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1
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Frost and Snow

100%
Zwicky J.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2021
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vol. 5
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issue 1
146-154
EN
Why awaken the soul to justice if the only result can be to increase awareness of the futility of aspiring to justice in the world? Zwicky documents challenges to the belief that teaching philosophy will result in a fairer polity and suggests that perception of being’s integrity sustains pursuit of philosophy as a way of life
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Piekło XIX wieku. Diagnoza porządku świata w dramacie Imre Madácha Tragedia człowieka

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Igliński G.
Prace Literaturoznawcze
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2014
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issue 2
29-47
EN
The work represents an attempt at interpretation of the drama by Imre Madách The Tragedy of Man from the philosophy of history perspective. After discussing the initial three images of the work that was necessary considering the laws governing the world formulated there, it analyses only the eleventh image taking place in the 19th c. London. That episode is of key importance as it present the times contemporary to the author and it allows to look later from that perspective at the past and the future of the fates of humanity presented by Madách revealing the conceptions concerning them characteristic for the 19th c.
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La vanité et le tragique existentiel dans l ’œuvre durassienne

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Ledwina A.
Quêtes littéraires
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2018
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vol. 8
140-152
EN
Duras ’s work is a deep reflection on the emptiness of the human condition. In her works, a man realizes his/her inability to live in a senseless, unfriendly world in which all efforts to change the course of events or improve fate turn out to be futile. Therefore they express senselessness of any activity or commitment of the individual as confronted with the cruelty of fate. This state of affairs results from the inseparable connection between life and death inscribed in human nature. The works by Duras reflect the end of the world so per-ceived and the absurd manifestations of the inevitable disaster. In this dramatic way, the author shows the tragedy of human existence associated, in particular, with the despair of suffering and injustice. The protagonists who are powerless and lost in pre-carious reality submit passively to unrelenting fate.
FR
L ’œuvre de Marguerite Duras est une profonde réflexion sur la vani-té de la condition humaine. Ses ouvrages présentent l ’individu qui se rend compte de l ’impossibilité à vivre dans un monde privé de sens et hostile où tous les efforts pour changer le cours des événements ou d ’améliorer son sort se révèlent insigni-fiants. Ainsi, ils expriment la vanité de toute action humaine, de tout engagement par rapport à une fatalité cruelle des êtres humains. Cet état de choses, résulte, semble-t-il, d ’un lien inséparable de la vie et de la mort, inscrit dans la nature humaine.Les textes durassiens reflètent la fin d ’un tel monde ainsi que les avatars absurdes d ’un malheur inévitable. De façon dramatique, l ’auteure démontre le tragique exis-tentiel lié, en particulier, à l ’injustice, au désespoir, à la souffrance. Impuissants, éga-rés dans un univers incertain, les personnages durassiens se soumettent passivement à un destin inexorable.
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Kierkegaard’s Construction of the Human Self

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Patios G.
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 1
37–47
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze Kierkegaard’s philosophical views concerning the problem of the nature of the human self. With the help of a close examination of Kierkegaard’s texts The Concept of Anxiety and The Sickness unto Death, we argue that Kierkegaard “constructs” the human self in a specific way. This way reveals, through the examination by Kierkegaard of “anxiety” and “despair,” three main characteristics of the human self: a)~the self is a dynamic process, always “becoming” in time through free will and freedom of choice, b)~the human self is always a historical self, so that history is then a direct product of “becoming a self,” and c)~the human self, in order to be “whole,” must freely ground itself in a transcendental being (God).
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(Nie) Chcieć być wszystkim. Stawrogin i najgłębsza otchłań Dostojewskiego

85%
Kruszelnicki M.
Przestrzenie Teorii
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2015
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issue 24
195-218
EN
This paper proposes a new interpretation of Niyevsky’s novel The Devils. This reading opposes the very influential line of interpretation employed in wkolai Vsevolodowich Stavrogin – a relentlessly intriguing character in Fyodor Dostoorks of thinkers working within the current of Russian symbolism and “cultural renaissance” from the beginning of the 20th century. The author argues that this “religious” interpretive tradition contributes to one of the greatest misunderstand-ings concerning Dostoyevsky’s work in that it oversimplifies its ambivalence and obscures one of Dostoyevsky’s darkest insights into the human soul, initially revealed in Notes From the Under-ground and from that time on recurring in each of his major novels. In the first part of the article, several classic Russian interpretations of Stavrogin are examined in order to show their common tendency to morally judge Stavrogin from the Orthodox point of view, recognize his greatest sin in the lack of faith in God and for that reason see before him only the perspective of self-disintegration and inevitable death. The author argues that “religious” interpretations do not explain the mystery of Stavrogin. What is more, they homogenize the complexity of his character and offer an all-to-easy solution to the vital philosophical problem which reiterates in Dostoyevsky’s entire mature fiction and which finds its greatest artistic representation in Stavrogin himself.
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Wniknąć w nicość. Bernharda Weltego wykład o nadziei i rozpaczy

80%
Piecuch J.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2013
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vol. 3
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issue 2
313-322
PL
Myśl fryburskiego filozofa religii, Bernharda Weltego, wielokrotnie dotykała zagadnienia nicości. Artykuł prezentuje funkcje, jaką Welte przypisał idei nicości w kontekście doświadczenia konstytutywnego, wyznaczającego podstawową charakterystykę ludzkiej egzystencji. Doświadczenie konstytutywne pociąga za sobą przenikanie się czyjejś skończoności z nieskończonością. Ta pierwsza wyraża się w byciu świadomym własnej śmiertelności i winy, ta druga w aktywności ludzkiego ducha, szczególnie w odczuwaniu obowiązku. Bycie człowieka sytuuje się między tymi przeciwstawnymi siłami, poszukuje sensu swojej egzystencji. Jednocześnie stwarza ono różne relacje, jakie mogą między nimi zachodzić. Ich porządek może prowadzić do afirmacji bądź negacji czyjejś egzystencji. Jeżeli dodamy do owych relacji doświadczenie nicości (wraz z jej specyfiką), to tworzą one razem akt wyboru między afirmacją a negacja bardziej przypominający ostateczny wybór między nadzieją a rozpaczą.
EN
The thought of Bernhard Welte, a philosopher of religion from Fribourg, many times touched upon the subject of nothingness. This article aims at presenting the function he ascribed to the idea of nothingness in the context of constitutive experience determining fundamental characteristics of human existence. This constitutive experience involves going through ones finiteness and infinity. The former is expressed as being conscious of one’s mortality and guilt, the latter in the activity of human spirit, especially the feeling of duty. A human being placed in between these opposing powers, seeks the sense of its existence. Simultaneously, it creates different relations which can occur between them. Their order can either lead to affirmation or negation of one’s own existence. If we add the experience of nothingness (with its specificity) to these relations, together they make the act of choosing between affirmation and negation more like the final choice between hope and despair
7
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Geneza współczesnego abortyzmu i jego przejawy

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Królikowski J.
Sympozjum
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2017
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issue 1(32)
87-104
PL
Dyskusje nad wciąż aktualnym zagadnieniem przerywania ciąży koncentrują się obecnie na problemie jego godziwości, czyli na aspekcie moralnym, oraz dopuszczenia go przez prawo pozytywne, czyli na aspekcie legislacyjnym. Przeciwnicy przerywania ciąży odwołują się do argumentów, które – jak się wydaje – powinny spotkać się z powszechną aprobatą, a tym samym wpływać na dokonywane wybory i na ogólną mentalność. Jest jednak faktem niedomagającym się specjalnego dowodzenia, że te argumenty wciąż są mało znane albo są wprost odrzucane. Dla zrozumienia istniejącej, dość paradoksalnej, sytuacji jest konieczna analiza historyczno-kulturowa genezy abortyzmu, rozpowszechnionego w dzisiejszych wypowiedziach zwolenników przerywania ciąży, wpływającego jednak w dużym stopniu na traktowanie problemu w naszych czasach i na dokonywanie jego spłyconej oceny etycznej. Należy sądzić, że dopiero na gruncie pogłębionego rozumienia zachodzących zjawisk, a przede wszystkim ich przyczyn będzie można podjąć bardziej adekwatne środki służące obronie życia na jego początku, która jawi się jako fundamentalny wymóg obrony cywilizacji miłości wobec narzucającej się ostentacyjnie kultury śmierci.
EN
The debates concerning the problem of termination of pregnancy are currently concentrated upon the question of its decency, namely, on its ethical aspect and on the issue of the acceptance by positive law, that is on legislative aspect. The adversaries of termination of pregnancy refer to arguments which – as it seems – should meet with universal approval and by the same token should have influence on decisions and general morality. However, it appears to be quite self-evident that these arguments are still not known enough or they are simply rejected. For the understanding of this, rather paradoxical, situation it is necessary to analyse the historical and cultural origins of abortionism which affects considerably the point of view of the proponents of termination of pregnancy and which today has massive influence on the public perception of the problem and on its oversimplified ethical assessment. Therefore, only the profound understanding of the on-going events, all the more their reasons will make it possible to take more adequate steps towards the defence of life from its beginning, which manifests itself as the fundamental requirement of the defence of a civilisation of love as opposed to the obtrusive and ostentatious culture of death.
8
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Między rozpaczą i nadzieją eksplikacja filozofii egzystencjalnej w prozie Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego: Don Ildebrando

80%
Zalewska D.
IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych
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2013
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vol. 25
211-231
EN
Herling-Grudziński’s collection of stories entitled Don Ildebrando not only constitutes a new development within the genre, which results from his seeking the most appropriate form enabling him to record the experience of the Secret of Existence, but it also provides evidence for the author’s artistry. He avoids verbosity as well as enhances his texts with elements of intriguing philosophical discourse. Everyone has to hunt for traces of evil along with the narrator in order to approach the mystery of the writer’s works. When evil affects man, it becomes a factor that defines his condition and imposes a tragic dimension. Evil in Don Ildebrando does not exclusively represent abstract nature. It is embeded in man’s existence, therefore the recollection of Mounier’s personalism, which is close to Herling-Grudziński’s philosophy, is reasonable. The idea of personalism emphasizes the ongoing feeling of tragic existence, which surrounds man. The context required to read the functions of a philosophical discourse of the stories is based on the concepts of philosophers who are, along with Mounier, considered to be the creators of 20th-century existentialism. According to Herling-Grudziński, they are Blaise Pascal, Søren Kierkegaard and Lev Shestov. The text aims at presenting Herling-Grudziński’s philosophy which is derived from existentialism and places the existence of man experiencing evil between despair and hope.
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„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

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Kruszelnicki M.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2016
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vol. 33
5-29
EN
In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.
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