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PL
W powieści Bracia Karamazow można w zależności od stanu duchowego człowieka odróżnić dwie przeciwstawne percepcje rzeczywistości: „percepcję zewnętrzną” oraz „percepcję w ukryciu”. Iwan Karamazow będąc w grzesznym stanie duchowym (pragnie śmierci ojca) za pomocą rzekomo pięknej idei o moralnej sprawiedliwości i zadośćuczynieniu wciąga brata Aloszę w „demoniczną eucharystię” i doprowadza go do buntu przeciwko Bogu. Alosza zapomina o niepojętości Bożej istoty, co powoduje zmianę jego percepcji rzeczywistości. Bohater wciąga Boga w sieć relacji czysto ludzkich, opartych na regule wzajemności i żąda od Niego „dowodów materialnych”. W świecie Dostojewskiego możliwa jest metanoia. Dokonuje się ona niespodziewanie i uwarunkowana jest gotowością otwarcia się człowieka na podarowaną mu łaskę.
EN
In The Karamazov Brothers the protagonist’s perception of reality changes in line with changes in his spiritual state. Two extreme and opposing perceptions of reality are represented by schematic characters Ms Hohlakova and Father Zosima. The former is characterised by her so called „outward perception”, her voice is the „voice of the world”, speaking about the visible reality and seeking validation from witnesses. The Father Zosima’s perception is, in contrast, „perception of the invisible”, his voice is the „voice of life”, coming from the depths of the human soul, and as such does not require witnesses. Thearticle focuses on the spiritual paths of Alyosha and Ivan Karamazov. Ivan, driven by his diabolical desire for the death of his father, tempts his brother with the ostensibly beautiful idea of moral righteousness and retribution, pulls him into „demonic Eucharist” and leads him to the edge of utter despair. In this sinful state Alyosha forgets about the unfathomable nature of God’s essence and this changes his perception of reality. The protagonist weaves God into human relations based on reciprocity and demands material proof from Him. This is the point where „outward perception”, normally neutral in and of itself, becomes the foundation for man’s growing resistance towards God. In Dostoevsky’s world metanoia is possible, it occurs unpredictably. The condition for metanoia is man’s openness and willingness to accept God’s grace.
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