity is created through social practices (Joyce 2005). Moreover, during last decades we might observe the change of complexity of archaeological theories which are focus on the body. At first, the theories were not so complicated (e.g. Yates 1993) in comparison to sophisticated and eclectic today’s theories which are very often inspired by literature or mathematics (e.g. Borić 2005; Fowler 2004, 2008). The creation of an archaeological definition on the body and theories belongs to the future of the discipline.

3

Znamiona typów czynów zabronionych dotyczących utrzymywania kontaktów seksualnych z małoletnim w polskich kodeksach karnych – ujęcie przekrojow

100%

Wójtowicz P.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2014

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issue 4

51-64

EN

Legislator describes and specifies particular types of acts prohibited by means of definitions. Over the course of 80 years, starting from the Penal Code of 1932, some further changes have been implemented (both related to the classification of acts and their specification by means of definitions). This paper indicates the evolution of these definitions, which served to describe the act prohibited in form of having sexual relationship with a minor. The current Penal Code of 1997 including the last amendment from the fifth of November, 2009 which implemented two new types of acts prohibited constitutes the frame of reference. This paper will attempt to capture cross-cuttingly the definitions by means of which the following legislator formed the prohibited act of having sexual relationship with a minor.

4

Desertification: on significance of the term and research of the phenomenon

100%

Plit F., Miłaszewska M.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2006

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vol. 12

147-153

EN

First elaborations on desertification come from the Renaissance, but the term was used for the first time by Aubreville in 1949. In later years, many significantly varying in meaning definitions were elaborated. In later periods, researchers' attention concentrated on different areas. At the turn of the XIXth century, interest was mainly focused on Asia, later on the peripheries of the Sahara, in recent years on desertification in post-soviet Central Asia, China and Mongolia.

5

Unpacking Social Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Definition Chaos and Its Consequences in England

75%

Collavo T.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation

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2018

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vol. 14

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issue 2

49-82

EN

Social entrepreneurship has always been a contested concept, both within the academic discourse and in practice. A lot of scholarly effort has been put into analyzing the different definitions of social entrepreneurship and the negative consequences that the definitional debate has on the opportunity to advance social entrepreneurship as a research field. Very little is known about what the consequences of the multiple meanings of social entrepreneurship are for people working in the sector. This paper advances knowledge on this topic by looking at the social entrepreneurship sector in England and by investigating through qualitative research methods what sector members think about social entrepreneurship and its unclear boundaries. The results show that there are three different conceptions of social entrepreneurship within the sector in England. However, while everyone agrees on the presence of a definitional debate, opinions on what this means for the sector are several. Some members think it is something positive; some others think it is causing different issues, and a third group considers it as irrelevant.

6

Nazwy mężczyzn homoseksualnych we współczesnym języku polskim

75%

Dyszak A.

Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny

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2012

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vol. 11

55-80

EN

Changes in calling homosexual men can be seen by examining and comparing the contents of basic definitional dictionaries of Polish language for the last 50 years, as well as colloquial Polish language dictionaries, including the latest online dictionaries Polish language colloquial and slang. Latest from the Polish language dictionaries overall (Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego, ed. S. Dubisz) include a few names of male homosexuals: ciota, gej/gay, homoseksualista, pederasta, pedalstwo, pedał, pedzio. In colloquial Polish language dictionaries were such other names as adidas, ciepły brat, homoerota, homoser, homoserek, homospecjalista, kochający inaczej, lawenda, spedalały. The terms that appeared only in the online dictionaries are: czajnik, fag, faggot, gejowy, gejsza, gładki, obcisły gej, spedalony gej and wesołek. Can be observed numerous differences in qualification and define the names of homosexual men among the above cited dictionaries. It seems that the commonly used today the name is gej and not only in colloquial Polish language, but also in standard Polish language, and – I think – the noun displaces from the variety of Polish the words homoseksualista and pederasta. A clear majority of pejorative names (including contemptuous and offensive names) show negative attitude of speakers to homosexual men.

7

Definiowanie pojęć w miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego

75%

Pawłowski S.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2015

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issue 1(9)

99-124

EN

The subject of this paper is local spatial development plans, and in particular, the glossaries that accompany those plans. The glossaries contain defi nitions which, when expanded to cover wider scopes, constitute an essential element of the legislative activity of a local authority, as they consequently directly infl uence the surrounding spatial order. Many of the defi ned concepts that have been subject to our analysis are very interesting, but the one which has inspired the research the results of which are presented in this paper is a term ”architectonical dominant”. Already the fact that its meaning must be arbitrarily interpreted due to the fact that the words used to create it are themselves under-defi ned, means that in consequence every attempt to give the term a concrete meaning (concept) may bring about diff erent results. And yet, clearly, a possibility to introduce certain defi nitions means that spatial planning authorities have been granted such discretionary powers to do so. First, the signifi cance and the idea of local spatial plans and the scope of independence of local authorities in the shaping of those plans are discussed. Next, the general principles of defi ning concepts contained in local spatial development plans are presented, followed by an analysis of the relationship between statutory defi nitions used in legislative acts and those contained in respective local spatial development plans. Apart from the defi nitions contained in the latter, which refer to statutory acts, also those of a stricte law-making character are analysed as the most interesting. The conclusion of the deliberations is a recommendation that defi nitions in local spatial development plans should neither be arbitrarily introduced, nor should unnecessarily modify the generally binding provisions of applicable laws. The practice of using diff erent terms to denote the same concept, common among local law-making bodies, is also criticised, especially since these other terms frequently lack clear defi nitions.

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest problematyka stanowienia miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego w zakresie tworzenia w nich tzw. słowniczków. Zawarte w nich definicje, ich rozwinięcia oraz zakresy to bardzo istotny element działalności prawotwórczej lokalnego prawodawcy, gdyż wprowadzane pojęcia bezpośrednio oddziałują na ład przestrzenny. Wiele z analizowanych zdefiniowanych pojęć zasługuje na uwagę, ale tym, które najbardziej zainteresowało autora, a tym samym stało się inspiracją do przeprowadzenia badań, był termin „dominanta architektoniczna”. Samo dopowiadanie jego znaczenia poprzez zastosowanie zwrotów niedookreślonych powoduje, że nadanie mu konkretnej treści może prowadzić do różnorodnych rezultatów. W istocie zatem wprowadzenie określonych definicji stanowi o zakresie uprawnień dyskrecjonalnych podmiotu władztwa planistycznego. W artykule w pierwszej kolejności następuje przybliżenie znaczenia i istoty miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego, którego celem jest wykazanie granic samodzielności gminy w kształtowaniu treści tychże planów. Następnie przestawione są ogólne zasady definiowania pojęć w miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Dalej analizowane są wzajemne relacje pomiędzy definicjami ustawowymi i zawartymi w rozporządzeniach a stosowanymi w miejscowych planach. Oprócz definicji zawartych w miejscowych planach odwołujących się do aktów rangi ustawowej i aktów wykonawczych opracowanie omawia również takie, które mają stricte prawotwórczy charakter. I to właśnie one wydają się najbardziej interesujące. Ostatecznie autor dochodzi do wniosku, że definicje w miejscowych planach nie powinny być wprowadzane dowolnie, ani w sposób nieuzasadniony modyfikować przepisów prawa powszechnie obowiązującego (ustaw i rozporządzeń). Nadto na negatywną ocenę zasługuje praktyka stosowania przez tego samego lokalnego prawodawcę różnych znaczeń dla tożsamych terminów. Przy tym nie każdy użyty termin musi być koniecznie definiowany.

8

Poradnictwo psychologiczne a psychoterapia

75%

Czabała J. C.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 3

519-548

PL

Psychoterapia i poradnictwo psychologiczne to dwie różne formy pomocy psychologicznej. Psychoterapia to metoda leczenia zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego a poradnictwo psychologiczne to metoda pomocy dla osób doświadczających różnego rodzaju kryzysów w rozwoju, metoda wspomagająca jednostki, rodziny i grupy w zakresie rozwoju i utrzymania zdrowia psychicznego. W artykule będą opisane różnice między tymi metodami. Przedstawione zostaną ich definicje i odmienne cele tych metod. W dalszej kolejności opisane będą bardziej szczegółowo etapy procesu poradnictwa psychologicznego, rodzaje pożądanych zmian i sposoby ich osiągania.

EN

Psychotherapy and psychological counseling are two distinct forms of psychological assistance. Psychotherapy is a method of treating mental health disorders and psychological counseling is a method of helping people experiencing various kinds of developmental crises – a method supporting individuals, families, and groups in development and the maintenance of mental health. The article will present the definitions and distinct aims of these methods. The stages of the psychological counseling process, the types of desirable changes, and the ways of achieving them will be described.

9

Theoretical and empirical approaches towards a better understanding of corporate crime in Hungary

65%

Inzelt É.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2019

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issue XLI/1

31-64

PL

The purpose of this study is to collect the relevant data and to formulate the theoretical background of corporate crime from a Central-Eastern European perspective. One of the main goals of the study is to explore and elucidate the complex interrelationships between corporate crime and the Hungarian market economy’s functioning. The different approaches for defining white-collar and corporate crime are summarised. An overview of the theoretical background of such crime is given. The general economic situation in Hungary is discussed, along with various available data, in order to examine the extent of corporate crime in Hungary. A detailed guideline for the empirical study of these crimes is also presented. Celem tekstu jest zebranie danych oraz sformułowanie z perspektywy Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej podstaw teoretycznych dla lepszego rozumienia przestępczości związanej z działalnością przedsiębiorstw (corporate crime). Artykuł ma za zadanie zgłębienie i wyjaśnienie złożonych relacji zachodzących między tego rodzaju przestępczością a funkcjonowaniem gospodarki rynkowej na Węgrzech. Przeanalizowane zostaną różne podejścia dotyczące definiowania przestępczości związanej z działalnością przedsiębiorstw oraz przestępczości białych kołnierzyków, przedstawiony zostanie także przegląd założeń teoretycznych dotyczących popełniania tego rodzaju czynów zabronionych. Tekst omawia generalną sytuację gospodarczą Węgier i na jej tle przedstawia dane obrazujące możliwy zakres przestępczości związanej z działalnością przedsiębiorstw na Węgrzech. W artykule prezentowane są także szczegółowe założenia i wytyczne dotyczące empirycznego badania tego rodzaju przestępczości.

EN

The purpose of this study is to collect the relevant data and to formulate the theoretical background of corporate crime from a Central-Eastern European perspective. One of the main goals of the study is to explore and elucidate the complex interrelationships between corporate crime and the Hungarian market economy’s functioning. The different approaches for defining white-collar and corporate crime are summarised. An overview of the theoretical background of such crime is given. The general economic situation in Hungary is discussed, along with various available data, in order to examine the extent of corporate crime in Hungary. A detailed guideline for the empirical study of these crimes is also presented.

51%

Navicka T.

Język a Kultura

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2014

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vol. 24

235 - 251

EN

In the present times many an academic work appear about the meaning and the manifestations of cosmopolitanism in Western countries, offering views of different types and range, mainly in areas related to philosophy, political science and sociology. Assuming the thesis that language, being the creation of a given society, shapes its world, the author argues that for centuries the term cosmopolitanism not only remained until our days, but also had a considerable influence on human history (at least in Western countries). As belonging to political vocabulary, the term cosmopolitism constitutes an important base in the building of individual or communitarian views of the world. It is a multilayer, inexact, and natural concept (blurred in function of the context, being difficult to find a good and stable definition for it), and thus constituting an extraordinary graceful field for lexicographers to express themselves. The article’s author analyses the stylization of lexicographic definitions of cosmopolitanism included in particular Polish dictionaries, on the background of foreign languages definitions. Within this analysis she accents the mechanisms, which lead to changing the lexicographic shape of the term cosmopolitanism’s meaning depending on time.

17

Un mot (même pas ?), deux mots... une phrase ? Le problème de la définition et de l’élément central dans la phrase (perspective contrastive polono-française)

51%

Górnikiewicz J.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2015

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vol. 15

FR

L’objectif du présent article est de voir quels sont les critères retenus et comment est définie la phrase dans les ouvrages de référence français et polonais. La réflexion porte aussi sur l’élément central et la forme minimale de la phrase dans les deux langues. Ainsi sont présentées deux conceptions concurrentes qui se partagent – dans des proportions différentes pour chaque langue – les suffrages des chercheurs : celle qui prône le dictat du verbe et celle qui “répartit les pouvoirs” entre le sujet et le verbe.

EN

The goal of this research proposal is to present the criteria used to define a sentence in French and Polish reference works. The discussion also focuses on the central element and the minimal formation of a sentence in these two languages. Accordingly, there are two concurrent conceptions described which are more or less widely adopted by scientists and researchers: the “diktat” of the verb and the partnership between the verb and its subject.

18

Definicja realna vs. definicja nominalna w języku niemieckich rozpraw prawniczych dziewiętnastego wieku

51%

Szubert R.

Orbis Linguarum

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2018

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issue 52

151-160

EN

Real versus nominal definitions in the language of 19th century German legal dissertations Definition is included in the basic (scientific) activities (methods). The results of the definition are communicated in the language. In my paper I take up the topic of functions performed by definitions in the development of knowledge about law. The basis for my deliberations are selected fragments of German scientific treatises from the 19th century. I am particularly interested in the above topic in the context of the principle of dividing definitions into real and nominal definitions adopted since the times of Aristotle. In my paper I try to establish the status of definitions used in the texts I analyse. The fundamental research problem is whether the definitions formulated by the 19th century German law theorists are certificated, real, classical essential definitions – established in the final analysis (this would be consistent with the expectations of some researchers of the language of law related to its character, i.e. its accuracy, accuracy), or whether these definitions are understood in a fallible way, subject to revision and change, which are the results of the field of law.

Refine search results

The Usefulness of the Definitions of Abstract Nouns in OALD7 and NODE

Archeologia ciała

Znamiona typów czynów zabronionych dotyczących utrzymywania kontaktów seksualnych z małoletnim w polskich kodeksach karnych – ujęcie przekrojow

Desertification: on significance of the term and research of the phenomenon

Unpacking Social Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Definition Chaos and Its Consequences in England

Nazwy mężczyzn homoseksualnych we współczesnym języku polskim

Definiowanie pojęć w miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego

Poradnictwo psychologiczne a psychoterapia

Theoretical and empirical approaches towards a better understanding of corporate crime in Hungary

Efekty pedagogiczne Międzynarodowego Roku Inwalidów i Osób Niepełnosprawnych – ponad trzy dekady później

What is labour exploitation? The Belgian and British experience

Slave to the rhythm? O różnych sposobach definiowania rytmu

Pojęcie i zakres inwestycji w rachunkowości oraz metody wyceny inwestycji niefinansowych

Definicyjne i metodyczne problemy rentowności

Cmentarz w miejscowym planie zagospodarowania przestrzennego

Wpływ perswazji na styl określania: kreowanie postaci kosmopolityzmu przez słowniki

Un mot (même pas ?), deux mots... une phrase ? Le problème de la définition et de l’élément central dans la phrase (perspective contrastive polono-française)

Definicja realna vs. definicja nominalna w języku niemieckich rozpraw prawniczych dziewiętnastego wieku