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EN
Motivation Models of the Names of Intellectual Processes and Properties (on the Material of East Slavic Languages)This article offers an analysis of motivation models of the names of intellectual processes, properties and states in East Slavic languages at different stages of their development. Focusing on the Belarusian and Ukrainian material, the study adopts the approach of diachronic cognitive onomasiology, according to which the study of nomination processes helps to understand mechanisms of verbal thought. The analysis revealed source frames of the names of cognitive activity: perception, psycho-emotional sphere, space, movement, physical activity, physical characteristics, social sphere, physiology, speech activity and light. The relative number of nominations formed by a particular model is proportional to the use of the corresponding metaphor in communication. Modern East Slavic languages are very similar in terms of their nomination models of cognitive processes, properties and states. However, differences between modern Belarusian and Ukrainian on the one hand, and the language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the other, are more significant.Modele motywacyjne nazw procesów i właściwości intelektualnych (na materiale języków wschodniosłowiańskich)Artykuł przedstawia analizę modeli motywacyjnych nazw procesów, właściwości i stanów intelektualnych w językach wschodniosłowiańskich na różnych etapach ich rozwoju. Skupiając się na materiale białoruskim i ukraińskim, analiza przyjmuje podejście kognitywnej onomazjologii diachronicznej, zgodnie z którym badanie procesów nominacji pomaga zrozumieć mechanizmy myślenia werbalnego. Analiza wykazała ramy źródłowe nazw aktywności poznawczej: percepcji, sfery psycho-emocjonalnej, przestrzeni, ruchu, aktywności fizycznej, cech fizycznych, sfery społecznej, fizjologii, aktywności mowy i światła. Liczba nominacji utworzonych na bazie określonego modelu jest proporcjonalna do częstotliwości użycia odpowiadającej mu metafory w komunikacji. Współczesne języki wschodniosłowiańskie są bardzo podobne pod względem modeli nominacji procesów, właściwości i stanów poznawczych. Natomiast różnice pomiędzy współczesnym językiem białoruskim i ukraińskim z jednej strony, a językiem Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego z drugiej, są bardziej znaczące.
PL
The article presents names of craftsmen which existed in the 16th century Polish language, confirmed exclusively in lexicographic collections of the time. The material has been drawn from the published volumes of Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (Dictionary of 16th century Polish language). A review was conducted of the way in which these peculiar names of craftsmen functioned in the lexicons, both reflecting vocabulary confirmed in Old Polish and in contemporary dictionaries. It turned out that even though some of these words were perhaps the original products of the 16th lexicographers’ imaginations, others were actually used in the vocabulary of those times.
PL
This paper discusses linguistics methods for evoking the sacrum in Klementyna Hoffman’s of the Tańskis debut as a novelist, titled Pamiątka po dobrej matce. [Remembrance after a Good Mother]. The conducted analysis proved that in the novel in question, the sacrum had been equated with Christian religiousness.
PL
The main issue which this article aims to present is the way the sixteenth century text of Mikołaj Rej’s Żywot człowieka poczciwego (The Life of the Honest Man) was interpreted by the nineteenth century author Klementyna Tańska-Hoffmanowa. More precisely, the present author seeks to show just one aspect of this re-reading, i.e. the “indication” of archaic or „obsolete words” by the reader. The analysis of 85 lexemes presented in the article, their descriptions and their collocations that were regarded by Tańska Hoffmanowa as obsolete, has made it possible to prove that the she had fair command of rich lexical resources, knowledge on the aspects of grammatical functioning of the Polish language, that she was interested in the issue and was capable of perceiving transitions in the language in time.
EN
This article discusses the ways in which the biblical Ark of the Covenant is presented in Marcin Bielski’s Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the world). The analyses point to Bielski’s use of a loanword in the form of arka or archa, the word’s translations into skrzynia (chest), and a sequence of both these terms. Bielski’s ignoring of the biblical translations of this term is also emphasised by his choice of determiners for the Ark. A search for the sources that Bielski drew from for the names he used for the Ark of the Covenant in the Vulgate, P. Comestor’s Historia scholastica, the Hebrew Bible, and the known medieval and 16th-century translations of the Bible, allows for concluding that the author felt free and unrestricted in his choices and followed guidelines known to him alone.
EN
The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the principal categories of lexical borrowings, traditionally accepted in diachronic linguistics. The presentation of this classification leads towards the acknowledgment of a category of lexical borrowings that should be treated separately, namely the lexicalizing borrowings (Fr. emprunts lexicalisants, PL. zapożyczenia leksykalizujące, Es. préstamos lexicalizantes). The examples which are used in this article come among others from: Catalan, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portugese and Spanish.
EN
Synonyms according to Klementyna Hoffman (née Tańska) The paper deals with the way of describing by Klementyna Hoffman (née Tańska), living 1798-1845, who is known in the history of literature as an author of children’s and women’s texts and a defender of national identity, the lexemes being regarded as synonyms by her. The presented analyses show that Tańska regarded as synonyms not only lexemes in the modern linguistic sense, and described not only lexemes but also concepts. The construction of particular descriptions was characteristic of Hoffman and had a lot of features in common with the 19th-century attempts of the Polish synonymists. This is demonstrated by a comparison of the way of describing synonyms by Klementyna Hoffman and Bp. Adam S. Krasiński. This that distinguished the activity of Tańska in this respect was the use of moralistic admonishments.
EN
The article deals with the diachronic analysis of double verb participles in Portuguese. The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of two participles of the selected verbs in the evolution of the Portuguese language from the 13th century to the present. The research is based on two linguistic corpora: www.corpusdoportugues.org and CETEMPúblico.
10
88%
EN
The fact that a language is a strongly conservative creation, lingering behind the extra-linguistic reality, is clearly visible from the still-existing phraseological units containing an archaic word. However, not all the phraseological units with an archaic lexeme are contemporarily treated as units containing an old, fossilized word. We notice that, according to some language users, some of the above-mentioned units seem to have been quite recent creations of Polish language, e.g.: e.g.: mówić, powiedzieć itp. coś bez ogródek; być, pojawić się, znaleźć się na tapecie; bez pardonu; czyjaś noga nie postanie, nie postała gdzieś; mówić, odpowiadać, pytać z przekąsem; nie dziwota; wziąć, brać kogoś na spytki; świątek (i) piątek. There are a few reasons why these archaic components take on an „un-archaic” character in the given phraseological units such as: motivational transitions, the placement of isolated language units within word formation nests, the process of identifying them with a newly-created word formations. Through such mechanisms the boundary between what is obsolate and contemporary within a language is becoming very vague. This is the way how history melts with the present time.
EN
In the article, the author presents the semantics of the lexeme gruby. He draws attention to the stages and mechanisms of shaping secondary meanings of the word (presenting changes from the Old Polish period to the present day). The analyses are based on the methods commonly adopted in lexical semantics. A special place in the considerations is given to the meaning ‘an obese, overweight person.’ The observations also concern aesthetic evaluation in language (and, partly, ethical evaluation as well), and at the same time the topic is connected with the analysis of the exponents of lexical parameterisation.
EN
The present article analyses the Romanian affirmative particles from a diachronic and areal perspective in order to determine their origin. The analysis of a corpus of original literary texts and translations of religious texts as well as dictionaries and grammars from different epochs has resulted in distinguishing in Romanian the following affirmative particles: aşa (since the 16th, and especially the 17th century), ei (in the 16th century), ie (since the second half of the 18th century) and da (since the 19th century). As the last three can be put in the East European areal context, a natural explanation of their origin would be the assumption that they were borrowed respectively from Church Slavonic, German and Slavic. However, also because of the special status of affirmative particles as a part of basic vocabulary of most languages, we propose to apply to them the foothold theory inspired by Abraham’s half-open doors theory (2011). Accordingly, we believe that borrowing the particle ei from Church Slavonic could have used as a foothold the Old Romanian conjunction e (< lat. et) and the ie borrowed from German was superposed on the Romanian verbal form e ‘is’. On the other hand, the Slavic loanword da coincided with the inner semantic evolution of the Romanian forms dară ~ dar ~ da from an adversative conjunction to an affirmative particle.
EN
The article is focused on Tatar ethnic group. It tries to show on its example, how one can be open on other cultures without losing one’s identity and how to persevere in a different cultural environment. It refers to Tatars’ religious writings as the source helpful in maintaining cultural identity. An example of connection between Tatar translations and European tradition of translation, is used to characterize both permeation of cultures and features which served to build cultural separateness of Tatars living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
EN
The article analyses remarks on the language contacts contained in an 18th-century encyclopedia Nowe Ateny authored by Benedykt Chmielowski. It has been proven that Chmielowski pointed to: 1. Extralinguistic causes of the language contacts, such as: a) the rank of languages that get into interaction and their position in the world, b) linguistic fashion, c) development of science and technology, d) military conflicts, e) economic contacts, f) migration of people. 2. Intralinguistic causes of interference, such as: a) language insufficiency, b) stylistic value of loan words. 3. Effects of linguistic contacts: a) negative: degradation of some ethnic languages, b) positive: enrichment of the lexical stock of the recipient language.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie uwagi na temat kontaktów językowych zamieszczone w encyklopedii z połowy XVIII wieku, tj. w Nowych Atenach Benedykta Chmielowskiego. Wykazano, że Chmielowski wskazał: 1. Zewnątrzjęzykowe przyczyny kontaktów językowych, takie jak: a) ranga języków wchodzących ze sobą we wzajemne relacje i ich pozycja na świecie, b) moda językowa, c) rozwój nauki i techniki, d) konflikty militarne, e) kontakty gospodarcze, f) migracja ludności. 2. Wewnątrzjęzykowe przyczyny interferencji, takie jak: a) niewystarczalność języka, b) stylistyczna wartość wyrazów zapożyczanych. 3. Efekty kontaktów językowych: a) negatywne: degradacja niektórych języków etnicznych lub ich całkowity zanik, b) pozytywne: bogacenie leksykalnych zasobów języka-biorcy.
15
63%
EN
The fact that a language is a strongly conservative creation, lingering behind the extra-linguistic reality, is clearly visible from the still-existing phraseological units containing an archaic word. However, not all the phraseological units with an archaic lexeme are contemporarily treated as units containing an old, fossilized word. We notice that, according to some language users, some of the above-mentioned units seem to have been quite recent creations of Polish language, e.g.: mówić, powiedzieć itp. coś bez ogródek; być, pojawić się, znaleźć się na tapecie; bez pardonu; czyjaś noga nie postanie, nie postała gdzieś; mówić, odpowiadać, pytać z przekąsem; nie dziwota; wziąć, brać kogoś na spytki; świątek (i) piątek. There are a few reasons why these archaic components take on an „un-archaic” character in the given phraseological units such as: motivational transitions, the placement of isolated language units within word formation nests, the process of identifying them with a newly-created word formations. Through such mechanisms the boundary between what is obsolate and contemporary within a language is becoming very vague. This is the way how history melts with the present time.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest słownictwo polskich przestępców z XVIII wieku. Autor sięga do wiadomości prasowej z 1778 roku. Ta notka prasowa należy do najstarszych poświadczeń polskiego żargonu kryminalnego. Tekst informuje o procesie sądowym, a tylko na marginesie zaznacza istnienie specyficznej komunikacji złoczyńców, z którą musiał się zmierzyć sąd. Wiadomość z „Gazety Warszawskiej” zawiera aż osiemnaście leksemów. Słowa te omawia autor niniejszego artykułu – wskazuje etymologię żargonizmów oraz przedstawia dalsze życie słownictwa w języku polskim (w XIX i XX wieku). Kilka uwag dotyczących proweniencji określeń socjolektalnych może budzić wątpliwości czytelników, z czego autor zdaje sobie sprawę. Za celowe uznaje jednak pochylenie się nad kształtem i semantyką zgromadzonego słownictwa, bo chociaż różni badacze często powołują się na artykuł prasowy z XVIII wieku, to niewiele uwagi poświęcają historii występującego w nim słownictwa polskich przestępców.
EN
The subject of the article is the vocabulary of Polish criminals from the 18th century. The author reached for a press release from 1778. This press release is one of the oldest credentials of the Polish criminal jargon. The text describes a court hearing and only mentions the existence of specific communication style between villains that the court had to face. The news from “Gazeta Warszawska” contains eighteen lexemes. The author of this article discusses these words – he indicates the etymology of these jargonisms and presents a continued existence of the vocabulary in Polish (in the 19th and 20th centuries). Some remarks on the provenance of jargon terms may raise doubts among readers. The author is aware of this. However, he considers it significant to bend over the form and semantics of the accumulated vocabulary – researchers often refer to this press release from the 18th century, but do not focus on the history of the vocabulary of Polish criminals.
EN
In this article the author discusses different names for ‘condom’ used in the Polish language. The analysis is carried out with the use of methods characteristic of the study of language history. The author presents the development of rich nomenclature synonymy providing the lexical examples from various registers (varieties) of language. The text presents textual ex-amples from the 15th century onwards. The author discusses the etymology of particular words and emphasizes the historical contexts in which words and meanings were borrowed from foreign languages.
PL
W artykule omówiono funkcjonujące w polszczyźnie nazwy prezerwatywy. Oglądowi towarzyszy perspektywa historycznojęzykowa. Autor przedstawia proces kształtowania się bogatej synonimii nazewniczej, sięgając do leksyki należącej do różnych rejestrów (odmian) języka. W tekście przywołano ilustrakcje tekstowe z XV wieku i stuleci późniejszych. Artykuł zawiera uwagi związane z etymologią poszczególnych określeń; uwydatnia momenty zapożyczania poszczególnych form i znaczeń z języków obcych.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the functioning of adverbs in a part of Catechismus by Mikołaj Rej. It is a result of examining 67 lexemes used in total 205 times (which represents merely 2.37% of all the textual words of the examined excerpt from Catechismus). The frequency ranged between 1 and 18 which is evidence that, depending on the context, the same adverb may perform different functions and assume various meanings. Equally noteworthy is the fact that the religious character of the text could not have been recognised only on the basis of the adverbs mentioned in the paper. On the other hand, it is impossible to decide whether the most frequently used adverbs in the excerpt of Catechismus under analysis, i.e. iście [indeed] (used 18 times), ustawicznie [continuously] (16 times), snadnie [easily] (15 times) and zawżdy [always] (11 times), would have had the biggest number of occurrences in other texts of religious character without additional studies.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza funkcjonowania przysłówków w części Catechismusa Mikołaja Reja. Badaniu poddano 67 leksemów, które użyte zostały w sumie 205 razy (co stanowi zaledwie 2,37% wszystkich tekstowych słów pochodzących z badania Catechismusa) z częstotliwością od 1 do 18, które pokazują, że ten sam przysłówek – w zależności od kontekstu – może spełniać różne funkcje i przyjmować różne odcienie znaczenia. Podkreślić trzeba także to, że religijnego charakteru tego tekstu nie można było rozpoznać, opierając się wyłącznie na przysłówkach wspomnianych w artykule. Z drugiej strony, to czy przysłówki charakteryzujące się najwyższą częstotliwością w analizowanym fragmencie Katechizmu, tj. iście (użyte 18 razy), ustawicznie (16 razy), snadnie (15 razy) i zawżdy (11 razy), pojawiłyby się też i miałyby największą liczbę zastosowań w innych tekstach o charakterze religijnym, wymaga podjęcia dodatkowych badań.
EN
In the article three Polish names of alcohol were studied: wódka (vodka), gorzałka (booze) and likwor (liqueur). The author focuses on the processes leading to the emergence of their modern senses; and particularly on the semantic extension and narrowing of the senses of the lexemes. In a diachronic perspective, the lexemes have often been used interchangeably. The author argues that this fact calls for a critical review of some former studies of words’ etymologies and semantic changes. According to the author, more accuracy in etymological and semantic research helps avoid mistakes in interpreting old texts.
EN
The preliminary part of the study presents a scientific profile of Professor Tadeusz Szymański in the initial (over twenty years) period of his research activity at the Institute of Slavic Studies (Slavistics) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In the article the particular attention was paid to the participation and researcher’s contribution to the Proto‑Slavic lexicon which is archival these days. The initial versions of the PSL vocabulary words *medvědь, *mešьka (*mečьka) and *mekati developed by Tadeusz Szymański became the starting point to present them in a broader research perspective (not only etymological, but also ethno‑ and geolinguistics), more than 50 years after being developed. It is worth emphasizing that, despite the significant progress on the work on PSL lexicology, these unique dictionary materials can still serve as a starting point for further detailed research and verification of existing findings.
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