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The material for our analysis of archaisms came from peripheral dialects of Polish highlanders. These dialects are some of the varieties of Polish which have been quite well preserved. The term ‘highlanders’ dialect’ is understood broadly, to be any dialect of Polish highlanders from Podhale, Spiš, Orava, the Ƶywiec area, and Cieszyn Silesia. The lexical individuality of these regions is a result of different historical and geographical factors. My reasearch focused on vocabulary related to family, and in particular to the ways of referring to important figures in familial relations. Highlanders’ families did and still do traditionally hierarchize the roles of family members with regard to their age and position. The discussed lexemes have been long archived in literary Polish; they are now entirely passive in their primary meanings, but they continue to thrive in dialects.
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Nazwy chorób epidemicznych w przeklęciach gwarowych

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EN
The paper is concerned with dialectal curses containing names of illnesses. Following a presentation of the units of this type that appeared in our material, a detailed analysis is given of the group of curses which use the names of epidemic illnesses: powietrze, morówka, pomór, pomorek, dżuma, pomucha (all six meaning ‘plague, pest, murrain’), and cholera (‘cholera’). The curses have been shown in a broader linguistic context which takes into account the functioning of the given name in dialects, not only as the base name of the illness, but also as an element of phraseological expressions and as a unit which undergoes the processes of semantic and word-formative derivation.
EN
The aim of this article is to discuss some of the methodological problems arising in research into dialect vocabulary in the Internet communication. The discussed subject is the occurrence of lexical dialectisms in the statements of online chat users and in private blogs where colloquial Polish prevails. The methodological issues raised here concern, among other things, the ways of conducting online queries, the difficulties arising in the excerption of dialectisms resulting from the phonetic and orthographic conditions. Attention has also been drawn to the semantic and functional aspects of dialectal vocabulary in the Internet.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest omówienie niektórych problemów metodologicznych pojawiających się w badaniach nad zjawiskiem funkcjonowania słownictwa gwarowego w komunikacji internetowej. Przedmiotem refleksji jest występowanie dialektyzmów leksykalnych w wypowiedziach internautów na forach internetowych i prywatnych blogach, na których dominuje potoczna odmiana polszczyzny. Poruszone kwestie metodologiczne dotyczą m.in. sposobów prowadzenia kwerendy w Internecie, trudności pojawiających się przy ekscerpcji wyrazów gwarowych wynikających z uwarunkowań fonetyczno-ortograficznych. Zwrócono także uwagę na aspekt semantyczny i funkcjonalny obecności słownictwa gwarowego w Internecie.
4
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Betlemářství a jeho odraz v jazyce

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EN
The aim of this contribution is to provide a picture of the present-day situation of the language of nativity scene model builders in the Czech lands. The analyzed vocabulary is based on research carried out in selected locations between 2013 and 2016. The contribution is focused on the comparison of the situation in the regions where the research was carried out and also on developmental tendencies. Multiple factors influencing the character of the recorded vocabulary are examined: its specific features, significant aspects relating to etymology as well as the proportions of the individual semantic fields and differences between respondents from various locations.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wnioski z badania kwestionariuszowego dotyczącego ekspresywizmów stosowanych na określenie dzieci, przeprowadzonego w 2011 r. w Małopolsce wśród gimnazjalistów z trzech szkół, a następnie wśród najstarszych krewnych tych uczniów. W zebranym materiale (głównie u najstarszych respondentów) znajdują się leksemy gwarowe, odnoszące się do minionej kultury, związane z zakorzenionym na wsi systemem wartości oraz (głownie u młodzieży) elementy nowe, odzwierciedlające zjawiska i mody kultury masowej. Ekspresywizmy podawane przez najstarsze osoby krytycznie oceniają pochodzenie dziecka spoza związku małżeńskiego, negliż oraz zbytnią dbałość o urodę. W leksyce najstarszego pokolenia brakuje określeń wartościujących pozytywnie. Dla odróżnienia: w języku młodzieży pojawia się wiele nazwań czułych, pieszczotliwych, kwestie moralne nie są ostro oceniane, zaś eksponowanie walorów ciała spotyka się z aprobatą. Ponadto w nazwach ekspresywnych wymienianych przez młodzież widać silne wpływy języka angielskiego oraz współczesnej kultury popularnej.
EN
The article presents the conclusions from the materiał gathered among students of three junior high schools and their eldest relatives. The research, in the form of a ąuestionnaire, was done in Małopolska County in 2011. The analysis of the data allows noticing that the eldest generation usually uses dialectical terms connected to values deeply-set in rural backgrounds for centuries. Meanwhile young peoples’s lexicon reflects modern popular culture. The dialectical expressions used by the eldest generation criticise illegitimate children, negligee and attaching importance to taking care of beauty. There is no positive assessment in their vocabulary as opposed to the language of the youth’s, who freąuently use words of endearment, approve exposing of a body and who are not as strict with morał values as elder people. Moreover, their language is rich in English terms and those of modern popular culture.
EN
The subject of study is to demonstrate a mutual relationship between a word and its designate as well as the function and place of dialectal words in the linguistic system of countryside residents. Words—remaining in close correlation with designates which they determine—in dialects fulfil not only the function of identification and naming, but also interpretation of the surrounding reality. This is achieved by preservation of lexical and semantic archaisms as well as by the adoption of new meanings and new functions by old words. However, folk dialects cannot be analysed only with regard to their individual character but in close correlation with general Polish language. Specific character of both varieties of language, dialectal and general Polish, forms, in principle, a common linguistic image of the countryside, and both groups of vocabulary supplement and complement each other, thus the description should not concern dialectal vocabulary but the vocabulary appearing in a dialect, i.e., apart from words and typically dialectal meanings also the words and meanings common for a dialect and the general Polish.
EN
The article presents the issues of dialectal vocabulary from the etymological point of view. Attention has been drawn to the need of studying dialectal vocabulary with regard to the etymology, pointing to the multi-faceted requirements in this respect. All the presented issues have been discussed by using the example of dialectal plant names. Emphasis has been placed on the fact that one should know all the botanical features of individual species in order to determine the proper semantic motivation behind the names. It has been stressed that in the etymology of dialectal names of plants, not only their forms but also the semantic motivation and history are of extreme importance. After examining them (using the historical-comparative method), etymological conclusions can be drawn whether a given dialectal name of a plant is authentically dialectal, inherited or borrowed. Moreover, it has been found out that the methodology of etymological dialectal research, in addition to the typical principles used in etymological surveys, must take into account the influence of rural life, beliefs, customs, etc. In other words, the entire rural culture of the semantic motivation of the dialectal vocabulary needs to be considered. Hence, etymological research into dialectal vocabulary requires more sophisticated etymological techniques and additional knowledge of dialectology, history of rural culture and ethnology.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę słownictwa gwarowego z etymologicznego punktu widzenia. Zwrócono uwagę na konieczność badania leksyki gwarowej pod względem etymologicznym, wskazując na wieloaspektowe potrzeby w tym zakresie. Wszystkie prezentowane zagadnienia omówiono na przykładzie gwarowych nazw roślin, uwypuklając konieczność znajomości wszelkich cech botanicznych poszczególnych gatunków w celu ustalenia właściwej motywacji semantycznej nazw. Podkreślono, że w sferze etymologii gwarowych nazw roślin ogromnie ważne są nie tylko ich formy, ale też motywacja semantyczna i historia. To po ich zbadaniu (za pomocą metody historyczno-porównawczej) można wywodzić wnioski etymologiczne, gdzie kluczową rolę odgrywa końcowe stwierdzenie, czy dana nazwa gwarowa rośliny jest autentycznie gwarowa, czy jest odziedziczona lub zapożyczona. Stwierdzono ponadto, że metodologia etymologicznych badań gwarowych, oprócz zwykłych zasad stosowanych w dociekaniach etymologicznych, musi także brać pod uwagę wpływrealiów wiejskich, wierzeń, zwyczajów itd., innymi słowy, całokształtu kultury wiejskiej na motywację semantyczną słownictwa gwarowego. Stąd badania etymologiczne nad słownictwem gwarowym wymagają dużo bogatszego niż zazwyczaj warsztatu etymologicznego i dodatkowej wiedzy z zakresu dialektologii, historii kultury wiejskiej oraz etnologii.
EN
The text is an overview of the first volume of the lexical atlas of the Russian folk dialects. It presents modern cartographic methods used in the volume and types of maps contained therein. In order to better present the volume, one exemplary map is analysed, indicating its advantages and drawbacks. In conclusion the richness of the Russian dialectal lexical material, which was precisely geographically located, is stressed. This is the biggest merit of the atlas.
Onomastica
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2016
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vol. 60
263-271
EN
The main purpose of this article is to present how geographical names (microtoponyms) acquire slang names. The site of inquiry is the area of Wręczyca Wielka, which contains the names of different physiographic objects, e. g. fields, meadows, forests, paths. The data was collected from 2011 to 2015 during the informal utterances of the oldest and middle generations of the inhabitants of the area. The analysis also contains the justifications for the microtoponyms. The linguistic material was collected in the area near Kłobuck in the north of the Silesian Province. The first part of this article is devoted to the main transformation of the Polish rural areas after 1945. The latter parts of the text present e.g. the fact that microtoponyms sustain phonetic slang features which do not exist in contemporary slang, and the fact that geographical names are one of the elements of folk culture, as well as the link between the former and contemporary folk image.
EN
The subject of this article encompasses nearly 70 dialectal names of receptions defined as social meetings combined with feasting. The article aims to discuss the semantics of the names in close connection with the region’s culture, to present their origin and justification, as well as their geographical distribution. Some of the names discussed (biesiada, gościna, uczta) are or were also known in general Polish and some dialects. Others, such as fajer, Abraham, radośnik, welflajsz testify to the specificity of Silesia, both with respect to the language and the customs. The text is based on own field materials collected in Upper Silesia in 2017–2022, older and newer ethnographic studies, as well as dictionaries of the Silesian dialect.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest blisko 70 gwarowych nazw gościn – towarzyskich spotkań połączonych z biesiadowaniem. Artykuł ma na celu omówienie semantyki nazw pokazanych w ścisłym powiązaniu z kulturą regionu, przedstawienie ich pochodzenia i motywacji, a także ich geograficznego rozprzestrzenienia. Część z omówionych nazw (biesiada, gościna, uczta) są lub były znane także w polszczyźnie ogólnej i w niektórych gwarach. Inne, jak na przykład fajer, Abraham, radośnik, welflajsz świadczą o specyfice śląskiej, przejawiającej się na płaszczyźnie języka i w sferze zwyczajowej. Podstawę badawczą tekstu stanowią własne materiały terenowe zebrane na obszarze Górnego Śląska w latach 2017–2022, starsze i nowsze opracowania etnograficzne, a także słowniki dialektu śląskiego.
EN
The author discusses similarities and differences in the interpretation of words regarded as dialectalisms or regionalisms, collectively named folk vocabulary. She points to several features: assigning values, linguistic awareness of language users, name formation mechanisms, the link between a name and its designator as well as regional and functional scope of words and their place in the lexical inventory of the inhabitants of the countryside, city and region.
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