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EN
The objective of the article was to re-define the bipolar metropolitan area within the area of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region (NUTS 2). Concentration of metropolitan features, as well as socio-economic situations of its communes (NUTS 5) in 2011, and also the dynamics of communes’ development in the period 2009-2011 were considered in the procedure of delimitation. Bydgoszcz and Toruń, as the economically strongest cities in the region, were established as the dual core of the bipolar metropolitan area. It was assumed that the determined metropolitan area would cover the best developed and the fastest developing communes which met the following criteria of a metropolitan area: neighbourhood, continuity, compactness, maximum distance and population. The development levels of the communes were determined with the use of syn-thetic measure. Its values were calculated considering the economic (e.g. the amount of income) and also social (e.g. unemployment) aspects of regional devel-opment, as well as features typical of metropolitan areas, such as: well-developed sectors of R&D, knowledge-based economy and serving superior services. In the research, linear arrangement methods classifying as taxonomic tools of multivari-ate data analysis was applied. The metropolitan area resulting from the research (BipOM) slightly differs from the Bydgoszcz-Toruń Metropolitan Area (B-TOM) which was formally ap-pointed in 2005 and composed all of the communes located within the area of the Bydgoski and Toruński districts (NUTS 4). Chełmża and Koronowo, as the less developed communes of the districts, were excluded from the new metropolitan area, while the communes of Ciechocinek, Nakło and Unisław, belonging to the neighbouring districts of the region, were included in the BipOM due to their significant level of regional development and its dynamics. Furthermore the Inowrocław district (bordered on the BipOM) was identified as the prospective candidate for the BipOM, due to the fact that its communes demonstrate a high potential for regional development.
EN
Metropolises are a force that drives the growth of the economy, attracts well educated individuals, clusters investors and innovations. Proper functioning and sustainable development of metropolitan areas affect the quality of life and growth of the economy. The paper is an overview of the basic problems of Polish metropolitan areas, especially delimitation of Polish metropolitan area and contains an attempt of the solution and legal regulations.
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EN
This article explores the development of maritime delimitation between the breakthrough decisions of the International Court of the Justice in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases (1969) and the Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (2009). Being based on the Art.6 of the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958), the international jurisprudence rather quickly developed its own methodology which has made a long way from the simple assumption that the final delimitation must be always the equidistance line. On the other hand, whilst the equidistance line disappeared from the wording of the delimitation clauses incorporated in the later United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), the delimitation line of the equidistance line survived in the later jurisprudence, being the starting point for all delimitations without limiting the international courts of a relevant adjustment because of the particular characteristics of every single case. The adoption of equitableness in the methodology of maritime delimitation seemed to be a perspective step forward in the late 1960’s. However, this progressive development went probably too fast to enable a full apprehension of the various possibilities of this new approach and came with its limitless application of equity into a dead-end in the decisions of the early 1980’s. Gradually, the later international jurisprudence in maritime delimitation has become more structured, respecting more the natural characteristics of each particular case. Finally, a structured framework of a methodological system appeared in the early years of the 21st century, enabling the courts a more common approach, whilst modifying the delimitation system regarding the particularities of each individual maritime delimitation case.
EN
The article aims at exploring the literature on town centre delimitation methods over the last sixty years. Specifically, the first section explores the content of the term town centre, while the second one proposes an organisation of town centre delimitation research in three main periods. The third section comprises the main corpus of the article, as several town centre delimitation methodologies of the last sixty years are presented and discussed. For their presentation, a three tiered analysis is introduced. In the first stage the decisions of researchers regarding centrality estimators are discussed, in the second stage the study focuses on the choices of the spatial units, in which the chosen variables will be studied, and in the third stage the study discusses the methods that are used to characterise each of the studied spatial units as central versus non-central. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that town centre delimitation is an issue which transcends various scientific disciplines and that each of these disciplines comprehends the centre of a town in a unique way. Thus, future methods of town centre delimitation should take into account the choices made in each of the three stages presented above, and should also link the above choices to the objectives and the theoretical context of the study.
PL
Wytyczne Ministerstwa Rozwoju Regionalnego (MRR) w sprawie mieszkalnictwa, stworzyły potencjalne warunki do realizacji projektów rewitalizacyjnych w obszarach mieszkalnictwa, współfinansowanych ze środków unijnych. Nieadekwatność szczegółowych zapisów tych wytycznych w stosunku do definicyjnego rozumienia rewitalizacji oraz ograniczone możliwości agregacji danych polskiej statystyki publicznej, spowodowały wystąpienie uchybień w wytyczaniu obszarów zdegradowanych. Efektem tego była realizacja projektów będących głównie projektami remontowymi lub modernizacyjnymi. Wyznaczone kryteria określania obszarów zdegradowanych, poprzez niewłaściwe odniesienie (w stosunku do wskaźników wojwódzkich), spowodowały częściowe wykluczenie wielu obszarów miejskich z działań rewitalizacyjnych finansowanych z funduszy unijnych. Treścią artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena tych kryteriów, ich wpływu na sposób delimitacji obszaru oraz wnioski sugerujące niezbędne zmiany w tym zakresie.
EN
Guideline of Ministry of Regional Development on housing have created the potential conditions for implementation of regeneration projects in the areas of housing, co-financed from the EU funds. The inadequacy of the detailed provisions of these guidelines in relation to the definitional understanding of revitalization and the limited data aggregation of Polish official statistics caused the deficiencies in determining degraded areas. The result was the implementation of repair or modernization projects mainly. Set criteria for determining degraded areas, by using inappropriate reference (in relation to regional indicators) have resulted in the exclusion of many urban territories from revitalization activities financed from the EU sources. The content of this article is to present and evaluate these criteria, their impact on the way of the delimitation of the areas and the conclusions suggesting necessary changes in these guidelines.
EN
The article deals with selected aspects of Polish text linguistics research. It points to the diversity of defi nitions and the lack of clear criteria for the classifi cation of texts. There is also a lack of distinction between the text and the sentence or phrase, resulting from ambiguous features describing these terms. The article also indicates the variety of defi nitions of ‘coherence', ‘cohesion', ‘delimitation' etc., describing the text as a communication unit. On the basis of the anthropocentric theory of human languages the author presents the model of expression, which shows factors that infl uence the form and content of utterances, related to senders and recipients as well as a given situation/given circumstances. Linguistic expressions cannot be assigned a function or a communicative pragmatic view of the need to take account of linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics of senders and recipients of expressions and their ability to interpret these expressions. Each linguistic utterance is shaped according to the language skills and knowledge of the surrounding reality developed by the participants of the given communicative situation, and the analysis of the circumstances in which a given linguistic utterance is formed.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i diagnoza problemów obszarów metropolitalnych w Polsce. W pierwszej części autorzy przedstawiają przegląd najważniejszych przejawów procesów metropolizacji wraz z próbą wskazania problemów, jakie mogą im towarzyszyć w skali lokalnej i regionalnej. Stanowi to podstawę do identyfikacji najważniejszych ośrodków miejskich w Polsce, dla których przeprowadzono delimitację ich obszarów metropolitalnych. W kolejnej części artykułu wyróżnione obszary scharakteryzowano pod kątem ukazania ich najważniejszych problemów rozwojowych. W efekcie możliwe stało się sformułowanie rekomendacji dotyczących działań, które usprawniłyby funkcjonowanie największych miast i ich otoczenia.
EN
The aim of the paper is to indicate metropolitan areas in Poland as well as to provide the assessment of their situation. The first part is devoted to literature review focused on identification of the most significant trade-offs of metropolisation process in regional and local scale. This constitutes a base for indication of the most important cities in Poland for which delineation of their metropolitan areas are provided. In the next part these metropolitan areas were characterised to reveal obstacles in their development. This enables authors to provide recommendations regarding activates that should be undertaken to facilitate growth of the largest cities and their surroundings.
EN
The establishment of the PRC opened the new chapter in the Sino-Soviet/Russian relations. For many years the existence of the problem of the common border was not openly expressed. In 1957 the first announcements about the territorial disputes between USSR and PRC were issued in China. And in 1960 Zhou Enlai stated that there were insignificant disrepancies in the Russian and Chinese maps, very easy to solve. Over the next nearly 30 years the problem of determination of the border has become a victim of tense and hostile Soviet-Chinese relations and unproductive talks. Gorbachev’s rise to power in the Kremlin enabled to negotiate a solution to the Soviet-Chinese border problem. And consequently to sign “The agreement on the eastern section of the Sino-Soviet state border” on May 16, 1991. The agreement on the western section of the border was signed on September 3, 1994. The demarcation of the western section of the border was finished by Joint Russian-Chinese Demarcation Commission on September 10, 1998. After six years of negotiations on October 14, 2004 the Complementary Agreement on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary was signed in Beijing. On its basis the Russian side ceded the whole of Tarabarov island (ch. Yinlongdao), half of Bolshoy Ussuriyski (ch. Heixiazidao) and half of Bolshoy (ch. Abagaitu) island. Another halves of Bolshoy Ussuriyski and Bolshoy islands were kept by Russia. Both sides shared disputed territory almost equally. The ceremony of installation of the border landmarks between Russia and China on Bolshoy Ussuriyski island (on October 14, 2008) finished the long process of demarcation of the Russian-Chinese border.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 77
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issue 1
9–24
EN
From a traditional historiographic perspective the treaty of Namslau (Namyslow) made in November 1348 between Casimir the Great and Roman and Czech king Charles IV of Luxembourg constituted a breakthrough in the Polish-Teutonic relations. It included a clause according to which the Czechs were to help Poland against the Teutonic Order if the Order occupied some of Poland’s territories. It was not a declaration to carry out the anti-Teutonic action on the part of the Polish king, but one of the elements making the Treaty of Namslau quite insignificant from the very beginning, which was obvious to both parties. It did not affect the Polish-Teutonic relations, which is proved by the border agreement concluded in June 1349. Apart from the detailed delimitation, it included an important clause guaranteeing the freedom of trade for all merchants crossing the border area of the Vistula. The agreement was the first to define the border line between Greater Poland and Pomerania (which was under the Teutonic rule), and included some modifications which took place in respect to the borders. At the same time King Casimir the Great took measures to revive the trade relations with the Teutonic State. Until the end of 1349 the monarch issued three documents guaranteeing the freedom of movement of Prussian merchants (particularly the ones from Torun) to Ruthenia, where he defeated the Lithuanians at the time. The revival of trade affected also other areas, which quickly led to frictions resulting from the fact that traditional centres suffered losses because of the appearance of new routes. The evidence for this conflict was a letter of April 1350 from the authorities of Kalisz to the council of Torun. The settlement made through the mediation of the Gniezno archbishop Jaroslaw Bogoria, mentioned in a royal document of August 1350, prevented the escalation of the conflict, the element of which was the confliscation of cloth from Polish merchants which took place in Torun. Casimir the Great was interested in resolving the conflict amicably as the spring and summer of 1350 was characterized by the intensive military activity of Lithuania in Ruthenia.
EN
Delimitation of functional urban areas of supra-local importance for the purposes of spatial planning – on the example of the Łódzkie voivodeship
PL
Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie głównych uwarunkowań związanych z delimitacją obszarów metropolitalnych. W pierwszej kolejności dotyczy to zagadnień, związanych z umiejscowieniem pojęcia metropolii i funkcji metropolitalnych w szerszych bądź zazębiających się konstrukcjach koncepcyjno-teoretycznych i metodologicznych. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza kon- cepcji regionu i dziennego systemu miejskiego. W drugiej części omówione są ważniejsze polskie prace delimitacyjne, począwszy od pionierskiej pracy K. Dziewońskiego i L. Kosińskiego (1964) na temat wyznaczenia aglomeracji ludnościo- wych, a kończąc na współczesnych opracowaniach wykonanych m.in. w ostatniej dekadzie w Instytucie Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN. W ostatniej, trzeciej części zaprezentowane są aktualne problemy metodologiczne, w tym statystyczne.
EN
The purpose of this article is outline the main considerations relating to the delimitation of metropolitan areas. In the first place it concerns issues related to the location of the notion of metropolis and metropolitan functions in the broader or overlapping conceptual, theoretical and methodological structures. This applies especially to the concept of the region and the daily urban system of B.J.L Berry (1967) proposition. The second section describes the important studies of Polish delimitations, from the pioneering elaboration of K. Dziewoński and L. Kosinski (1964) on the designation of urban population, and ending with the contemporary studies performed, among others, in the last decade in the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of Polish Academy of Sciences. In the last, third part are presented current methodological problems, including statistics.
PL
Ponieważ działania na rzecz zwiększania spójności gospodarczej w ujęciu przestrzennym są ważnym elementem polityki publicznej, a metropolie to główne ośrodki wzrostu gospodarczego, istotne jest zrozumienie, jaki jest zasięg przestrzenny dyfuzji rozwoju z dużych miast do otaczających je regionów, oraz które obszary charakteryzują się szczególnie niskim poziomem rozwoju na skutek braku funkcjonalnych powiązań z metropoliami. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą zdelimitowania zjawiska dyfuzji rozwoju z miast metropolitalnych w Polsce, a także wskazania obszarów dotkniętych polaryzacją rozwoju. Analiza została przeprowadzona na poziomie gmin z wykorzystaniem miary lokalnej korelacji przestrzennej (LISA).
EN
Strengthening economic cohesion of regional economies is usually considered as one of the major goals of regional policy. At the same time, metropolitan cities are recognized as main centres of economic growth, influencing the development perspectives of more peripheral areas. It is therefore important to know the range and the mechanism of spillover of socio-economic development from metropolises to their surroundings, as well as to identify the areas which are economically lagging as a result of missing functional links with metropolises. The authors apply the local spatial correlation measures (local Moran’s statistics – LISA) in the analysis of municipal revenues in order to delimit the diffusion and polarization of economic development in Poland.
EN
The Kurpie Zielone ethnographic region is located in the north-eastern part of Mazovia. It is assumed that a significant part of its borders runs along the rivers: Orzyc in the west, Narew in the south and Pisa with Skroda in the east. From the north, its course is identical to the former historical border between Poland and East Prussia. The cited borders of the region are indicative of its range, although their location is largely beyond any doubt. There are three sections of the border where it is reasonable to specify the border line. The aim of the article is to delimitate the Kurpie Zielone ethnographic region. The article uses the method consisting in superimposing maps showing the distribution of individual features characterizing a region and extinguishing or disappearing beyond its borders. The following were used: the spatial extent of the Kurpie Plain and the range of the Kurpie dialect, as well as the division of the state and church administration from the period preceding the colonization of the area. This analysis made it possible to determine the approximate location of its boundaries in accordance with the rules of regionalization.
PL
Region etnograficzny Kurpie Zielone ukształtował się w północno-wschodniej części Mazowsza. Przyjmuje się, że znaczna część jego granic biegnie wzdłuż rzek: Orzyca na zachodzie, Narwi na południu oraz Pisy ze Skrodą na wschodzie. Od północy jej przebieg jest tożsamy z byłą historyczną granicą pomiędzy Polską a Prusami. Przytoczone granice regionu prezentują jego zasięg orientacyjnie, choć ich przebieg w większości nie budzi wątpliwości. Występują trzy odcinki granicy, przy których zasadne jest doprecyzowanie linii granicznej. Celem artykułu jest delimitacja regionu etnograficznego Kurpie Zielone. W artykule wykorzystano metodę polegającą na nałożeniu na siebie map przedstawiających rozmieszczenie pojedynczych cech charakteryzujących region i wygasających lub zanikających poza jego granicami. Wykorzystano do tego: zasięg przestrzenny Równiny Kurpiowskiej oraz zasięg występowania gwary kurpiowskiej, a także podział administracji państwowej i kościelnej z okresu poprzedzającego kolonizację obszaru. Niniejsza analiza pozwoliła na określenie prawdopodobnego przebiegu jego granic zgodnie z zasadami regionalizacji.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono propozycję graficznej procedury porządkowania i grupowania obiektów opisanych pojedynczą cechą ujętą w formie szeregu przekrojowego, czasowego lub przekrojowo-czasowego. Metoda ta nawiązuje do klasycznej metody porządkowania opracowanej ponad 100 lat temu przez Jana Czekanowskiego. Zaletami proponowanej procedury są mała pracochłonność, intuicyjność i możliwość realizacji za pomocą arkusza kalkulacyjnego z zastosowaniem kilku elementarnych funkcji. Metodę wykorzystano do analizy taksonomicznej zbioru 28 krajów Unii Europejskiej opisanych trzema cechami: stopa bezrobocia, zagrożenie ubóstwem oraz długość życia, odnoszącymi się do dwóch lat – 2010 oraz 2015 r.
EN
The paper presents a graphical procedure for sorting and grouping objects described by a single variable taken in the form of cross-sectional, time series or panel data. This method draws on the classical taxonometric method developed over 100 years ago by Jan Czekanowski. The advantages of simplified vector delimitation are that it is not labour intensive but is intuitive and can be handled with simple spreadsheet functions. The method was used for the taxonomic analysis of a set of 28 EU countries described by three characteristics: the unemployment rate, poverty risk and life expectancy for the two years 2010 and 2015.
EN
In the article the international legal status of the territory, and the territory of the state was ascertained, and the features of the legal status of a state border were identified. The main problem of the thesis is to show the causes of conflicts in determining the borders of the Central Asian states from the perspective of Russian scholars. The main issues of regulating international relations in the sphere of the delimitation of state borders under the international law in Central Asia are outlined.
RU
В статье рассмотрены международно-правовой статус территории, установ- ление территории государства, и определены особенности правового ста- туса государственной границы. Основная проблема статьи – показать при- чины конфликтов в определении границ Центрально-азиатских государств с точки зрения российских ученых. Изложены основные вопросы регули- рования международных отношений в сфере делимитации государственной границы в рамках международного права в Центральной Азии.
EN
A The paper attempts to empirically identify the metropolitan area in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian for the cities of Bydgoszcz and Torun. Obtaining the results of the delimitation of the study were used for comparison with the formally existing Bydgoszcz-Torun Metropolitan Area (B-TOM). To accomplish the intended purpose of the identification procedure used in the work proposed by P. Swianiewicz, U. Klimska and M. Smetkowskiego. In the second approach for cognitive reasons to attempt to identify the metropolitan area on the basis of the municipalities used additionally selected methods of taxonomic so. Methods area. In addition, the results obtained delimitation tested using measures of correctness clusters to their verification.
PL
W pracy podjęto próbę empirycznej identyfikacji obszaru metropolitalnego w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim dla miast Bydgoszczy i Torunia. Uzyskanie wyniki delimitacji posłużyły do porównania z formalnie istniejącym Bydgosko-Toruńskim Obszarem Metropolitalnym (B-TOM). Do realizacji zamierzonego celu wykorzystano procedury identyfikacji zaproponowane w pracach przez P. Swianiewicza, U. Klimską oraz M. Smętkowskiego. W drugim ujęciu ze względów poznawczych do przeprowadzenia próby identyfikacji obszaru metropolitalnego na podstawie gmin zastosowano dodatkowo wybrane metody taksonomiczne tzw. metody obszarowe. Ponadto otrzymane rezultaty delimitacji poddano weryfikacji przy wykorzystaniu mierników poprawności skupień.
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2014
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vol. 24
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issue 1
25-34
EN
Tourism space has been considered by most researchers to be the central object of tourism geography studies. The author defines tourism space, indicating the features which distinguish it within geographical space, as well as those which describe its character. He also presents a discussion on the need (or necessity) to make internal divisions and classifications, as well as on selected criteria and ways of classifying tourism space.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem zaludnienia miejskich obszarów funkcjonalnych wokół wybranych miast średniej wielkości w Polsce i Republice Czeskiej. Badanie obejmuje 6 miast (po polskiej stronie – Jelenia Góra, Legnica i Wałbrzych – zlokalizowanych w regionie dolnośląskim; po stronie czeskiej – Hradec Králové, Liberec i Usti nad Labem). Te ośrodki centralne wraz z obszarami podmiejskimi współtworzą miejskie obszary funkcjonalne o zróżnicowanej strukturze demograficznej i dynamice rozwojowej. W analizowanym okresie wzrost liczby ludności odnotowano tylko w Libercu. Największa populacja wśród badanych obszarów odnosi się również do miejskiego obszaru funkcjonalnego Liberca. Liczba ludności na obszarach podmiejskich badanych miast Polski i Czech jest relatywnie młodsza niż w miastach-rdzeniach. Podejście funkcjonalne do rozwoju obszarów miejskich zakładające odejście od postrzegania problemów i wyzwań jedynie przez pryzmat granic administracyjnych staje się coraz ważniejsze.
EN
The article presents the population problem of urban functional area around chosen medium-sized towns in Poland and Czech Republic. Research work refers to 6 towns (on Polish side – Jelenia Góra, Legnica and Wałbrzych – located in Lower Silesia region; on Czech side – Hradec Králové, Liberec and Ústí nad Labem). These core cities with suburban areas co-create the functional urban areas with varied demographic structure and development dynamics. In the analyzed period, the population growth was observed only in Liberec. The largest total population among studied areas refers also to Liberec functional urban area. The population in suburban areas examined Polish and Czech cities is relatively younger than in the core cities. Functional approach for development of urban areas founding depart from perception of problem and challenges only by prism of administrative borders becomes more important.
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