Enslaving and victimising the poor by criminals within and outside governments of underdeveloped countries is gaining attention of academics in the social sciences. This article clarifies inter-relationships among modern slavery and trafficking in girls/women for sexual exploitation. It also shows how vulnerability of people victimised by the crime has been increased by policies deriving from neo-liberalism. To facilitate explication of the variables/issues, the study was based on the theoretical/doctrinal and political aspects of neo-liberalism, coinciding with scenarios of declining welfare, increasing susceptibility/vulnerability of Nigeria’s poor (non-elite) and massive unemployed youth to out-migration and traffickers in persons. The explicated issues include modern slavery (generally and trafficking in Nigerian girls/women for sexual exploitation abroad) as well as the relationships among treasury looting and stashing of the loot in the banks of the global North. It is explained how declining welfare (i.e. multiple-dimensional adversities e.g. unemployment) provokes desires in the unemployed to out-migrate and increases their susceptibility to trafficking in persons. Finally, the article is concluded.
The paper analyses the Hurst exponents calculated with the use of the Siroky method in two time intervals of 625 and 1250 sessions for the group of 570 financial instruments (Warsaw Stock Exchange equities – 320, equity indexes – 7, commodities – 41, and FX market – 135). The study also covers an analysis of the normality of the distribution of logarithmic rates of return, and the verification of statistical hypotheses with the use of the following statistical tests: Jarque-Bera (JB), Shapiro-Wilk (SW), and d’Agostino-Pearson (DA). In the second part of the paper, the change of the Hurst coefficient over time was analysed, while in the third part two linear regressions of the form H(t) = a + m ∙ t were performed for each of the analysed assets, as well as the determination factor R2. This part of the study aims to answer the question whether the slope of the regression line has a positive or negative value and what the quality of such a fit is with the use of linear regression. Such an analysis enables to observe changes in the fractal dimension, and thus the risk in financial markets over a long period of time. The main conclusion that was drawn from the research may be formulated as follows: the value of the H exponents decreased in the analysed time windows, which means an increase in the fractal dimension (d), and thus the investment risk in financial markets. The obtained results can be used in the process of constructing an investment portfolio in financial markets. The research is part of the ongoing discussion on the effectiveness of financial markets.
The purpose of the article This paper analysis Hurst exponents calculated with the use of the Siroky method in two time intervals of 625 (H625) and 1250 (H1260) sessions for the following assets: (the number of assets for a given group in brackets): Stock indices (74), currency pairs divided into segments: USD exchange rate in relation to 42 other currencies (USDXXX), EURO exchange rate in relation to 41 other currencies (EURXXX), JPY exchange rate in relation to 40 other currencies (JPYXXX) and other currency pairs (12). In total, 209 financial instruments were analyzed. Methodology: Hurst coefficient calculation with the use of the following methods; Siroky, Detrended Moving Average (DMA) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). Results of the research: The Hurst coefficient values calculated with the use of Siroky method are similar to the results obtained using DFA and DMA methods. The second main conclusion that was drawn from the research may be formulated as follows: exchange rates calculated for the developed-developed country currencies are more effective than in the case of the developed-emerging countries group.
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of foreign direct investment of Polish enterprises on their competitiveness as well as to identify areas of greatest benefits from an international involvement in the form of FDI depending on the location of foreign affiliates. The article presents the results of a research carried out in 2012 through direct interviews among Polish companies – direct investors. Results revealed that the activity of Polish enterprises in the form of FDI has a positive influence on their competitiveness and the FDI impact is considered to be dependent on the location of a foreign affiliate only in relation to competitors in foreign markets. In addition, the benefits of internationalization, identified by the surveyed companies, vary in the cases of developed and developing countries.
Human resource management (HRM) studies have been continuously developed to serve as a reference for enhancing the quality of public services. This includes the case in local government where it is important to have highly competent resources, because civil service personnel are the door that deals directly with local communities. Using bibliometrics and analysing previous research coherently, this study focuses on identifying the development of HRM discussions on local governance at the global level, both in developed and developing countries. As a result, although in general, the topics raised included managerial and personnel issues. There are certain issues raised by developed countries, such as innovation to contemporary social issues. Meanwhile, in developing countries discussed challenges faced by local governments in managing their resources. This study contributes to the development of HRM concern-mapping in local government globally and can be used as a reference for increasing the capacity of human resource management in local government.
Differentiation of actors derives primarily from the distribution of power and wealth in a society, and thus it has always played an exceptionally significant role. However, as a consequence of the hierarchical organisation of the society this differentiation was noticeably asymmetrical. The non-equivalence of partial subjects/actors of regional development has led to the understandable domination of ‘deterministic’ relations and the plurality of interests and then to the dominance of ‘competitive’ relations. Only gradually do interactions of a cooperative kind successively break through the growth of mutual interconnections, linkages and necessity of social elements and partial systems, and thus the increasing of organic nature of (geo)societal systems. This will be finally illustrated through the difference between ‘symmetric’ systems of actors in developed countries and the ‘asymmetric’ global system.
This research focuses on the problem of unequal development of the world economy. Manifestations of some modern global economic inequality are evaluated. Relative frequency and statistical characteristics for countries of the world in terms of GDP per capita from 1961 to 2013 are analyzed on which deep divergences between countries and very low average value of GDP per capita are identified. Analysis of quantitative and percentage distribution of countries of the world by the revenue categories shows that lately the inequality between countries has slightly decreased, although it remains to be deep.
The aim of a paper is to analyze, whether economic crisis 2007–2009 had an impact on economic freedom in developed G7 countries. A scope of analysis is 1996–2012. Determinants are three subindex of Index of Economic Freedom published by Heritage Foundation (Fiscal Freedom, Government Spending, Monetary Freedom). A method is Chow test for structural instability. The main result is that only in USA and UK there were structural breaks in case of subindex Governance Spending during economic crisis (2007–2009).
Charakterystyczną cechą współczesnego handlu międzynarodowego jest wysoki udział zagranicznej wartości dodanej w eksporcie poszczególnych krajów. W praktyce oznacza to, że do powstania finalnego produktu przyczynia się coraz więcej fabryk zlokalizowanych w różnych krajach. W efekcie coraz mniej jest takich towarów, które od początku do końca powstają w jednym kraju. Struktura tworzenia wartości dodanej (WD) w poszczególnych krajach może wskazać (w pewnym uproszczeniu), jakie miejsce w hierarchii międzynarodowych sieci dostaw zajmują poszczególne kraje. Według często przywoływanej w literaturze koncepcji funkcjonowania łańcuchów wartość dodanej - tzw. krzywej uśmiechu, najwięcej korzyści z handlu realizowanego w ramach sieci dostaw odnoszą kraje o największym wkładzie usług. Natomiast zadania związane z przetwórstwem przemysłowym, traktowane jako mniej zyskowne, przenoszone są często z krajów rozwiniętych do rozwijających się. Na podstawie analizy struktury wartości dodanej w handlu międzynarodowym można przyjąć z pewnym uproszczeniem, że na początku międzynarodowych procesów produkcji znajdują się te kraje, które eksportują krajową wartość dodaną wytworzoną w usługach do innych krajów, które następnie wykorzystują ją w swoim eksporcie towarów. Zdecydowanie największymi eksporterami usług, które tworzą WD w eksporcie towarów innych krajów, są duże gospodarki rozwinięte - Stany Zjednoczone, Niemcy, Japonia, Francja, Wielka Brytania i Włochy. Łącznie na sześć wymienionych gospodarek przypadało w 2009 r. 46% światowego eksportu WD wytworzonej w usługach i wykorzystywanej w eksporcie towarów innych krajów.
EN
A characteristic feature of the contemporary international trade is the high share of foreign value added in exports of each country. In practice, this means that the creation of the final product involves many entities located in different countries. As a result, there is less and less goods created from the beginning to the end within single-country boundaries. The structure of value creation in different countries may indicate (roughly speaking) their position in the hierarchy of international supply chains. According to the concept of "the smile curve" described extensively in the literature, countries with the largest contribution of services benefit most of trade carried out within the supply network. The tasks related to industrial processing, regarded as less profitable, are often transferred from developed to developing countries. Based on the analysis of the structure of the value added in international trade, one can assume, with some simplification, that at the beginning of international production processes are those countries that export domestic value added generated in services to other countries, which then use it in their goods exports. By far, the largest exporters of services that make up the VA in exports of goods in other countries are the major developed economies - the United States, Germany, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. In 2009, a total of six of these economies accounted for 46% of global value added exports created in services and used in exports of goods by other countries.
The paper reviews the interconnection of globalization and modernization processes in developing countries. The typical features of the new stage of globalization, such as changing the direction of globalization, regionalization, formation of new global development centers, as well as other problems and contradictions in the main trends of globalization and their impact on the modernization processes in developing countries are discussed. The article analyzes the main strategies of modernization developing countries such as modernization based on the coercive, political and economic pressure of the Western world, leading to copying of socio-economic and political development models and institutions and a modernization strategy based on the convergence of global development models and national socio-economic models. The authors consider the main features of the entry into the world development of the countries of Eastern Europe on the basis of preserving state and socio-cultural integrity and defining their own specificity of entering into a single European community already formed.
The aim of the paper is to present the food security situation in selected highly developed countries and to identify consumption disparities between them and developing countries. The research is based on the data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the United Nations Statistics Division, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Food Programme (WFP) and selected measures used by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) for the construction of the Global Food Security Index. It has been showed that to the greatest extent the problem of maintaining food security occur in developing countries which are characterised by low per capita income, while in developed countries the scale of hunger is marginal and it afflicts less than 1% of the population. On a regional scale the daily dietary energy supply is greater than the minimum dietary energy requirement in all regions of the world, but the extent to which the dietary needs are satisfied increases along with the increase in national income. In order to reduce the problem of hunger it is necessary to solve the problem of asymmetrical distribution of global income, e.g. by taking actions to accelerate the economic growth in less developed regions and increase the purchasing power of the population.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sytuacji wyżywieniowej wybranych krajów wysokorozwiniętych i określenie dysproporcji występujących w tym zakresie pomiędzy nimi i państwami rozwijającymi się. W badaniach wykorzystano dane Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO), Urzędu Statystycznego Wspólnot Europejskich (Eurostat), Wydziału Statystyki ONZ, Organizacji Współpracy Gospodarczej i Rozwoju (OECD), Światowego Programu Żywnościowego (WFP) oraz wybrane mierniki cząstkowe stosowane przez Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) przy konstrukcji Światowego Indeksu Bezpieczeństwa Żywnościowego (Global Food Security Index). Wskazano, że z największym nasileniem problemy z utrzymaniem bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego występują w krajach rozwijających się, o niskim poziomie dochodów per capita, natomiast w krajach wysokorozwiniętych głód ujawnia się w skali marginalnej, dotykając niespełna 1% populacji. W wymiarze regionalnym spożycie energii przewyższa minimalne dzienne zapotrzebowanie na nią we wszystkich regionach świata, ale stopień zaspokojenia potrzeb żywnościowych zwiększa się wraz ze wzrostem dochodu narodowego. Zredukowanie problemu głodu wymaga rozwiązania problemu asymetrycznego podziału dochodu świata, m.in. przez podjęcie działań prowadzących do przyspieszenia wzrostu gospodarczego opóźnionych regionów i zwiększenia siły nabywczej ludności.
In the article the modern features of global asymmetries and disparities of socio-economic development are analyzed. The most important gaps between the rich and poor countries are defined
UK
Здійснено аналіз сучасних особливостей прояву глобальних асиметрій та дис-пропорцій соціально-економічного розвитку, визначено найбільш суттєві «розриви» між бідними та багатими країнами.
The paper traces the expansion of transnational corporations (TNC), with a particular focus on their foreign subsidiaries, economic position and the key sectors in which they were involved from 1990 to 2013. The author asks three fundamental questions: 1) What significant changes occurred in the process of TNC expansion during this period? 2) Is the importance of TNCs from developing and transition economies growing? 3) What are the future prospects of TNC development in the global economy? The paper is the result of a study of literature on the topic and UNCTAD statistical data. The author formulates a thesis that the role of TNCs from developing and transition economies in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown since the 1990 s, while the proportion of TNCs from developed countries has shrunk. This testifies to the growing investment power of corporations from developing and transition economies, and it also means that global competition will increase in the future, the author says. According to the author, the main conclusions from the conducted analysis are as follows: 1) TNC expansion is intensifying, as reflected by an increased number of corporations and their subsidiaries abroad as well as their stronger economic position; 2) TNC from developing and transition economies play an increasing role in foreign investment; 3) In 2011, the value of FDI inflows to developed countries equalled that of FDI inflows to developing and transition countries; 4) Over the past decade, TNCs from Asia, especially China, have participated in many mergers and takeovers, achieving a positive net balance of acquisitions (versus the net balance of sales posted by corporations from developed countries such as the United States, Britain and Germany); 5) It is anticipated that global competition between TNCs will escalate because corporations from developing and transition countries aspire to maintain their fast-growing potential, while corporations from developed countries are seeking to regain their pre-crisis growth dynamics.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ekspansji korporacji transnarodowych (KTN), z uwzględnieniem liczby filii zagranicznych i ich pozycji ekonomicznej oraz zidentyfikowanie kluczowych sektorów zainteresowania w latach 1990–2013. Postawiono trzy zasadnicze pytania: 1) jakie ważniejsze zmiany nastąpiły w ekspansji KTN? 2) czy rośnie znaczenie KTN z krajów rozwijających się i krajów transformacji gospodarczej, a jeśli tak, to z jakich regionów? oraz 3) jakie są dalsze perspektywy rozwoju KTN w gospodarce światowej? Tekst powstał głównie na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz danych statystycznych UNCTAD. Sformułowano tezę, iż od lat 90. XX w. rośnie udział KTN z krajów rozwijających się i krajów transformacji w zagranicznych inwestycjach bezpośrednich (ZIB), wobec jego spadku ze strony krajów rozwiniętych. Świadczy to o wzroście siły inwestycyjnej korporacji wywodzących się z tych państw, a w przyszłości oznaczać będzie wzrost konkurencji globalnej. Główne wioski z przeprowadzonej analizy są następujące: 1) nastąpił wzrost ekspansji KTN, zauważalny we wzroście liczby koncernów i ich filii za granicą oraz pozycji ekonomicznej, 2) wzrósł udział KTN z krajów rozwijających się i krajów transformacji w inwestycjach realizowanych za granicą, 3) w 2011 r. doszło do zrównania wartości napływu strumieni ZIB na rynki krajów rozwiniętych z napływem na rynki krajów rozwijających się i krajów transformacji, 4) w ostatniej dekadzie, KTN z regionu Azji (Chin) uczestniczą w fuzjach i przejęciach, osiągając dodatnie salda nabycia netto, wobec sald sprzedaży netto wykonywanych przez korporacje ze strony krajów rozwiniętych (USA, Wielka Brytania czy Niemcy), 5) przewiduje się, że nastąpi spotęgowanie konkurencji globalnej pomiędzy KTN, ze względu na chęć „utrzymania” szybkiego wzrostu potencjału korporacji z krajów rozwijających się i krajów transformacji, wobec chęci „odzyskania” dynamiki wzrostu sprzed kryzysu finansowego przez korporacje z krajów rozwiniętych.
The article analyzes the essence and problems of financial security, in particular the fiscal security of states. A fundamental analysis was carried out that allowed to rank countries according to their level of development, analyze tax rates in these countries and make hypotheses. The evolution of the concept of state security was studied, the theoretical approaches of different countries to determine the nature and methodology of financial security calculations were generalized. According to the methodology specified in the regulations of selected countries with the so-called "normal" step (supset) for each country, the financial security indicators were calculated separately. An integral part of financial security is the fiscal security of the state, because achieving stability in this area in the current conditions of economic instability is a state criterion, based on financial security and standard of living.
The article is devoted to the process of the rapid acceleration of the growth of debt in the world. The process may now be considered as a trend whose effects may be very dangerous in the future. In the scale of the world the cumulated debt reaches the world GDP, and the debt is currently concentrated mainly in the industrialized countries. The article discusses reports issued by the International Monetary Fund and the Bank International of Settlement that are devoted to this problem. An additional problem that increases the unfavorable effects of the debt on the economic balance are the effects produced by pension privileges resulting from unfavorable demographic trends.
Artykuł stanowi przegląd istniejącej literaturę dotyczącej zależności między inflacją a wzrostem gospodarczym w krajach rozwiniętych i rozwijających się, z uwzględnieniem zarówno aspektów teoretycznych jak i empirycznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonego badania stwierdzono, że wpływ inflacji na wzrost gospodarczy jest zróżnicowany w różnych państwach i w czasie. Opracowanie wskazuje również, że wyniki tych badań są zależne od specyfiki danego kraju, wykorzystanego zestawu danych i zastosowanej metodologii. Generalnie badania wskazują na występowanie zdecydowanie negatywnego związku między inflacją a wzrostem gospodarczym, zwłaszcza w krajach rozwiniętych. Nadal jednak istnieje wiele kontrowersji na temat konkretnego progu poziomu inflacji, który jest korzystny z punktu widzenia wzrostu. Większość wcześniejszych badań nad tym tematem zakłada jedynie jednokierunkowy związek przyczynowy między inflacją a wzrostem gospodarczym. Niniejsze opracowanie jest być może pierwszą próbą dokonania szczegółowego przeglądu istniejących badań nad zależnościami między inflacją a wzrostem gospodarczym w krajach rozwiniętych i rozwijających się.
EN
This paper surveys the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications. The study finds that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time. The study also finds that the results from these studies depend on country‑specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed. On balance, the study finds overwhelming support in favour of a negative relationship between inflation and growth, especially in developed economies. However, there is still much controversy about the specific threshold level of inflation that is appropriate for growth. Most previous studies on this subject just assume a unidirectional causal relationsship between inflation and economic growth. To our knowledge, this may be the first review of its kind to survey, in detail, the existing research on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries.
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