The presented study is an attempt to indicate the impact of the concept of multilevel-governance (multi-level governance), well-established in the provisions related to the planning and implementation of the EU policies, with a view to developing forms of cooperation between public administration and its environment. This can be observed in the field of regulations relating to preparation of a contract partnership and creation of strategies and programs connected with the implementation of cohesion and development policy, which was adopted within the European Union. They precisely determine transformation of the Polish law in this area in the direction of adapting it to the EU law, and thus, influence the intensity of forms of cooperation as well between administrative bodies as social and economic partners. This, in turn, results in the intensification of network type connections in the vertical and horizontal planes that reveal new organizational and legal forms in the preparation and implementation phases of development tasks at the national, regional and local levels.
The article indicates how approach to regional and local development programming has been changed during the last 20 years, particularly in connection with the EU accession. In addition, it presents an attempt of assessment how a comprehensive dimension of sustainable development concept is taken into account in the development planning. In the last part of the article one can find information about the current shape of the system of strategic development management in Poland and the challenges related to the implementation of sustainable development in the new programming period.
The article addresses the issue of judicial review of decisions in the area of development policy (that consist in not qualifying a specific project for funding) and an attempt is made to assess the functioning of this measure on the tenth anniversary of its introduction into the national system for implementing this policy. The analysis of legal acts, doctrine and case law in the field of development policy allows one to draw the conclusion that the act of implementing the policy, i.e. selection of a specific project for financing, is a sui generis operation of administration, not subject to the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. The most important criterion for assessing this measure should be its effectiveness, understood as the highest degree of implementation of the objective assumed under development policy. Hence, the model of review adopted in Poland and applied by administrative courts, appointed to examine the legality of reviewed acts, does not meet the expectations. The article is an attempt to assess the adopted review model in terms of its impact on the effectiveness of the development policy system and the effectiveness of protection granted.
PL
W artykule podjęto temat sądowej kontroli rozstrzygnięć z zakresu polityki rozwoju (polegających na niezakwalifikowaniu konkretnego projektu do uzyskania dofinansowania) i dokonano próby oceny funkcjonowania tej instytucji w dziesiątą rocznicę jej wprowadzenia do krajowego systemu realizacji tej polityki. Analiza aktów prawnych, doktryny i orzecznictwa z zakresu polityki rozwoju prowadzi do wniosku, że akt realizacji polityki, jakim jest wyłonienie do dofinansowania konkretnego projektu, stanowi sui generis działanie administracji niepodlegające przepisom kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Najistotniejszym kryterium oceny tego działania powinna być jego efektywność, rozumiana jako najwyższy stopień realizacji celu założonego w ramach polityki rozwoju. Stąd też przyjęty w Polsce model kontroli dokonywanej przez sądy administracyjne, powołane do badania legalności kontrolowanych aktów, nie spełnia pokładanych w nim oczekiwań. Artykuł stanowi próbę oceny przyjętego modelu kontroli pod względem jej wpływu na efektywność systemu prowadzenia polityki rozwoju oraz na skuteczność udzielonej ochrony.
Foresight is an instrument of strategic planning proved in enterprises and in public policy. The aim of this paper is presentation of the foresight role as well as related to it experiences during creation of regional development policy with a special attention laid to key success factors.
This paper discusses and characterizes actions undertaken for the development of electromobility as part of the incentive policy pursued by the state. In most European countries, development of the electric vehicle market is largely contingent on electromobility policies, but the measures adopted with a view to supporting it do not always yield the expected results. Effectiveness of supporting actions depends on the cooperation of entities which are responsible for development and social-economic cohesion. The situation requires a multi-level approach to the implementation of electromobility development policy, consolidation of actions of various stakeholder groups, and one common direction in the national development of the electric vehicle market. Development planning acts are the very instruments which serve to enhance the efficacy of efforts undertaken jointly by public administration bodies and foster partnership-based relations between state, regional, and local authorities and their social and economic partners.
The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in the article, was to determine the importance of development policy for the European Parliament. The analysis is focused on the last two terms of the EP (VII and VIII). The research uses the method of source analysis and statistical method, as well as elements of participatory observation. The research on the importance of development policy in the work of the Parliament took into account the quantitative dimension – the number of members of the Development Committee; the number of adopted reports as well as the qualitative dimension – the internal prestige of the Parliament’s bodies, the attractiveness of chairing these bodies, the degree of autonomy of development policy. The hypothesis of great importance of development policy in the work of the Parliament was not confirmed. Development policy does not occupy an important place – neither quantitatively or informally. It is less important to the majority of MPs than foreign and security policy, even though Parliament has less power in these areas than in development policy.
The purpose of this elaboration was analyzing legal nature of norms constituting the legal basis in creating regional development policy in Poland. The article focuses mainly on the legal regulation mechanisms of the method of creating and implementing development policy wherein especially takes into account sort of norms, legal maturity, essence, goals and measures of regional development policy implementation. As a result of the considerations made it was found that there are various legal instruments employed to shape development policy, including that of regional policy. These instruments usually take the form of acts of policy which are called peculiar sources of law and have mostly indirect legal effects of procedural or substantive nature. These acts are designed within the framework of internal relations, but also have effect outside the public administration structure determining the legal position of both communities as well as individuals. From the viewpoint of value of these acts it can be concluded that regional development policy should be seen in normative terms.
This article concerns the subject of Economic Partnership Agreements. The analyzed agreements constitute an essential element of the reform of commercial relations between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and are a new instrument of the development policy established in 2000 by the Cotonou Partnership Agreement. However, the pro-development character of the Agreements is often challenged. Therefore the purpose of this article is to analyze the Agreements within the context of the development policy of the European Union. The article presents: origins, principles and purposes of the Economic Partnership Agreements, the process of their negotiation, their terms therein and assessment of the potential results of their implementation.
The study discusses problems related to identifying degraded areas and the area targeted for revitalisation in relation to the local government units (cities, municipalities, regions). The core part of the study presents an example of the typology of factors and crisis phenomena in a social, economic, spatial-functional, environmental and technical perspective. The delimitation procedure, based on the application of indicators describing the concentration of phenomena in the system of municipal urban units was discussed. Next the area targeted for revitalisation was characterised as part of the identified degraded areas. This was followed by characterising the degraded areas based on the conducted survey studies. In both cases the delimitation procedure is covered by a civic control scheme. Within the framework of general conclusions it can be adopted that the described procedures or similar ones are most frequently applied in relation to Polish local government units
The aim of this paper is to present and describe the EU’s policy with regard to environmental protection and countering climate change in Africa, in the context of the broader objective of reducing, or eliminating poverty. It is increasingly accepted that we need an integrated approach to climate change and development; only by linking these issues together can we show the entire complexity of the multidimensional issue of poverty. Global development requires taking into account issues related to susceptibility and adjustment to climate change. The paper seeks to answer the questions of the extent to which climate change is a serious and lasting threat to devel- opment, and about the relations between climate change and development. It presents the role and significance of climate change and environmental protection in EU development policy; it describes the major relevant documents and decisions. The author focuses particularly on discussing the issues of climate change and development in the relations between the EU and Africa, and points out the key challenge related to the implementation of policies combining climate and development. Although there is a general conviction about, and awareness of the interrelation of these two phenomena (processes), still too few of the necessary actions are being taken, and the activities related to development and climate are often approached and executed separately.
The political role of a commune self-government makes it responsible for all the public issues of local significance. Therefore, it includes conducting the policy of development understood as a set of activities to improve the quality and conditions of life of the inhabitants of a given commune. While taking actions within the local development process, a commune should consider the character and variety of the institutional surroundings of the economy, the environment and the social conditions. The local development of the commune must be held through creating new and improving its already existing utility values.
PL
Ustrojowa rola samorządu gminnego czyni go odpowiedzialnym za wszystkie sprawy publiczne o znaczeniu lokalnym. Obejmuje ona tym samym prowadzenie polityki rozwoju rozumianego jako kompleks działań na rzecz poprawy jakości i warunków życia mieszkańców konkretnej gminy. Działając na rzecz rozwoju lokalnego, gmina powinna uwzględniać charakter i różnorodność otoczenia instytucjonalnego gospodarki, środowisko i uwarunkowania społeczne. Rozwój lokalny gminy ma się odbywać poprzez kreowanie nowych i poprawę jej istniejących walorów użytkowych.
This paper will deal with the aspects of the question of the role of German to provide more leadership – and of Poland to be more present – in the global development context in the future. It gives a short summary of the German and Polish policy towards developing countries. Relevant topics include the German and Polish development policy guidelines, partner countries, and higher official development assistance (ODA) expenditure. The analysis take look at forthcoming global and development challenges and the role of both countries particular in addressing these challenges.
Fragile states pose a risk to regional and global security and an immense challenge to international development cooperation. The term fragile states generally refers to countries with dysfunctional, deteriorating or collapsed central authorities, as well as weak, failed, failing and collapsed states. In recent years they have attracted considerable and increased attention in the international development community, including the German development policy. Documents such as the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) strategy “Developmentoriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance” and the guidelines on dealings with troubled states demonstrate that the German development cooperation has tried to tailor its approaches to these circumstances. This new policy crosses ministry boundaries and sets out a framework of closely action for the German foreign ministry, the defense ministry and the ministry for economic cooperation. This paper gives a short summary of the German policy towards fragile states, portrays their limitations, efforts and strategies for the future.
The subject of the article is the issue of separating micro, small and medium enterprises (SME) from the general economy which due to their small size encounter market barriers hindering their development. The basic legal instruments in this matter is the definition of the SME sector at the level of the EU regulations. The purpose of the analysis is to look for advantages and disadvantages of the existing definition, as well as to refer to the selected ideas of its modification, considering European Union case law. The main research hypothesis is: regarding the importance of SME’s definition for the EU economy, the changes that must be made in the analysed concept must take into account the existing economic conditions as well as the previously available use of the same definition by the institutions. However, it is equally important to identify the purpose for which the SMEs were separated under a specific definition. The purpose of this separation was to provide support for such SMEs, which they de facto need. The basic research method used in the article is the dogmatic and legal method. Its subject was the analysis of the content of normative acts, the EU case law, as well as reports and analyses in the field of the SME sector. Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka wyodrębnienia z ogółu gospodarki mikro, małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP), które z uwagi na swoje nieduże rozmiary napotykają na bariery rynkowe utrudniające im rozwój. Podstawowym narzędziem prawnym w tym zakresie jest definicja sektora MŚP określona na poziomie przepisów UE. Celem prowadzonej analizy jest poszukiwanie zalet i wad obecnej definicji oraz odniesienie się do poszczególnych pomysłów jej modyfikacji, z uwzględnieniem linii orzeczniczej organów Unii Europejskiej. Zasadnicza hipoteza badawcza brzmi: z uwagi na znaczenie definicji MŚP dla gospodarki UE, zmiany jakie powinny zostać dokonane w analizowanej definicji, muszą uwzględniać zarówno obecne uwarunkowania gospodarcze, jak i dotychczasowe doświadczenia organów stosujących tę definicję, jednak zasadniczym punktem odniesienia przy konstruowaniu zmian jest cel, dla którego przedsiębiorstwa te zostały wyodrębnione. Celem tym jest wsparcie podmiotów, takiej pomocy de facto potrzebujących. Podstawową metodą badawczą, zastosowaną w artykule jest metoda dogmatyczno-prawna. Jej przedmiotem była analiza treści aktów normatywnych, orzecznictwa organów UE, a także branżowych raportów i analiz z zakresu sektora MŚP.
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie i ocena zreformowanego modelu programowania polityki rozwoju w Polsce. W efekcie prowadzonych w latach 2006-2011 działań reformatorskich określono główne obszary programowania polityki rozwoju, typy podstawowych dokumentów strategicznych i ich wzajemne zależności, podmioty odpowiedzialne za opracowanie poszczególnych dokumentów i ich realizację, podstawowe zasady tworzenia, monitorowania i oceny realizacji dokumentów strategicznych oraz nowe zasady finansowania polityki rozwoju. Zweryfikowano i uporządkowano istniejące programowe dokumenty strategiczne oraz opracowano pakiet nowej generacji podstawowych dokumentów strategicznych, zgodnie z zaprojektowanym modelem. Efektem powyższych działań powinno być usprawnienie programowania i realizacji krajowej polityki rozwoju. Stworzenie własnego modelu programowania polityki rozwoju jest potrzebne także w perspektywie malejącego dopływu środków unijnych, których wykorzystaniu w dużym stopniu podporządkowana była dotychczasowa polityka. Głównym zagrożeniem dla powodzenia realizacji reformy mogą okazać się jednak malejące krajowe możliwości finansowania polityki rozwoju.
EN
The purpose of the research paper is to present and assess the revised model of development policy programming in Poland. As a result of reform undertakings pursued within 2006-2011 major areas of development policy programming have been established and types of basic strategic documents and their interdependencies have been agreed upon. Moreover, rudiments of drafting strategic documents as well as monitoring and assessing their pursuit have been set together with new rules of financing the development policy. The existing strategic documents have been verified and categorised and a package of new generation of basic strategic documents has been worked out in line with the designed model. The above activities should result in enhancing both programming and pursuit of the country’s development policy. Creating of the model of development policy programming is also necessary from the perspective of shrinking amount of the Union’s financial means that so far have had a significant impact on the pursuit of the development policy. However, the major threat to the accomplishment of the reform might be declining possibilities of the country’s sources of development policy financing.
Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka wyodrębnienia z ogółu gospodarki mikro, małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP), które z uwagi na swoje nieduże rozmiary napotykają na bariery rynkowe utrudniające im rozwój. Podstawowym narzędziem prawnym w tym zakresie jest definicja sektora MŚP określona na poziomie przepisów UE. Celem prowadzonej analizy jest poszukiwanie zalet i wad obecnej definicji oraz odniesienie się do poszczególnych pomysłów jej modyfikacji, z uwzględnieniem linii orzeczniczej organów Unii Europejskiej. Zasadnicza hipoteza badawcza brzmi: z uwagi na znaczenie definicji MŚP dla gospodarki UE, zmiany jakie powinny zostać dokonane w analizowanej definicji, muszą uwzględniać zarówno obecne uwarunkowania gospodarcze, jak i dotychczasowe doświadczenia organów stosujących tę definicję, jednak zasadniczym punktem odniesienia przy konstruowaniu zmian jest cel, dla którego przedsiębiorstwa te zostały wyodrębnione. Celem tym jest wsparcie podmiotów, takiej pomocy de facto potrzebujących. Podstawową metodą badawczą, zastosowaną w artykule jest metoda dogmatyczno-prawna. Jej przedmiotem była analiza treści aktów normatywnych, orzecznictwa organów UE, a także branżowych raportów i analiz z zakresu sektora MŚP.
XX
The subject of the article is the issue of separating micro, small and medium enterprises (SME) from the general economy which due to their small size encounter market barriers hindering their development. The basic legal instruments in this matter is the definition of the SME sector at the level of the EU regulations. The purpose of the analysis is to look for advantages and disadvantages of the existing definition, as well as to refer to the selected ideas of its modification, considering European Union case law. The main research hypothesis is: regarding the importance of SME’s definition for the EU economy, the changes that must be made in the analysed concept must take into account the existing economic conditions as well as the previously available use of the same definition by the institutions. However, it is equally important to identify the purpose for which the SMEs were separated under a specific definition. The purpose of this separation was to provide support for such SMEs, which they de facto need. The basic research method used in the article is the dogmatic and legal method. Its subject was the analysis of the content of normative acts, the EU case law, as well as reports and analyses in the field of the SME sector.
Koncepcja governance stanowi część współczesnych trendów w zarządzaniu publicznym. Od lat 90. XX stulecia zdobywa coraz większą popularność jako jedna z nieodłącznych zasad, związanych z nowymi trendami. Governance oznacza włączanie aktorów, działających w różnych dziedzinach i na zróżnicowanych poziomach, w celu osiągnięcia ich sprzężenia. W polskiej rzeczywistości koncepcja ta jest stosunkowo mało rozpowszechniona, dlatego warto promować jej założenia i wskazywać w jaki sposób może być implementowana w praktyce polityczno-instytucjonalnej. Obecnie jest ona identyfikowana z ulepszaniem metod zarządzania w Unii Europejskiej we wszystkich aspektach implementacji polityk wspólnotowych, w kwestiach znajdujących się poza zasięgiem administracji. Ich waga wzrasta, jako że odnoszą się do partycypacji społecznej oraz kwestii legitymizacji działań publicznych w Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie kluczowych zagadnień, dotyczących koncepcji European governance. W kontekście badań nad ich praktycznymi zastosowaniami, zaprezentowane zostają także kluczowe dokumenty europejskie, dotyczące governance.
EN
The concept of governance is part of contemporary trends in public management. Its popularity has been growing since the early 1980s and it has become one of the main principles in modern approaches. Governance means the inclusion of actors, operating in different areas and at different levels, to achieve common aims at the interface with the public. In the Polish reality, the concept has got relatively little publicity; thus, it is worth promoting its objectives and showing how it can be implemented in the political and institutional practice. At present, it is identified with the improvement of management methods in the European Union in all aspects of the implementation of community policies, within the scope beyond the issues of administrative capacity and management efficiency. Such issues are becoming increasingly important as they relate to social participation and the question of legitimacy of public action in the European Union. The purpose of this article is to present the key issues related to the concept of European governance. It presents the key European documents on governance in the context of the search for its practical applications.
The complexity of social and economic relationships and their constant changes require efficient measures undertaken by public administration, which ought to be adequate to the general political assumptions of the legal form of its activities. The sphere in which the conceptualisation of the catalogue of forms of actions taken by public administration is particularlycomplicated due to its strong connections with the economic, social and particularly political conditioning is the development policy. In order to facilitate the organisation of cooperation between the entities conducting development policy (i.e. the Council of Ministers and the units of territorial self-governments) obliged to pursue a common goal a negotiatory model of shaping mutual relationships was adopted (a territorial contract). The contractual modification of public law relationships emphasises the position of subjects entering these public law relationships. Hence a postulate that the limits of that independence in the shaping of mutual relationships that arise not only from the conditions of functional or organisational nature, but also from the political position of the participants of these relationships and which are guaranteed in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, should be taken into consideration.
PL
Złożoność stosunków społeczno-gospodarczych i ich zmiany wymagają skutecznych działań administracji publicznej, najbardziej adekwatnych do tych stosunków i ogólnych założeń ustrojowych prawnych form jej działania. Dziedziną, w której konceptualizacja katalogu form działania administracji publicznej jest szczególnie skomplikowana, ze względu na silne jej powiązanie z uwarunkowaniami ekonomicznymi, społecznymi, a w szczególności ustrojowymi – jest sfera prowadzenia polityki rozwoju. Dla zorganizowania współpracy podmiotów prowadzących politykę rozwoju, Rady Ministrów i jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, zobowiązanych do realizacji wspólnego celu, jakim jest rozwój i spójność kraju, przyjęto konstrukcję umownego kształtowania wzajemnych relacji (kontrakt terytorialny). Umowna modyfikacja stosunków publicznoprawnych nie powinna jednak wpływać na pozycję podmiotów wchodzących w te publicznoprawne związki. Stąd postulat uwzględniania granic samodzielności kształtowania wzajemnych relacji wynikających nie tylko z uwarunkowań o charakterze funkcjonalnym bądź organizacyjnym, lecz z ustrojowej pozycji uczestników tych stosunków, gwarantowanej w Konstytucji RP.
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