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1
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On the issue of determination of the threshold ratios of narcotic drugs as features of traffic offenses and misdemeanors

100%
Górski A., Michalak K.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 1
252-257
EN
The issue presented in this article is the problem of specificity of the features which constitute the prohibited acts whose definitions contain the term condition under the influence and the term condition after consumption. One must take note of the fact that the lack of definition of clear quantitative limits of narcotic drugs in the content of the penalizing regulation does not make it unconstitutional. Although prima facie this situation may raise doubts related to the procedural safeguards, there is a number of important reasons for not providing specific ratios. However, it must be emphasized that both the doctrine and the jurisprudence point at the lack of possibility, or significant difficulty, to create an exhaustive list of narcotic drugs and their precise threshold ratios on which the criminality of individual behavior would depend.This article aims at providing general information on the subject to the broader public, and explaining reasons behind the status quo, rather than at solving the arising legal problems. The commitment embodies the intention to launch an irregular series of papers under a general (sub) title.
2
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Morpho-syntactic study of determinant constructs activated by the Italian variable demonstrative pronoun 'quello'

51%
Szantyka I. A.
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
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2017
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vol. 41
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issue 2
DE
Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
FR
The aim of the present paper is to review, describe and analyze determinant constructs, activated by the Italian variable demonstrative pronoun quello. The main corpus of the study consists on the discrimination and description of the morpho-syntactic peculiarities of the constructions in question, which can be identified with three structural types of determination (adjectival, prepositional and relative), in the interior of which atypical and more complex cases may be observed and give scope for uncertainty as to the typological classification. Further to this, the article offers a summary explanation and illustration of the difference between determinant and appositive sequences, as well as a concise description of the specific features of the determinant demonstrative and its sequences, relating to its referential, semantic, pragmatic and textual potential.
RU
Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке.
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K významovým vztahům v apoziční skupině

44%
Veselý V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2013
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vol. 74
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issue 3
178-195
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze semantic relations in appositional groups consisting of nominal or adverbial phrases. It is possible to identify either a single potential semantic relation, or two opposing potential semantic relations between components of an appositional group. The opposing relations are either of the same type (predication vs. predication, determination vs. determination), or of a different one (predication vs. determination). The realization of these relations is influenced by a formal factor, i.e. the linear and intonational rendering of the appositional group. In general, predication can be realized both regressively and progressively, whereas determination can be realized only regressively, unless the second component of the appositional group is made up of a semantically incomplete word, e.g. a relationally locative adverb, or unless the relationship between the components is something different than referential identity/inclusion. Relationally locative adverbs determine either (expressed or unexpressed) defined space or a (expressed or unexpressed) spatial orientator; in the latter case they are functionally close to prepositions.
4
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APPROACHES TO DETERMINATION OF TIME SERIES FOR CALCULATION OF NORMS OF FINANCIAL RATIOS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN LATVIA

38%
Evgenii Sergeev E., Aina Chaplinska A.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2017
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issue 1
47-58
EN
Important question is determination of time series for calculation of norms of financial ratios. This question in modern economic literature is almost not analysed and not solved. And therefore the purposes of this article are development of approaches to determination of time series for calculation of norms of financial ratios and practical application of these approaches in Latvia. Gross domestic product (GDP) influences the development of dynamic row of financial ratios necessary for calculation of sectors’ normative value. The more indicators will be included into the dynamic row during years of GDP fall, the lower usually are the final normative sector values. In 2008-2010, in Latvia GDP fall was observed that is why for calculation of norms, it would be incorrect to form dynamic rows with prevalence of indicators of these years. Approaches to determination of time series developed by the authors are suggested for calculation of norms of financial ratios: by the arithmetic average value of the moving average of GDP growth, by the percent of years of GDP downfall and by the median value of GDP growth. Schemes, the description of stages of these approaches are submitted, and also practical application of approaches is given. For understanding of approaches the term “expanded times series under analysis” is entered. Definition of the term is given: “expanded times series under analysis is the time series, which has typical equal economical conditions of national economy development in a long-term, usually, in recent years”. Common privileges of these approaches are: simplicity of calculation, the accuracy of the norms due to the proximity to the dynamics of the expanded time series, economy of financial costs of carrying out research, economy of time expenditure on carrying out research, taking into account the dynamics of recent years. It is better to apply these approaches in a complex with the aim to determine the time series for calculation of norms of financial ratios correctly by a resulting effect of the majority of the approaches. Destination of these approaches is to help researchers in development of norms of financial ratios.
5
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Peirce on the Symbolical Foundation of Personhood

38%
De Tienne A.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2021
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vol. 5
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issue 4
79-100
EN
This paper discusses the semiotic and metaphysical framework within which Peirce elaborated a symbolical and dynamical conception of personhood. It exhibits the centrality of Peirce’s early conception of the “unity of consistency” along with its decentering advantages. It describes how this gave rise to a metaphysics of personhood that questions the singularity of individuals. It then conducts a semiotic study of the evolutive process across which something indeterminate evolves into something determinate that increasingly personifies itself following the logic of symbolization, taking into account two major types of indetermination: generality and vagueness. It then considers the kind of teleology at work within personification. It concludes that personhood so conceived is not restricted to only individual human beings, for the process of symbolization at work is not confined to a particular species-specific application.
6
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The Principle of Reason according to Leibniz: The Origins, Main Assumptions and Forms

32%
Paź B.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 2
111-143
EN
The subject of this article is Leibnizian interpretation of the principle of reason. Although the German philosopher called it principium grande of his philosophy, we do not find its systematic exposition in Leibniz’s works. The main aim of my paper is to present a short exposition of the principle. The article consists of three parts: in the first I present systematic exposition of the principle of reason with particular emphasis on explication of terms “principle” and “reason,” in the second, I show the origins of the principle, finally, in the third part, I discuss in detail three forms of it: the principle of sufficient reason, the principle of determining reason and the principle of rendering reason. I accept two main theses: firstly, a proper interpretation of this principle requires taking into account the whole context of Leibnizian philosophy, i.e. one cannot limit oneself (as it is usually happens among researchers) to only one discipline, e.g. logic. Secondly, the ultimate metho­do­logical and heuristical foundation of the principle of reason is Leibnizian metaphysics, especially natural theology.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest zasada racji w interpretacji G.W. Leibniza. Choć sam Leibniz nazywał ją principium grande swojej filozofii, to jednak nigdzie nie podał choćby zarysu jej systematycznego wykładu. Celem mojego tekstu jest taki skrótowy opis tej zasady. Tekst składa się z trzech zasadniczych części: w pierwszej podaję systematyczny wykład zasady racji ze szczegól­nym uwzględnieniem pojęciowej charakterystyki terminów „zasada” i „racja”, w drugiej prezentuję zasadę racji od strony jej genezy, wreszcie w części trzeciej szczegółowo omawiam trzy postaci zasady racji: zasadę racji dostatecznej, zasadę racji determinującej oraz zasadę racji uzasadniającej. Przyjmuję dwie główne tezy interpretacyjne: po pierwsze, właściwa wykładnia zasady racji wymaga uwzględnienia całościowego kontekstu filozofii Leibniza, tj. nie wystarcza (powszechne w litera­turze przedmiotu) do jej systematycznego wykładu ograniczenie się tylko do jednego obszaru, np. logiki. Po drugie, ostateczną metodologiczną i heurystyczną podstawą zasady racji jest Leibniz­jańska metafizyka, w szczególności teologia naturalna.
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Kontakt językowy w tłumaczeniu. Początkowy etap rozwoju przedimka określonego w świetle gockiego przekładu Biblii

32%
Sroka K. A.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2019
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vol. 75
141-164
PL
Określoność słaba (ang. definiteness) przysługuje konstrukcji gramatycznej, której podstawą (bazą) jest nazwa, a formatywem ‒ określnik słaby, czyli adimek (ang. article), którego odmianą jest przedimek. Na określoność słabą składają się wykładniki (które są formatywami we wspomnianych konstrukcjach gramatycznych), np. ang. the, a(n), funktywy (czyli determinanty) i wartości formalne (mianowicie: określona, nieokreślona i zero-określnikowa). Funktywy to czynniki, które w procesie kodowania determinują występowanie poszczególnych wykładników. Dzielą się one na formalne (np. docelowa rola przedimka jako wykładnika nominalizacji) i logiczno-semantyczne. Te ostatnie stanowią system, na który składają się aktualne wartości zakresowe pospolitej nazwy policzalnej, a mianowicie: α1 = unikatowa, α2 = identyfikująca, β = wolna, γ1 = uniwersalna, γ2 = egzystencjalna i δ = rodzajowa/gatunkowa. Odpowiadają one podzbiorom zakresu nazwy, które na etapie kodowania występują jako docelowe, a na etapie dekodowania są rozpoznawane jako aktualnie obecne. Wymienione rodzaje funktywów są wykorzystane do analizy użycia demonstrativum prostego sa, sō, þata ‘ten, ta, to’, ‘tamten, tamata, tamto’ w gockim przekładzie Biblii. Ukazano, że to demonstrativum ma tu charakter przedimkowy lub przedimkopodobny, gdy występuje jako (a) wykładnik współodniesienia (koreferncji), czyli gdy aktualną wartością zakresową nazwy jest α2 (identyfikująca), np. hundafaþs ... sa hundafaþs ‘setnik ... (ten) setnik’, (b) wykładnik nominalizacji, np. sa saiands ‘[ten] siejący’, ‘siewca’, oraz (c) element łączący składniki konstrukcji apozycyjnej, np. sunus meins sa liuba ‘syn mój [ten] umiłowany’. Tego rodzaju użycia demonstrativum traktowane są jako początkowy etap rozwoju przedimka określonego w gockim. Jest prawdopodobne, że w podobny sposób, a szczególnie jako wykładnik współodniesienia, przedimek ten zaczął się rozwijać także w innych językach. Wpływ oryginału greckiego na użycie demonstrativum jako odpowiednika przedimka określonego ὁ, ἡ, τό jest niewątpliwy, lecz nie tak silny, aby gwałcić reguły morfosemantyczne języka gockiego, o czym świadczy fakt, że w przypadku aktualnej wartości zakresowej α1 (unikatowej) i γ1 (uniwersalnej) nazwę prostą poprzedza w gockim określnik zerowy, mimo że (choć nie zawsze) w greckim oryginale występuje przedimek określony, np. w przypadku α1: sauilὁ ἥλιοϛ ‘słońce’, a w przypadku γ1: skalks ὁ δοῦλος ‘sługa’.
EN
Definiteness (weak determination) is a characteristic of grammatical constructions whose base is a name, and whose formative is an article (a weak determiner). In definiteness, there are exponents (which are formatives of such grammatical constructions), e.g. the, a(n), functives (or determinants), and formal values (viz. definite, indefinite, and bare). Functives are the factors which, at the stage of encoding, determine the occurrence of particular exponents. They are either formal (e.g. the target role of the article as an exponent of nominalization) or logico-semantic. The latter make a system whose components are the actual scope values of a common count name, viz. α1 = unique, α2 = identifying, β = free, γ1 = universal, γ2 = existential, and δ = species-oriented. They correspond to the subsets of the scope of the name which, at the stage of encoding, are those to be conveyed in the message, and, at the stage of decoding, are recognized as actually conveyed. The types of functives just defined are applied to the analysis of the use of the simple demonstrative sa (m.), sō (f.), þata (n.) ‘this, that’ in the Gothic translation of the Bible. It is shown that this demonstrative can be qualified as an article or article-like determiner when it appears as (a) an exponent of co-reference, i.e. when the actual scope value of the name it precedes is α2 (identifying), e.g. hundafaþs ... sa hundafaþs ‘a centurion ... the centurion’, (b) an exponent of nominalization, e.g. sa saiands ‘the (one) sowing’, ‘the sower’, and (c) an element connecting the components of an appositive construction, e.g. sunus meins sa liuba ‘my son the beloved (one)’. Such types of the use of the demonstrative are treated as the initial stage in the development of the definite article in Gothic. It is probable that in a similar way, and especially as an exponent of co-reference, this article started to develop also in other languages. The influence of the Greek original upon the use of the Gothic simple demonstrative as a counterpart of the definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό is indubitable but it is not so strong as to violate the morphosemantic rules of Gothic. Thus, in the case of the actual scope value α1 (unique) and γ1 (universal), a simple name in Gothic is preceded by the zero determiner although (but not always) in the Greek original it is accompanied by the definite article, e.g. in the case of α1: sauil ὁ ἥλιοϛ ‘the sun’, and in the case of γ1: skalks ὁ δοῦλος ‘the servant’.
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Apoziční vedlejší věty

26%
Štěpán J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2018
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vol. 101
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issue 2
81-93
EN
In the frame of the formal-semantic level description of language system, appositonal subordinate clause is defined as a subordinate clause incorporated into the matrix-clause by the semantic-syntactic relationship of apposition. Appositional subordinate clause specifies the anticipatory expression in the matrix-clause and its reference is identical with this expression (the same denotatum is expressed twice). The appositional clause has the same sentence validity and the anticipatory expression, however, it belongs to a different level than the determinative subordinate clause. Appositional clauses are classified according to the connective introducing this clause (autosemantic, synsemantic). In case of autosemantic connective (pronoun or adverb) according to the denotatum common to the anticipatory expression and the connective (person, thing, place, time, manner).
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