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EN
Political systems need constant, permanent confirmation of its’ legality; the most important way to ensure continuity of this process in contemporary democracies is citizens political participation. Taking part in political life may evince in many ways and serves both in order to expressing support (which increases system legitimacy) and to raise an objections, demonstrate disapproval or even to revolt against the system as a whole or its’ part (which decreases or even abolish system legitimacy). This paper contains considerations over dependencies among political participation and political system legitimization focusing on emerging democracies in transformation. Analysis concerns such forms of political participation as: interest in politics, voting, engaging in social and political group activities, belonging to social and political organizations and taking part in politics by violent behavior. Attention was also given to empirical data from Polish General Social Survey and European Social Survey and concentrated on the process of legitimization of Polish political system by various forms of citizens political participation. Paper also introduces typology of attitudes to political system and its influence on political system legitimization. Attitudes of support, indifference, alienation and resistance were distinguished. Also the fifth type of attitudes was identified that seems to be the most important, useful and desired in consolidating democracies that was called – critical support.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the 2010 polish presidential campaign from a perspective of cultural area of democracy. The author is trying to find an answer to following question: which form of the democracy is preferred by two major candidates in presidential election. If Liberal democracy – simultaneously the most appreciated and the most criticized form of a democracy – with its all reflected values was present in this election campaign? The author assumes that one of basic election campaign components is the mission, contains catalog of values, which are essential for creating ideological vision of the state and for holding the presidency. To illustrate the subject the author analyses the pronouncements of two main candidates Jarosław Kaczyński and Bolesław Komorowski as well as the political and social comments from daily „Gazeta Wyborcza” newspaper.
EN
The article attempts to determine the effectiveness of elections as a mechanism for expressing political preferences, understood as the support for postulates (platforms) of political parties. An analysis of a simple model based on the assumption of rational issue-voting leads to a conclusion that preference expression is inevitably distorted by the necessity to vote on “packages” of issues/propositions of unequal support among those voting them. It also provides the correlates of effective preference articulation. The remainder of the article discusses other limitations – mainly of psychological nature – to the elections’ articulation function.
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EN
The article discusses selected aspects and values of democracy in the views of one of the most prominent American neoconservative thinkers, Irving Kristol, often referred to as ‘the godfather of neoconservatism’. It starts with a diagnosis of liberal democracy in times of its crisis. According to Kristol, the condition of American society threatens the future of the culture based on Western civic-bourgeois values. Every moral authority is nowadays being put into question. This constitutes a great danger as no society can totally reject wisdom based on the experience of past generations. Moreover, no society can survive without religion, which supplies answers to the most fundamental questions. In this respect, Kristol argues that a liberal form of censorship favouring Christian morality should be established. In general, the problems of contemporary democracy should be dealt with by applying the ideas of the Founding Fathers. Inspirations can be found in the American Revolution, which was ‘a revolution of sober expectations’, as Martin Diamond called it, contrary to the present habits of mind described by Kristol as ‘the revolution of rising expectations’. Thus, America can only be healed by restoring the republican spirit, which has been overwhelmed by the ‘democratic ideology’ justifying all the desires and demands of man. Such a prescription, however, makes the author of the article raise several questions.
EN
The article describes the problem of political system agreement which was drawn up between communist government and opposition during ‘Round Table’ sessions without any demand of resignation from socialist system. The agreement described in article recognizes that socialist parliamentary democracy will be a system which is based on values and principles such as: evolutionary character of transformation; departure from Marxist ideology as system of values in exercised power; leading role of PUWP is kept (the leadership is in the hands of president as a new-created office); political pluralism – freedom to form associations (but not multi-partial system); keeping all previous international alliances etc. New system of leading state bodies is created – the office of president is re-established as well as Senate as a second chamber, but Sejm kept its leading position. The socialist parliamentary democracy was practically only a short – term structure: the December amendment in 1989 terminated its functioning.
PL
Demokracja, demokratyczny, demokratyzm, demokratyzacja to pojęcia syndromatyczne. Zarówno same w sobie, gdy wskazujemy kryteria definicyjne, jak i w związkach pojęć – takich jak np. demokracja liberalna czy demokratyczne państwo prawa. Syndromatyczność tych pojęć polega na tym, że ich treść nie jest jednowymiarowa (w redukcji do sposobu wyłaniania i legitymizacji władzy, sposobu rządzenia, relacji między rządzącymi a rządzonymi), lecz określona jest przez splot charakterystyk ideologicznych, etycznych, socjoekonomicznych i prawnych. Demokracja „przymiotnikowa” to inna jakość niż „czysta” demokracja rozumiana dosłownie, lecz i blankietowo. Znajduje to wyraz w zróżnicowanych doktrynalnie modelach demokracji.
EN
Democracy, democratic, democratism, democratization are syndromic terms. Both in themselves, as Simple terms, when we indicate the definition criteria, and in complex terms – such as, for example, liberal democracy or the democratic state of law. The syndromic nature of these concepts lies in the fact that their content is not one-dimensional (reduced to the method of the emergence and legitimation of power, the method of governing, the relationship between the ruling and the ruled), but is determined by a combination of ideological, ethical, socioeconomic and legal characteristics. “Adjectival” democracy is a different quality than “pure” democracy understood literally, but also in blank form. This is reflected in the doctrinally diverse models of democracy.
PL
W artykule poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące systemu cywilnej i demokratycznej kontroli i nadzoru nad służbami specjalnymi w Polsce. Model tego systemu jest oparty na nadzorze sprawowanym przez przedstawicieli władzy wykonawczej, który z kolei jest poddany kontroli parlamentarnej w zakresie kreowania oraz wdrażania prawa regulującego działalność tajnych służb. Istotna rola przypada również władzy sądowniczej, której przedstawiciele nadzorują stosowanie dyskrecjonalnych metod wykorzystywanych przez służby oraz sądzą ewentualne nadużycia popełniane przez ich funkcjonariuszy. Dopełnieniem systemu jest kontrola społeczna sprawowana za pośrednictwem mediów, które przez nagłaśnianie faktów wskazujących na jego braki i niedoskonałości wyrażają presję opinii publicznej na ośrodek władzy w celu wprowadzenia rozwiązań naprawczych. Autor wskazuje na obszary zagrożeń związane z funkcjonowaniem służb specjalnych w warunkach demokratycznego państwa prawnego i w nawiązaniu do nich podejmuje próbę oceny funkcjonalności i efektywności rozwiązań zastosowanych w organizacji systemu nadzorczo-kontrolnego.
EN
This paper discusses issues concerning the system of civil and democratic control and supervision of secret services in Poland. The model of the system is based on supervision conducted by the executive power, which in turn subjects to parliamentary control exercised by creating the law regarding secret service operations. The judiciary also performs an essential role in the system, as its representatives oversee the application of discretionary methods of the services and adjudicate upon possible abuses perpetrated by their officers. The system is complemented by social control exercised by means of mass media. Disclosure of deficiencies in its actual operation arouse public pressure upon the centre of power to implement corrective measures. The author points out risk areas regarding the operation of secret services under democratic law system and attempts to assess functionality and effectiveness of the solutions adopted in the area of the control-supervision system.
PL
Zadaniem państwa jest wyrównywanie szans życiowych różnych grup społecznych, szczególnie jeśli art. 20 Konstytucji deklaruje ustrój gospodarczy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jako społeczną gospodarkę rynkową. Działania rynku winny podlegać korekcie i obowiązkiem państwa jest prowadzenie polityki podatkowej, mającej na celu niwelowanie nadmiernych nierówności przez redystrybucję dochodu narodowego. Wymaga tego również zasada sprawiedliwości społecznej (art. 2 Konstytucji). Niestety, w Polsce system podatkowy ma charakter degresywny, a bogaci płacą proporcjonalnie niższe podatki od uboższych obywateli. Rozwarstwienie dochodowe po opodatkowaniu jest większe niż przed nim, zaś redystrybucja następuje od biednych do bogatych. W skali świata osiem najbogatszych osób dysponuje takim samym majątkiem co biedniejsza połowa ludzkości. Nierówności można łagodzić m.in. poprzez większą progresję podatków dochodowych. Niestety obecnie brak jest możliwości prowadzenia przez państwa skutecznej polityki redystrybucji majątkowej z uwagi na globalizację rynków finansowych, ucieczkę kapitałów do rajów podatkowych, co prowadzi do pauperyzacji klasy średniej, a państwa z powodu optymalizacji podatkowej nie są w stanie pokryć rosnących deficytów budżetowych. T. Piketty rozwiązanie kwestii rosnących nierówności widzi we wprowadzeniu globalnego, progresywnego podatku od indywidualnego majątku za pomocą specjalnie powołanych demokratycznych instytucji o charakterze globalnym.
EN
The main duty of the state is to to equalise life opportunities for different social groups. It is of great importance as Article 20 of Polish Constitution establishes the economic order of the Republic of Poland described as the social market economy. Activities undertaken on the market are to be controlled and the obligation of the state is to conduct tax with the purpose to equalize excessive inequality by means of redistribution of national income. It is also based on the social justice principle (Article 2 of Polish Constitution). Unfortunately, Polish tax system is degressive and the rich pay proportionately lower taxes in relation to the poorer citizens. Income stratification after taxation is higher than before it and redistribution takes place from the poor towards the rich. On the international scale eight richest people dispose of the same amount of assets as the half of the population. Social inequality may be equalized by means of progressing of income taxes. Unfortunately, the state redistribution seems to be ineffective due to globalization of financial markets, escape of capital to tax havens. This results in middle class pauperization and the states are incapable to cover rising budget deficits due to tax optimization activities. T. Piketty is of the opinion that the right solution to eliminate social inequality should be based on introduction of global, progressive tax on individual property by means of specially established democratic institutions with global competences.
EN
In this article I explain the reasons for betrayal of elites in the context of fundamental assumptions of the “Solidarity” movement in the years of 1980-1989. As a result, Polish society abandoned the deliberative and participatory democracy. I look at how education as a science and practice of education fits into democratization of the Polish state and society. The key meaning for me has the perception of education as a common good, as environments and entities, institutions or management practices which participate in the democratic society. In the transition period in Poland from 1989 till 2019 education did not become a source of ongoing changes in the country. I make a critical analysis of educational policy in Poland during the 30 years of the political transformation.
PL
W artykule Autor wyjaśnia powody tzw. zdrady elit w kontekście fundamentalnych założeń ruchu Solidarności. Wskutek tego polskie społeczeństwo porzuciło demokrację deliberatywną i partycypacyjną. Autor analizuje jak edukacja, jako nauka i praktyka edukacji, wpasowuje się w demokratyzację polskiego państwa i społeczeństwa. Kluczowe znaczenie dla Autora ma postrzeganie edukacji jako powszechnego dobra, jako środowiska, instytucji i praktyki zarządzania, które uczestniczą w społeczeństwie demokratycznym. W okresie transformacji w Polsce w okresie od 1989 roku do 2019 edukacja nie stała się źródłem zachodzących zmian w kraju. Autor dokonuje krytycznej analizy polityki edukacyjnej w Polsce w czasie 30 lat politycznej transformacji.
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