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PL
Cmentarze ewangelickie należą do najbardziej zagrożonych grup zabytków rejestrowych. Tylko niewielką ich część objęto na Ziemiach Odzyskanych ochroną prawną. Przez dziesięciolecia przymykano oczy na dewastację, rabunek i niszczenie „poniemieckich” nagrobków czy elementów wyposażenia, na równanie nekropolii z ziemią i łamanie prawa dotyczącego pochówków. Stanu tego nie możemy, niestety, uznać za fazę zamkniętą. Analiza cmentarza rodziny von Lüttwitzów w Sobótce-Górce jest próbą pokazania, że można utrzymać pamięć tam, gdzie cmentarz w dawnej postaci nie istnieje; próbą historycznego „odtworzenia” pochowanych, wyrwania ich z anonimowości, z której wyrastają obojętność i zła wola. Pod skorupą asfaltu leżą kości współzałożyciela uniwersytetów w Berlinie i we Wrocławiu, kilku pruskich generałów, re¬formatora szkolnictwa w Bawarii czy skromnego oberleutnanta, który w 1916 r. poległ nad jeziorem Narocz, kiedy pułki śląskie powstrzymywały rosyjską ofensywę na Wilno. Przywrócenie pamięci, której ochrona jest nieodłącznym elementem ochrony zabytków, to krok w stronę rozwią¬zania problemu – przywrócenia rodowej nekropolii należnego miejsca w zespole pałacowo-parkowym bądź jej likwidacji, ale z szacunkiem dla ludzkich szczątków i obowiązującego prawa.
EN
Evangelical cemeteries belong to the most endangered groups of registered monuments. Only a small part of them was covered by legal protection in the Recovered Territories. For decades, people turned a blind eye to the devastation, robbery and destruction of “post-German” tombstones and pieces of equipment, to the destruction of the necropolis and to the violation of burial laws. Unfortunately, we cannot say this is a finished phase. The analysis of the von Lüttwitz family cemetery in Sobótka-Górka is an attempt to show that one can maintain the memory of a place even if the cemetery does not exist in its previous form; an attempt at a historical “reconstruction” of the buried, bringing them out of anonymity, which gives rise to indifference and bad will. Under the layer of asphalt lie the bones of the co-founder of the universities in Berlin and Wrocław, several Prussian generals, a school reformer in Bavaria or a modest oberleutnant who died on Lake Narach in 1916 when the Silesian regiments stopped the Russian offensive on Vilnius. Restoring the memory, the protection of which is an inseparable element of monument protection, is a step towards solving the problem – restoring the family necropolis to its proper place in the palace and park complex or its liquidation, but with respect for human remains and the applicable law.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2022
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vol. 54
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issue 3
109-130
EN
This article presents the process of destruction of villages in Warmia and Mazury after World War II, plundered and devastated by Soviet troops. Basing on a thorough analysis of the Polish civil administration and the Provincial Office of Public Security files, the author describes the plunders of Soviet soldiers that contributed to a significant depletion of the agricultural property of Warmia and Mazury. This seriously hampered the post-war settlement, reconstruction and development of these areas, where agriculture was the primary economic branch.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono proces niszczenia wsi na Warmii i Mazurach po II wojnie światowej w wyniku rabunków i dewastacji dokonywanych przez wojska sowieckie. Na podstawie analizy akt polskiej administracji cywilnej, a także Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego opisano działania wojsk sowieckich prowadzące do znaczącego uszczuplenia majątku rolnego Warmii i Mazur, co w poważnym stopniu utrudniło powojenne osadnictwo, odbudowę i zagospodarowanie tych obszarów, na których rolnictwo było podstawową gałęzią gospodarczą.
EN
The military operations during World War I in the territory of the former Western Galicia, that is, today’s Małopolska (Lesser Poland), were conducted with interruptions from November 1914 until the beginning of May 1915. It is estimated that over 60 thousand solders died in the fights lasting, with interruptions, six months and other 30 thousand died of wounds before the end of the war. On 3 November 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War with a seat in Vienna established nine Troops for War Graves in the territory of the Monarchy, of which three branches were formed in Galicia (Kraków – Western Galicia, Przemyśl – Middle Galicia, Lvov – Western Galicia). Kriegsgräber Abteilung des K.u.K. Militarkommandos Krakau, that is, Troops for War Graves at the Garrison Headquarters in Kraków was led by Captain (later Major) Rudolf Broch, and the conception officers: Captain Ludwig Brixel and Captain Hans Hauptmann cooperated with him. The task of the Troop was not only to tidy up battlefields, but also creating war cemeteries which would serve as an example for other Austro-Hungarian regions where war activities were still pursued, as well as to arrange war burials and commemorate the heroism of fallen soldiers. Within nearly three years, from 1916 to 1918, about 400 military cemeteries were established in the territory of the present-day Małopolska. The places of fights were divided into ten Cemetery Districts: I “Nowy Żmigród” (31 cemeteries), II “Jasło” (31 cemeteries), III “Gorlice” (54 cemeteries), IV “Łużna” (27 cemeteries), V “Pilzno” (26 cemeteries), VI “Tarnów” (62 cemeteries), VII “Dąbrowa Tarnowska” (13 cemeteries), VIII “Brzesko” (52 cemeteries), IX “Bochnia” (46 cemeteries), X “Limanowa” (36 cemeteries) and the Eleventh Cemetery District “Kraków Fortress” (22 cemeteries) which, as it was situated in the place under the command of the Fortess and, at the same time, was subject to the Troop for War Graves, was under a kind of a double superiority. Each of the districts was administered by an officer with technical or artistic education and an artistic administrator. Their duties included examining the area, supervising a selection of the place, a technical design, an artistic concept, ensuring the supply of building materials. In total, there were over people serving at the Troop, including drafters, photographers, various craftsmen, gardeners, as well as carefully selected designers, architects, sculptors. The people employed there were individualists favouring various artistic trends, originating from several important academic centres – Vienna, Munich, Kraków. The most famous of them included: a Slovakian architect Dušan Jurkovič, an Austrian sculptor Heinrich Scholz, Austrian architects: Hans Mayr, Gustav Ludwig, Emil Ladevig, Gustav Rossmann, Polish, Czech and Austrian artists: Wojciech Kossak, Alfons Karpiński, Henryk Uziembło, Adolf Kašpar, Franz Poledne, Leo Perlberger. That international team, designing and building the cemeteries, with a full respect, as well as the respect for the enemies, Russians, ensured a dignified burial of tens of thousands soldiers. The cemeteries created were rich in symbols, of which none is identical with others in spite of using the same architectonic elements. The idea of unification of graves was given up; instead, sophisticated cemetery solutions were employed. On the monuments, plaques with special inscriptions were fixed. Trees and plants with a symbolic meaning were planted around the graves. As a result, a unique cemetery complex was created in our land, which refers to many funerary traditions, with traces of Egyptian, Greek and Roman architecture. Apart from popularizing activities, publishing special series of postcards, stamps and cemetery medals, a special album was published in which all memorials were catalogued and described. It also functioned as a guide which would help the families of the deceased during their visits to the graves of their relatives in Galicia. In addition, special concrete signposts leading to each cemetery were provided. After the end of war activities, the war cemeteries in Galicia went under the administration of the Polish state. In the interwar period, some of the graves were liquidated, thus reducing the number of cemeteries of the complex in Galicia to about 380. Many graves were destroyed and forgotten in the period of People’s Polish Republic. However, since 1989, war cemeteries in Małopolska have been gradually saved and conserved thanks to state funds and the cooperation of local governments with the representatives of Austrian Black Cross, as well as other initiatives. The memory of them is also restored. In the Western and Middle Europe, there are many places of memory and cemeteries from World War I. They mark the lines of former trenches and are a manifestation of cruelty of the global conflict. They differ from the war cemeteries in Małopolska, since they were built after the war, concentrating fallen soldiers, unifying, creating national cemeteries where soldiers from enemy armies are sought in vain. In that context, the war cemeteries situated in present-day Małopolska are unique on the European scale, a testimony of humanism and respect towards the death of both own and enemy soldiers.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2023
|
vol. 114
|
issue 2
65-86
PL
Artykuł zawiera interpretację wybranych powieści przemysłowych i środowiskowych okresu pozytywizmu i Młodej Polski. Ideologie tych utworów określa się przy użyciu dyskursów antropocenu i kapitałocenu. Dynamiczny rozwój kapitalizmu w drugiej połowie XIX wieku znajdował wyraz w literaturze. Autorzy polskich powieści przemysłowych i środowiskowych – Artur Gruszecki, Stefan Żeromski, Ignacy Maciejowski (Sewer) – reprezentowali różne postawy ideowe. W swoich ujęciach mechanizmów gospodarki kapitalistycznej najczęściej krytykowali ekonomię opartą na wyzysku siły roboczej, a także na brutalnej eksploatacji natury (złóż węgla i ropy naftowej). Gruszecki w powieściach „Krety” i „Hutnik” oraz Żeromski w „Ludziach bezdomnych” demaskowali logikę kapitalizmu, ukazując jego niszczycielski wpływ na człowieka i środowisko naturalne. Najostrzej krytyka ideologii kapitałocenu i antropocenu zarysowała się w powieści Żeromskiego.
EN
The paper contains an interpretation of selected industrial and environmental novels of the Positivism and Young Poland. Ideologies of the pieces are defined with the discourses of anthropocene and capitalocene. The dynamic development of capitalism in the second part of the 19th century found its expression in literature. Authors of Polish industrial and environmental novels—Artur Gruszecki, Stefan Żeromski, and Ignacy Maciejowski (Sewer)—represented various ideological stances. In their approaches to the mechanisms of capitalist industry they most often criticised the economy based on misuse of working force, and on exploitation of nature (deposits of coal and petroleum). Gruszecki in his novels “Krety” (“Moles”) and “Hutnik” (“Steelworker”) as well as Żeromski in “Ludzie bezdomni” (“Homeless People”) disguised the capitalist logic, showing its destructive influence on a man and natural environment. The sharpest criticism of capitalocene and anthropocene is found in Żeromski’s novel.
PL
Autorka, odwołując się do złożonych problemów ochrony zniszczonego na skutek trąby powietrznej w lipcu 2011 r. białaczowskiego parku, porusza ważne kwestie związane z zagadnieniem ochrony autentyku w polskich ogrodach historycznych i postuluje wypracowanie metody postępowania konserwatorskiego, nie tylko w celu ratowania Białaczowa, ale także usprawnienia ewentualnych działań w analogicznych przypadkach, które niestety coraz częściej mogą się pojawiać z powodu zmian klimatycznych. W skład omawianego zespołu rezydencjonalnego w Białaczowie (woj. łódzkie) wchodzi rozległy (ponad 22 ha) park o charakterze krajobrazowo-leśnym, kształtowany na przestrzeni wieków przez wybitnych planistów (Lindauer, Stricker, Szanior, Tański). Uznawany był on do niedawna za jedno z najcenniejszych założeń ogrodowych w Polsce, charakteryzujących się wysokimi walorami zarówno kulturowymi, jak i przyrodniczo-krajobrazowymi. Po kataklizmie skala zniszczeń była nieporównywalna do jakichkolwiek, jakie do tej pory na skutek czynników naturalnych dotknęły założenia ogrodowe na terenie Polski. Po zdarzeniu tym w zasadzie natychmiast rozpoczęto prace porządkowe, jednak poza nimi do tej pory nie udało się niczego więcej zrobić, by uchronić tę cenną historyczną kompozycję przed całkowitym zniszczeniem. Sam proces rewaloryzacji założenia, poza oczywistymi trudnościami wynikającymi z charakteru i zakresu zniszczeń, z wielu przyczyn jest niezwykle skomplikowany. Przede wszystkim niezbędne jest określenie kierunku działań konserwatorskich dotychczas nie dość precyzyjnie zaplanowanych. Powinny one zmierzać do ochrony autentyku. Park jest wielowiekowym „zapisem” przemian kompozycyjnych, od zespołu o prawdopodobnie średniowiecznej metryce, po XIX-wieczną, przekształcaną jeszcze na początku XX w. rozległą kompozycję krajobrazową. Paradoksalnie, zniszczenia drzewostanów odsłoniły wiele elementów dotychczas nieczytelnych w układzie. Wydaje się niezwykle ważne, by jak najszybciej podjąć profesjonalnie prowadzone prace polegające na ochronie wszystkich elementów i odbudowie jego układu przestrzennego w oparciu o relikty historycznej kompozycji.
EN
The author of the paper, referring to the complex issues of protection of the historic park in Białaczów destroyed by a windwhirl in July 2011, discusses important issues connected with the protection of the original in Polish historic gardens and suggests developing conservation methods not only to rescue Białaczów but also to improve such activities in similar cases which unfortunately take place more and more often as a result of climatic changes. The residence complex in Białaczów (Łódź Voivodship) includes a huge landscape and forest park (over 22 ha) formed over the centuries by eminent designers (Lindauer, Stricker, Szanior, Tański). Until recently it was considered to be one of the most valuable historic gardens in Poland with high cultural as well as natural and landscape value. The scale of damage after the disaster was incomparable to any previous natural disasters to the historic gardens in Poland. Although the cleanup work began right after the tragic event, not much more has actually been done so far in order to save the valuable historic site from a total destruction. Apart from obvious difficulties connected with the character and scope of damage, the redevelopment process itself is highly complicated for a number of reasons. First of all it is necessary to define the objective of conservation work which so far has not been precisely planned. That objective should be to protect the original. The park is a centuries-old “account” of compositional transformations from a historic complex of maybe even medieval origin, to a huge 19th-century landscape complex that was still further developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Paradoxically, the damage to the trees revealed many elements of previously unclear layout. It seems to be extremely important to begin professionally conducted work as soon as possible in order to protect all of its elements and redevelop its space layout on the basis of the original remains of that historic site.
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