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Ze współczesnej demonologii

100%
PL
Teksty gwarowe z Nieledwi koło Hrubieszowa, nagrane na taśmie magnetofonowej przez Stanisławę Kulik w czerwcu 1983 roku. Jej informatorem był urodzony w 1905 roku w Tereszpolu koło Zwierzyńca Szczepan Mostowski. Przedstawione teksty pokazują postać diabła, który w zależności o sytuacji może zmieniać się w różne postacie ludzkie (szlachcica, eleganta) bądź zwierzęce (konia, królika). W jednym z opowiadań mamy do czynienia ze znanym motywem zaprzedania duszy diabłu, w zamian za szczęście i pomyślności w życiu. Za sprawą diabła, jak pokazuje inny z tekstów, człowiek może błądzić po lesie.
EN
Dialectal texts from the village of Nieledew near Hrubieszów, recorded on magnetic tape by Stanisława Kulik in 1983. Her interviewee was Szczepan Mostowski born in 1905, in Tereszpol near Zwierzyniec. The texts describe the figure of devil that – depending on a given situation – can take on human form (e.g. a nobleman, or a dandy), or animal form (e.g. a horse, or a rabbit). In one of the stories, one deals with a well-known theme of selling one’s soul to the devil in exchange for happiness and good fortune in life. As it is shown in one other text, the devil can make man wander around the forest.
EN
Dealing with discourses produced in Contemporary Popular Music, it is usual in contemporary youth’s imaginary to find rock considered as metonymic with authenticity, remaining as a movement an outstanding extension of Romanticism. Then, when drawing out its motifs from Satanism, successful rock lyrics need a rhetorical stylization in order to construct persuading songs beyond traditional morals. The main goal of this article is to analyze and compare this kind of stylization in Rolling Stones’s Sympathy for the Devil and Jesucristo García, written by the Spanish band Extremoduro, taking them both as examples of popularized dramatic monologues that present the topic of attraction of Evil performed by devilish figures.
EN
Basing on the phraseology and paremiology 3 groups of typical phraseological motives concerningdevil are reviewed in the article. These are anthropomorphic devil, devil as a representativeof chthonic word and Christian devil. The contamination of motives in each group is presentedas well, also Russian and Polish devil’s images are compared.Basing on the phraseology and paremiology 3 groups of typical phraseological motives concerning devil are reviewed in the article. These are anthropomorphic devil, devil as a representative of chthonic word and Christian devil. The contamination of motives in each group is presented as well, also Russian and Polish devil’s images are compared.
EN
This aim of this article was to describe the representations of the devil in German phraseology based on an analysis of representative phraseological units. Special emphasis was placed on the axiological potential of these depictions, which is why the descriptive method relied on the conceptual apparatus of axiological linguistics. The study demonstrated that in semantic presuppositions, the main axiological criterion for formulating value judgements about the devil is associated with the concept of moral evil. The analysis also revealed that some of the analyzed phraseological units carry information about esthetic and pragmatic criteria for evaluating the devil. In language, the devil is portrayed metaphorically as a creature that elicits disgust and disapproval. The devil is also depicted as a hybrid being with both animal and human characteristics, and as a deceitful and cunning creature that leads man to evil. The devil exercises authority through its duplicitous influence on human beings. However, an analysis of deeply-seated beliefs that are epitomized by the German language indicates that devil’s power is not absolute because in language users’ perception, it can be broken by supreme forces that are imbued with a sense of holiness. It was found that phraseological units containing the lexeme devil assign negative value to undesirable human attitudes, life situations and states. The axiolinguistic analysis also revealed that these phraseological units can perform expressive and persuasive functions in a given speech situation.
EN
The text deals with Maria Callas and with the connections of art and love, fame, cognisance and death. Callas is shown as a person whose voice builds a space turning the auditors into the characters that are evoked by her singing and made of human emotions. That is the way the people not only meet themselves but also discover some parts of their nature that they could not get known in the real world.
EN
The article deals with praseological units that contain the lexemes diabeł ‘devil’ and diabelski ‘devilish’, excerpted from dictionaries of standard and dialectal Polish. The study is based on the assumption that a description of location as a languacultural category, manifest in these units, will be non-differential and panchronic; however, characteristic features of two languacultural areas (i.e., traditional folk culture and contemporary culture) are taken into account. In the phraseological units being investigated, the category of location appears either on the expression plane (it functions as a component of a given unit) or on the content plane (the place is the meaning of the unit), and its exponent is either a common noun or a proper name. Several aspects of the category of location, as it functions in the lexico-semantic field of "devil”, have been revealed: (i) the folk culture (spiritual culture, folk beliefs in demonology); (ii) location as a category that is evaluated and that is used in evaluation, in the context of the US–THEM opposition; (iii) cultural changes (in the city and in the country).
PL
Autorka poddała analizie frazemy z komponentem o znaczeniu ‘diabeł’ i ‘diabelski’, wyekscerpowane ze słowników dokumentujących polszczyznę dialektalną oraz ogólną odmianę polszczyzny (polszczyznę literacką). Założyła, iż opis miejsca jako kategorii językowo-kulturowej, uwidaczniającej się w tej grupie frazemów, będzie miał charakter niedyferencjalny oraz panchroniczny, starała się jednak uwzględnić zjawiska charakterystyczne dla każdego z dwóch obszarów językowo-kulturowych: tradycyjna kultura ludowa i kultura współczesna. W prezentowanych w artykule jednostkach kategoria miejsce występuje albo w planie wyrażania (nazwa miejsca jest komponentem frazemu), albo w planie treści (miejsce jest znaczeniem frazemu), jej wykładnikiem jest appellativum lub nomen proprium. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła ukazać kilka aspektów funkcjonowania tej kategorii we frazemach z pola leksykalno-semantycznego diabeł: (1) dokumentacja kultury ludowej (kultury duchowej, wierzeń ludowych z zakresu demonologii), (2) miejsce jako kategoria wartościowana oraz wartościująca, z uwzględnieniem opozycji swoi – obcy, (3) ilustracja przeobrażeń cywilizacyjnych i zmian kulturowych (wieś i miasto).
Vox Patrum
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2013
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vol. 59
151-178
EN
In the opinion of Saint John Chrysostom man can resist the demon through the adoption of the sacrament of Baptism and the Eucharist and through the prac­tice of penance: prayer, fasting and almsgiving. In the Sacrament of Baptism, all works of the devil are removed, man becomes an heir of heaven, marrying the son of God takes place, the Holy Spirit begins to dwell in man. In the Eucharist, Christ together with the person who welcomed him in Holy Communion, fights with the devil, just like in the times when he walked on the earth, throws out the evil spirit, kindles the heart of the believer and gives grace to fight. After the fall, that is after the cooperation with the devil, man immediately has to take to the works of penance, to return to unity with betrayed God. Not doing works of penance equals condemning himself. One should fight by prayer – during which one asks God for strength to fight, by fasting – which extinguishes the evil passions and „moves so much evil away from us” and by almsgiving – which removes the lust, opens the gates of heaven, takes away sins.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
115-126
EN
Vaclav Vokolek’s fictional collage (the work contains 13 paintings, four conversations, sketch, two appendixes and romantic painting as an essential comment) is placed around the period of railway development and conspiracies that accompanied it. The author proposes the reader a journey to the world, where, on equal terms, coexist residents of a small city with representatives of hell. Their superior – Luc, who runs the company called SAT a. n., is supposed to take control over it and, during the test drive on newly built railroad, father a successor. Although it is possible to find clues that help to identifying fictional Téčín as Děčín in the north of Czech Republic, the work inclines towards a grotesque story about irretrievable end of certain world, which terminated maintaining its natural landscape.
PL
St. Nicholas processions are ranked among the most significant traditions and are frequently considered the climax of the Advent. This is definitely the case of Horni Lidecsko, where as soon as the All Saints’ Day is over, masked characters come out and walk around villages until the holiday of St. Nicholas. The devils that are present in villages where people incline towards the Roman Catholic faith form an inseparable part of the cultural heritage of the local villages and the entire region. This study outlines the current form of St. Nicholas processions and the masked characters, but attention is paid also to the most significant changes that impacted the formation of the flying phenomenon and have shaped the tradition into its existing form. A portion of the paper deals with the historical background of the tradition and the individual characters that are a part of it, their role, and the symbolic meaning of the procession. The aim of the paper is to present the St. Nicholas procession and its attributes by means of an analysis of individual factors that impact its form outside the Czech Republic. The research has also addressed several aspects that have formed this phenomenon, namely the organization of the event and the identity of both the active and the passive participants. The study presents a research sample of bearers of the tradition and motivational elements thanks to which the tradition is still alive and passed from one generation to the next in such a scope as it is. In addition to the above, the paper explores the forms of the support provided by the villages as well as the differing opinions held by inhabitants of the region with regard to entering the St. Nicholas procession on the List of Intangible Elements of Traditional Folk Culture of the Czech Republic. A section in the paper also answers the question whether the event is a part of cultural heritage that is present in Wallachia permanently and in an authentic, almost unaltered form.
10
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RU
The purpose of this paper is to present the description of Woland as one of the main characters of the novel by Bulgakov 'The Master and Margarita', after gaining experience connected with the work on a new translation of this book. The study was conducted on the basis of an in‑depth analysis of the text. The author distinguishes the roles in which Woland appears in relationships with other characters, as well as mental and physical transformations which he undergoes. A lot of remarks concern the changes in stylistic register of his utterances. Moreover, the analysis includes numerous names, which the narrator himself uses in reference to the character. Finally, analogies with other authors are presented (Goethe, Gogol, Poe). The paper is an attempt at reconstructing the viewpoint represented by Woland, including the multitude of elements referring to particular philosophical, political and ethical doctrines. It all leads to the conclusion that Bulgakov’s devil is a multidimensional and ambiguos character, which doesn’t conform to any traditions and explicit interpretations. 
PL
The purpose of this paper is to present the description of Woland as one of the main characters of the novel by Bulgakov 'The Master and Margarita', after gaining experience connected with the work on a new translation of this book. The study was conducted on the basis of an in‑depth analysis of the text. The author distinguishes the roles in which Woland appears in relationships with other characters, as well as mental and physical transformations which he undergoes. A lot of remarks concern the changes in stylistic register of his utterances. Moreover, the analysis includes numerous names, which the narrator himself uses in reference to the character. Finally, analogies with other authors are presented (Goethe, Gogol, Poe). The paper is an attempt at reconstructing the viewpoint represented by Woland, including the multitude of elements referring to particular philosophical, political and ethical doctrines. It all leads to the conclusion that Bulgakov’s devil is a multidimensional and ambiguos character, which doesn’t conform to any traditions and explicit interpretations.
Amor Fati
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2015
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issue 4
135-173
EN
Incestual love between brother and sister is depicted in three novels by Andrzej Kuśniewicz – it is suggested already in “Eroica” (1963), fully developed in “Król Obojga Sycylii” (1970) and re-turns in “Stan nieważkości” (1973). In these pieces of work appear three distinct motives: wom-an, devil and blood. They contain symbolic meaning and therefore enrich interpretation of the numerous scenes, which are fragmentary and vague. Close reading of the novels and comparing them with one another helps to fully understand author’s writing and reconstruct complex expe-riences of his characters. It proves that the motif of incestual love could be described as a coher-ent entirety in Kuśniewicz’s work.
EN
The subject matter of the present article is a comparative analysis of two pieces dating back to the turn of the 13th century: a short novel Robert the Devil and a short story Chevalier au barisel. They both belong to the category of the so called “pious stories,” which provided believers with a certain model to follow.What is more, they were a lesson that even the worst sinner may obtain God’s mercy and the grace of salvation. The theme of repentance is an essential narrative and ideological element. The protagonists of the stories in question are: Robert − a knight and Devil’s son; and a knight possessed with the Devil. They both undergo a complete metamorphosis reaching sanctity which results from genuine repentance. Nevertheless, their paths are completely different, as unalike are their initial attitudes towards the possibility of penitence. The theme of metamorphosis in both texts consists of the same elements, which are however put in different narrative order. Two models of Christian metamorphosis emerge from these stories: from devilment to sanctity and from bad life to good death.
EN
This article intends to show that the image of the Devil can be understood at the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) not only as a religious symbol, but also as an agent of fear and an instrument of pastoral power, updated by this Church that endorses the neoliberal standards of success, present in Brazilian society. It also describes the image of the Devil as an audiovisual discursive construction and indicates its meaning for the religious imagery on the UCKG stages. In order to do so, the text invokes the studies of Patrícia Birman about the UCKG, as well as the theories of Bauman and of authors who elaborated on Foucault’s thoughts on fear and pastoral power. This study has its corpus based on videos of exorcisms created on the UCKG stages and shared on YouTube by the Church itself.
PT
Este artigo pretende mostrar que a imagem do Diabo pode ser compreendida na Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) não somente como símbolo religioso, mas também como agente do medo e instrumento de poder pastoral, atualizado por essa igreja, que endossa os padrões neoli-berais de sucesso presentes na sociedade brasileira. Também descreve a imagem do Diabo como uma construção discursiva audiovisual e indica seu significado para o imaginário religioso nos palcos da IURD. Para tanto, este texto tráz os estudos de Patrícia Birman sobre a IURD e mobili-za as teorias de Bauman e de autores que se debruçaram sobre as teorias de Foucault sobre o me-do e o poder pastoral. Este estudo tem seu corpus composto de vídeos de exorcismos criados nos palcos da IURD e compartilhados no YouTube pela própria Igreja.
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 4
559-573
EN
The interpretation of the noun φθόνος in Wis 2:24 may raise some difficulties. In exegesis, φθόνος is generally referred to the attitude of the devil who, jealous of man, rebelled against God. This meaning already appears in apocryphal and patristic literature. This article presents the context of the analyzed verse, issues related to its translation, and possible interpretations. First, it explores the nature of death, then tries to show what reality is behind the term διάβολος and why the author describes his action as motivated by envy. Based on the texts of Philo of Alexandria, the article argues that envy, understood as sadness related to the lack of various goods that others have, is only a definition of the essence of this feeling. It seems that the inspired author primarily wanted to show envy as a negative attitude, radically opposed to the idea of wisdom, virtue and closeness to God. In such an interpretation, envy reveals a state of moral evil, an absolute lack of wisdom, which results in separation from God, causes discord between people, and ultimately leads to spiritual death.
PL
Interpretacja rzeczownika φθόνος w Mdr 2,24 może rodzić pewne trudności. We egzegezie φθόνος jest generalnie odnoszony do postawy diabła, który, zazdrosny o człowieka, buntuje się przeciw Bogu. Takie znaczenie pojawia się już w literaturze apokryficznej i patrystycznej. Ten artykuł ukazuje kontekst analizowanego wersetu, kwestie związane z jego tłumaczeniem oraz możliwe interpretacje. Bada najpierw naturę śmierci, stara się ukazać, jaka rzeczywistość kryje się za terminem διάβολος i dlaczego autor opisuje jego działanie jako motywowane zawiścią. Opierając się na tekstach Filona z Aleksandrii argumentuje, że zawiść rozumiana jako smutek związany z brakiem różnych dóbr, które posiadają inni, to tylko określenie istoty tego uczucia. Wydaje się, że autor natchniony chciał przede wszystkim ukazać zawiść jako postawę negatywną, radykalnie przeciwstawną idei mądrości, cnoty i bliskości Boga. W takiej interpretacji zawiść objawia stan moralnego zła, absolutnego braku mądrości, który skutkuje oddzieleniem od Boga, wprowadza niezgodę między ludźmi i ostatecznie doprowadza do duchowej śmierci.
EN
The article argued for the thesis that, in the fairy tales with the theme T 651 "The Devil as a Farm-hand", there is an agreement between the otherworld, represented by the devil, and the host human. Simultaneously, the motif of stealing bread is actually a veiled motif of sacrifice for a demonic world of archaic provenance. The author analyses selected narratives with the T 651 theme although stealing bread, that is the victim, and the service is present in practically all of its realizations.
PL
Głównym założeniem pracy jest próba uzasadnienia trafności tezy, według której w bajkach z wątkiem T 651 „Diabeł parobkiem” dochodzi do zawarcia umowy pomiędzy zaświatami – reprezentowanymi przez postać diabła, a człowiekiem – gospodarzem. Natomiast motyw kradzieży chleba jest tak naprawdę zawoalowanym motywem ofiary dla świata demonicznego o archaicznej proweniencji. Do analizy posłużą wybrane narracje z wątkiem T 651, chociaż aspekt kradzieży pieczywa – ofiary, a wreszcie służby występuje praktycznie we wszystkich jego realizacjach. 
16
Content available remote

Socjologiczne opętanie

63%
PL
W artykule podejmuje się dyskusję z tezą o wyparciu myślenia o szatanie z nowożytnej nauki, filozofii i teologii. Obecność figury szatana w socjologii najdobitniej dochodzi do głosu w rozważaniach Maxa Webera na temat procesu racjonalizacji i wykształcania się „sfer życia”. Autor przedstawia główne tezy Niklasa Luhmanna, dotyczące autonomii podsystemu religii we współczesnym funkcjonalnie zróżnicowanym społeczeństwie, jako rewizję weberowskiej teorii zróżnicowania społecznego, odwołującej się do motywacji aktorów społecznych. Przy tej okazji wskazany jest diaboliczny charakter oświeceniowej socjologii oraz luhmannowski postulat jego przezwyciężenia, wyrażający się w rezygnacji z krytycznej roli socjologii i moralizowania rzeczywistości społecznej.
EN
In the paper the proposition on the repression of the awareness of the existence of the devil from modern social science, philosophy and theology is discussed. The figure of devil is prominent in Max Weber’s description of rationalization and differentiation process of autonomic „spheres of life”. The author presents Niklas Luhmann’s characteristics of autonomy of religion subsystem in modern functional differentiated society as a revision of social differentiation theory based on actors’ motivations presented by Weber. In this perspective the demonic features of enlightenment sociology are indicated as well as Luhmann’s desiderata of its overcoming: abandonment of critical stance practiced by sociology and resignation from moralization of social reality.
17
51%
PL
Publikowane materiały pochodzą z kilku wsi wschodniej części byłego województwa lubelskiego. Zebrane zostały przez autora w latach 1984–1987, a jego informatorami byli najstarsi mieszkańcy wsi, autochtoni, w większości dwujęzyczni, znający gwarę polską i ukraińską. Tematem przedstawianych tekstów są wierzenia ludności wiejskiej wschodniej Lubelszczyzny w świat demonów. Główni bohaterowie tych opowiadań to rusałki, żelazne baby, topielce, diabły. Pokazany jest również związek niektórych ludzi (a raczej zawodów przez nich wykonywanych), np. młynarzy, owczarzy ze światem nadprzyrodzonym. W opowiadaniach znalazły wyraz ludowe zasady moralności: za złe postępowanie człowiek musi ponieść karę po śmierci. Ogniki na bagnach to – według interpretacji ludu – duch geometry, który pomierzył pole. Najwięcej miejsca zajmują opowiadania o diable, który łatwo nawiązuje kontakt z ludźmi (służąc im często swoimi umiejętnościami bądź wcielający się w ich postaci). Ponadto w prezentowanym wyborze są opowiadania o strachach na cmentarzu, o duchach zmarłych bliskich osób, mogących się pokazywać pod różnymi postaciami.
EN
The materials published come from a number of villages in the Eastern part of the former Lublin Voivodeship. They were collected by the author between 1984 and 1987. The group of interviewees comprised the oldest inhabitants of villages, mostly bilingual natives who knew the Polish and Ukrainian dialects. The theme of the texts are beliefs about the world of demons held by villagers from the Eastern Lublin region. The rusalki [female entities or demons associated with water], żelazne baby/ [sg. železnaâ baba/ an iron lady – a demon], topielice [sg. topielica, a female demon, the soul of a young woman who drowned], and devils are the main characters in these stories. The relationship between some people (or rather their occupation), such as millers or shepherds and the supernatural world is also depicted in the article. The rules of folk morality are expressed in these stories, i.e. there is a punishment after death for bad behaviour. Dancing lights [Pol. ogniki, Lat. ignis fatuus, or will-o’-the-wisp] in the marshes are – according to folk interpretations – the ghost of the geometra [a land surveyor] who measured a field. Stories about the devil who establishes relationships with people very easily (often offering his services to humans or impersonating humans) are the most common. Moreover, in the presented selection, there are stories about the starchy [fears/ scares]. They are believed to be demons or ghosts of close people who died. They inhabit graveyards and can appear in various forms.
PL
W XVI i XVII w. na Zachodzie Europy zaczęły nasilać się burzliwe zjawiska życia społecznego i politycznego. Wojny i klęski żywiołowe znalazły swoje odbicie nie tylko na kartach literatury, ale również w postaci mitów, wierzeń czy rozwoju inkwizycji. Prym wiodła czarna i biała magia, okultyzm czy wiedza ezoteryczna. W II połowie XVII w. oraz w I połowie następnego stulecia podobne zjawiska miały miejsce w I Rzeczpospolitej. Lęk przed śmiercią, Bogiem i Szatanem zaczął przybierać różne formy, człowiek zaś próbował radzić sobie z owym stanem na wiele sposobów. Zarys problematyki nie odzwierciedla z pewnością całego zagadnienia lęku w kulturze czasów nowożytnych, a jest tylko jego niewielkim wycinkiem.
EN
In the 16th and 17th century in the west of Europe tempestuous phenomena in political and social life started increasing. Wars and natural disasters were reflected not only in the literature but also in myths, beliefs, development of the Inquisition. The most common were black and white magic, occultism, esoterism. During the second half of the17th century and the first half of the 18th century similar phenomenon took place in the I Rzeczpospolita. Fear of death, God and devil appeared in different shapes, so individual was trying to cope with this situation in various ways. Of course this is just a brief outline of the problem and would not embrace all the complexity of fear in modern times.
Polonia Sacra
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 4(49)
167-185
PL
Cezary z Arles (†543) w jedenastym kazaniu do ludu dokonał precyzyjnego omówienia zagadnienia, dotyczącego sprawiedliwości Boga wobec szatana. W kazaniu tym, dał tak wyczerpujące wyjaśnienie na ten temat, że jest ono swoistego rodzaju traktatem teologicznym. Bóg, jak zauważa, mógł użyć wobec szatana swojej wszechmocy, nie uczynił jednak tego, ponieważ nie chciał naruszyć sprawiedliwości. Bóg jest sprawiedliwy tak wobec szatana, jak i wobec człowieka. Cezary wyjaśnił, że szatan sam siebie zgubił, nikt go do tego nie zmusił, a powodem była zazdrość. Z kolei szatan, jak zauważył Cezary, z zazdrości doradził człowiekowi wybór zła, nie zmusił człowieka do odwrócenia się od Boga, ponieważ człowiek był wolny. Człowiek natomiast, zamiast należeć do Boga, który go stworzył, wybrał propozycję szatana, która sprowadziła na niego śmierć. Cezary pokazał też dwa etapy wyrwania człowieka z niewoli szatana. Pierwszym było Wcielenie, czyli przyjście Chrystusa w ciele podobnym do ciała grzesznego, drugim był krzyż. Sprawiedliwy Chrystus przyjął na siebie niesprawiedliwość i ujawnił zbrodnicze i niesprawiedliwe postępowanie diabła. Szatan w Wielki Piątek, gdy zabił Chrystusa na krzyżu, przekroczył prawo sprawiedliwości. Dopuścił się zbrodni na Jezusie, stał się winny, gdyż skazał na śmierć całkowicie niewinną osobę. Szatan jako winny, musiał przeżyć konfiskatę tego, co zagarnął – człowieka. Chrystus, jak wykazał Cezary, uwolnił rodzaj ludzki spod władzy szatana przez swoją sprawiedliwość. Uczynił to nie jako Bóg, lecz w ludzkim ciele. Sprawiedliwość Chrystusa ujawnia Jego miłosierdzie względem człowieka.
EN
In Sermon 11, Cesarius of Arles († 543) presented the theme of God’s justice toward Satan in a very detailed way. He gave such a comprehensive explanation of the matter that it became a kind of theological treatise. God, as he points out, could use his almighty power against Satan. He didn’t do it, because he did not want to violate justice. God is just in the same way in relation to Satan and to man. Cesarius explained how Satan defeated himself; no one forced him, and the reason for his defeat was jealousy. On the other hand, Satan, as Cesarius noted, out of jealously, recommended to the man choosing of evil; he did not force the man to turn away from God because the man was free. The man, rather than staying by God who created him, accepted the suggestion of Satan that brought about death. Cesarius also presented two stages of liberation of human being from the satanic captivity. The frst one was the Incarnation, the coming of Christ in the body similar to a sinful body; the second was the cross. The righteous Christ accepted injustice and revealed the criminal and unjust conduct of the devil. On Good Friday, when Satan murdered Christ on the cross, he transgressed the law of righteousness. He committed crime on Jesus, he became guilty, because he sentenced to death a completely innocent person. Satan being guilty, had to accept the confscation of what he seized – man. Christ, as Cesarius pointed out, freed mankind from the power of Satan by his righteousness. He did it not as God but Christ in the human body. Christ’s justice reveals His mercy towards man.
EN
This article discusses the character of the devil and his functions in Włodzimierz Wolski’s poems: Ojciec Hilary, Halka, Połośka, and a libretto Halka, which could be classified into the so-called “folk series”. The issue of the relation between supernatural power and characters in the face of a class-based conflict was disscused in the article. The main emphasis was put on the evolution of the writer’s views in the matter of peasantry in the “folk series”. Another issue of interest was the connection of class-based conflicts against the simultaneous necessity of national liberation struggle.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie funkcji diabła oraz zarysowanie cech jego postaci w utworach Włodzimierza Wolskiego, które można zaliczyć do tak zwanego „cyklu ludowego”, w jego skład wchodzi: Ojciec Hilary, Halka, Połośka oraz libretto Halka. Poruszony został także temat stosunku sił ponadnaturalnych do bohaterów utworów w obliczu konfliktu o podłożu klasowym. Nacisk został położony przede wszystkim na ewolucję poglądów autora, jaka dokonuje się na przestrzeni „cyklu” w odniesieniu do kwestii chłopskiej. Kolejnym z zagadnień podjętych w artykule jest kwestia tego, jak pisarz rozstrzyga sprzężenie konfliktów społecznych wobec jednoczesnej konieczności walki narodowowyzwoleńczej.
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