Search results

1

Between shrinking and blooming: the crossroad of small towns’ urbanisation in Hungary

100%

Pirisi G., Trócsányi A., Makkai B.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica

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2015

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vol. 8 Small Towns’ Development Problems

12-28

EN

The authors present an overview about small towns’ urbanisation in Hungary. Following the specific aspects and factors of their urbanisation in the last centuries, the authors conclude that 20 years after the political and economic transition, small towns arrived at a crossroads in their development. Suffering the effects of demographic change and an outflow of young adults, almost every typical, traditional small town has been shrinking since at least the last decade. This crisis is more intensive than the overall decrease of the population number in Hungary. Only atypical small towns have been able to increase their population. Behind the crisis of typical small towns, the paper defines some possible factors, including the delayed effects of transition, the re-evaluation of small towns in the globalising, network-based economy and the actual reduction of the state’s spatial functions and presence. Although some niche-based strategies are open for success, for the majority of small towns the question still remains open: what new functions and attributes could make them attractive and successful in the 21st century?

2

Economic and Monetary Union as an Example of Differentiated Integration

100%

Piekutowska A., Kużelewska E.

Yearbook of Polish European Studies

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2015

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issue 18

165-192

EN

Despite the over 60 years’ experience with European integration (since the Paris Treaty), it remains permeated with certain distinctions and dissimilarities with respect to particular Member States. The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the best example of differentiated integration, since as early as its initial construction it contained signifi cant differences vis-à-vis Member States. The third stage of the EMU (in force since 1 January 1999), the introduction of the single European currency, did not encompass all 15 Member States, but only 11 of them. Greece joined it only in 2002, and the United Kingdom and Denmark had negotiated an opt-out provision in the Maastricht Treaty. This article explores differentiated integration in the EMU framework, and presents as well the consequences for the countries outside the ‘hard core’ of currency integration, i.e. those states which are the subjects of temporary derogations and which are obliged, by their Accession Treaties, to accept the European currency in the future.

3

ФАКУЛЬТАТИВНІ КУРСИ ЯК ФОРМА ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЇ НАВЧАННЯ ПРИРОДНИЧИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН (60–80-ті роки ХХ ст.)

100%

Левашова В.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 2(46)

138-145

EN

In the article it is described, that important acquisition of the investigated period (60–80thof the ХХ century) was introduction of elective courses of natural type as one of the forms of differentiation of studies. That optional employments of natural cycle should bring certain to educate professional qualities and skills that are taugnt to usethe knowledge in labour activity and have a vocational orientation. As the researchers prove, electives establish “bridges” between general education and future profession of the young person. Clubs and optional classes is the most common kind of satisfaction of interests of the students. It is proved that important acquisition of the investigated period was introduction (from 1967) of optional employments of natural type as a new form of educational work in secondary schools. This event laid the elements of the differentiated studies of students at the maintainance of the unique normative content of education. Optional employments, introduced in secondary schools with the purpose of development of interests and capabilities of pupils, deepening of development interests of physic-mathematical, natural and humanitarian sciences, allowed to represent more flexibly and completlier the newest achievements of science, technique and culture, elevate students minds, develop cognitive interests. Optional employments were also one of the forms of vocational orientation of pupils. From the beginning elective courses became the most popular form of the differentiated studies. Already in the first years of introduction of optional employments they were involved by a large number of pupils of secondary schools. So, elective courses did not put before itself the purpose to give pupils some certain professional preparation, but helped them to choose speciality, correctly determined in life. So, it is proved that the use of various forms of the differentiated studies of naturalscience disciplines: schools and classes with in-depth study of object, specialized classes, introduction of electives, and also introduction of multi-level requirements for the knowledge and abilities of students in primary school allowed to provide achievement of the unique national aims of studies, education and development of students.

4

О применении теории аргументации при дифференциации грамматических вариантов (на материале русского языка)

100%

Попов С., Харьковский национальный университет имени В. Н. Каразина (Украина)

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica

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2014

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vol. 10

EN

Differentiation of grammatical variants is an important orthological problem. However, traditionally it is solved without awareness of arguments, which are arbitrarily used as normalizers while identifying differential properties of grammatical variants. The paper shows the possibility and necessity of the orthological application of the argumentation theory. In the context of grammatical variants differentiation, the normalizers use every possible universal and non-universal arguments except those appealed to someone’s intuition and belief. Yet as the most convincing orthological argument should be recognized a combination of direct empiric verification and logical grounding, which, nevertheless, is not always ideal. The quality of this combination is provided by the quality of perception, which has three degrees: syncretic, superficial and alternative perception in its two varieties – imperative and dispositive. The first two degrees determine the relativity of logical grounding whereas the alternative-imperative and alternative-dispositive perception specifies its absoluteness. The direct empiric verification of contextual properties, distinguishing between grammatical variants and absolute logical grounding of the choice of a grammatical variant both based on the evidence of the alternative perception are an orthologically ideal argument.

5

Does Differentiation Lead to Disintegration? Insights from Theories of European Integration and Comparative Regionalism

88%

Cianciara A.

Yearbook of Polish European Studies

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2015

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issue 18

39-58

EN

Differentiated integration is often considered ‘integration gone wrong’ and not a normal and permanent feature of the ever larger and more heterogeneous European Union. With the growing impact of the widening, deepening and politicization dynamics, the Union has been conceptualized as a ‘system of differentiated integration’. At the same time, concerns over ‘disintegration’ are mounting. In this light it seems crucial to refl ect on the relationship between differentiation and disintegration: does the former lead to the latter? Should we prevent further differentiation, or promote it as means of making the EU more successful? On one hand, European integration theories provide few adequate answers on the mechanisms and conditions for disintegration. On the other hand, analysis of other regional organizations puts the European dilemma into perspective, and it seems that the existence of various forms of differentiation does not prevent successful cooperation.

6

Developing Individual Language Competences via Task-Based Learning and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

88%

Ebenberger A.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2017

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vol. 41

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issue 1

DE

Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.

EN

In Austria optional English language teaching (ELT) starts in kindergarten. It becomes obligatory and curriculum based in the first year of primary school. The first two years language teaching happens in an integrative way and lasts around 20 minutes per week. It gets expanded to one single lesson per week in the 3rd and 4thgrade of primary school. Schools are allowed to decide autonomously if they offer – depending on their financial and human resources – additional courses for gifted and interested young learners. Therefor the outcomes and competences of learners after four years of obligatory ELT sometimes differ tremendously when children proceed to secondary education. Dealing with a heterogeneous group of language learners and teaching according to individual needs, competences and pre-knowledge seems to be one of the most important and most difficult challenges each teacher, even primary school teachers, has to focus. The aspects of differentiation and individualisation have become crucial for the success of a teaching and learning process. Concepts like task-based learning and especially content and language integrated learning (CLIL) support the increase of proficiency, accuracy and fluency in English as a foreign language. The methods force the preparation of different material and different exercises due to different pre-knowledge, different depths of knowledge and different interests of learners. According to these aspects the paper (and the talk) presents examples and material that supports the development of individual language competences.

FR

Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.

RU

Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке.

7

Zwięzła historia języka polskiego – założenia opisu

88%

Dunaj B.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2015

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vol. 22

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issue 1

69-80

PL

The article begins with the presentation of the previous syntheses of the history of the Polish language. Next, the foundations of the description have been presented. According to the author they should comprise, among others, the processes of linguistic differentiation, occurring at the level of the: a) system, b) style as well as the process of linguistic integration leading to the creation of a general language. In the historical and linguistic description, the author distinguished 3 levels: a) political, social and cultural background, b) communicative aspects, c) linguistic aspects. While discussing the problem of linguistic communication, the author draws readers’ attention to three communicative breakthroughs in the history of the Polish language: a) in the first half of the 16th c., b) after World War II, c) at the turn of the 20th century. The article is concluded with a proposal of periodization of the history of the Polish language. The author has divided the history of the Polish language-comprising more than ten centuries-into two great epochs: a) until the beginning of the 16th century, b) from the 16th century until the modern times. They have been divided into subperiods on the basis of varied criteria: historical, linguistic and communicative.

8

Różnicowanie się poradnictwa kariery w kulturach

88%

Bilon A.

Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów / Adult Education Discourses

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2012

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vol. 13

191-208

EN

In the paper, the authoress makes an attempt to reflect on two observable and opposing trends/processes existing in the field of contemporary career counselling, such as the tendency towards homogenization of theories and working methods, and the processes of differentiation between the service systems of career counseling organizations around the world. Both these trends/processes can be treated as consequences of career counselling being ‘immersed’ in culture. The authoress tries to address the questions about various consequences of this immersion. Career counselling is understood here as a social process that is subjected to constant change nowadays, and to make the reflection on culture transparent the authoress uses the results of research conducted by Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede. The paper makes use of two dimensions of culture distinguished by these researchers: the distance of power and the collectivism/individualism. The authoress tries to reflect on the impact of these dimensions on career counseling. In conclusion, she claims that there is no possibility of establishing equal systems, theories and even approaches towards counselling in different cultures and countries around the world.

9

Dynamics of agglomeration and competition in the hotel industry: A geographically weighted regression analysis based on an analytical hierarchy process and geographic information systems (GIS) data

88%

Illescas-Manzano M. D., Martínez-Puertas S., Marín-Carrillo G. M., Marín-Carrillo M. B.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2023

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vol. 14

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issue 1

213-252

EN

Research background: The effects of locating next to other establishments of equivalent activity is a decision with serious and far-reaching implications, not only from the point of view of location decisions but also with regard to competitive strategy, pricing, or promotion decisions. The literature provides evidence of the negative effects of being proximate to competitors (erosion of market share), but there are also benefits associated with the increased attraction of demand (attraction effect). This phenomenon is of particular interest in the case of hospitality, where hotel concentrations can be found around certain tourism resources, and is a crucial factor in hoteliers' decisions as they evaluate these contradictory effects. Purpose of the article: Drawing from the relevance that the confrontation between agglomeration and competition has in the hotel industry, our study aims to examine if this confrontation can be driven by geographical location and how both vertical and horizontal differentiation factors can unbalance it. Methods: Based on the use of geographical information systems and the estimation of a geographically weighted regression model with a wide dataset that includes 3,153 European hotels located in Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Findings & value added: We extend agglomeration and competition theoretical bodies related to location decisions by providing new findings about their simultaneous effect. Specifically, this study contributes to filling the gap regarding their combined effects on pricing and the conditions under which one prevails over the other. Results show that the role of geographical location and a hotel's online reputation are more decisive differentiation factors than hotel category when explaining the asymmetry of the effects of agglomeration and competition.

10

ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ УРОВНЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В СТРАНАХ МИРА И ИХ РЕГИОНАХ

88%

Selivanova-Fyodorova N., Komarova V., Vasserman Y., Tutaeva D.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2018

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issue 2

73-102

EN

The main research issue within the framework of this article is the following: what happens to human development in countries of the world and their regions which are beyond the average indicators, and why it happens this way but not the other? The authors have tried to answer this question with the help of combining the diachronic and synchronic analyses of the Human Development Index’s growth and state of differentiation in the world countries in the period 1990-2017, as well as the Historical Index’s of Human Development growth and state of differentiation in the world countries in the period 1870ñ2015, and the Sub-national Human Development Index’s growth and state of differentiation in the internal regions of the EU member countries (with the emphasis on Latvia), and the USA (for comparison) in the period 1990-2017. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the differentiation of the human development level in countries of the world and their regions with the help of three indices using a common methodological approach. This kind of parallel analysis allows the authors carrying out a more systematic study into peculiarities of a social and economic phenomenon of human development both in the modern world and in the 150-year old historical perspective. The research outcomes showed that: the average human development level is steadily growing, and in the modern world it dramatically exceeds the average HDI which was achieved 150 years ago; the state of differentiation of the human development level in the world is gradually decreasing over the last 150 years; the HDI distribution in the world countries at each time point of the period under study starting from the second half of the 20th century corresponded to the Gauss curve; in the modern world, the level of human development has a normal distribution on sub-national level too (for instance, between internal regions of the EU countries), and metropolitan areas are almost always the leaders of human development; in Latvia, despite the constant increase in the human development level on average in the country and in its regions, the distribution of the HDI itself between Latvia’s internal regions remains normal, which is also typical for internal regions of the United States. The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) according to the research project 18-011-00548.

11

Rosnąca rola klientocentryczności w rozwoju koncepcji biznesowych

88%

Grocholiński P.

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2020

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vol. 23

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issue 3

53-70

EN

Customer-centricity – a concept, a trend or an absolute must-have in a modern consumer market? The answer may seem clear, and that no further profound reflections are required. However, it is impossible to specify unambiguously the criteria that should be met by an organization to be considered a customer-centric enterprise. This doubt stimulated the analysis of the available sources in which numerous authors have taken up the topic of the customer and his strategic importance for supporting a wide range of businesses. I focus on five different business concepts that combine a qualitative approach to the customer. The article attempts to define the concept of customer-centricity, and I identify five different qualities that should be met by an organization so that it may call itself “customer-centric”.

12

Individualization and Differentiation for Achieving Educational Progress in Children in Kindergarten

88%

Engels-Kritidis R.

Journal of Preschool and Elementary School Education

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2015

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issue 8

13-27

EN

The publication outlines the importance of individualization and differentiation when selecting and developing educational content, as well as when planning the goals of pedagogical interactions in the kindergarten. The results of a study involving experimental and control groups of 3–4- and 6–7 year-old children are presented; they indicate greater improvement in the progress of children in the group where an individual and differentiated approach had been systematically applied to all pupils.

13

Social History and Historical Sociology

75%

Knobl W.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2013

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vol. 1

9-32

EN

This paper deals with exchanges and misunderstandings between the German school of social history (most prominently represented by scholars from the University of Bielefeld (such as Hans-Ulrich Wehler) and Anglo-American trends in historical sociology (exemplified by the works of Barrington Moore, Theda Skocpol and Michael Mann). The social historians tended to dismiss historical sociology as too dependent on modernization theory, without taking into account the critique of that tradition by authors who brought processes of state formation and revolutionary change into the debate. On the other side, mainstream historical sociology worked with assumptions that limited its ability to change the terms and directions of sociological discourse, and to assimilate lessons from history. Among these inbuilt biases, organizational realism and materialism - particularly pronounced in the work of Michael Mann - stand out as particularly important. The paper closes with arguments in favour of bringing more history into historical sociology, with particular emphasis on three sets of problems. There is a need for more historical approaches to differentiation, less dependent on functionalist premises than the hitherto prevalent paradigm. A more explicit thematization of temporality in history and society would, among other things, help to clarify issues linked to the notion of path dependency. Finally, a reconsideration of the models and types of explanation in historical sociology would place more emphasis on their interpretive dimension.

14

Emptying Śūnyatā: a Critical Reading of Nishitani’s Religion and Nothingness

75%

Motiekaitis R.

International Journal of Area Studies

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2015

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vol. 10

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issue 1

69-83

EN

In this article, invoking some terms of phenomenology and general principles of structural semiotics, I critically examine and reveal some aporetic aspects of Nishitani’s interpretation of Buddhist concept of sūnyatā presented in his seminal work Religion and Nothingness. My critics are directed to deeply ingrained claims among scholars of a “rejection of any form of dualism” and “non-substantial philosophy” as unique characteristics of the Kyoto school or “logic of the East”. My arguments are based on examining how linguistic differentiating articulation and narrative rendering that perform a fundamental role in human cognition are at work in definition of “emptiness” (sūnyatā) too. Thus emptiness is not completely empty; being certain philosophical identity it can be articulated only by differentiation from other identities, and thus different is included in it. Nishitani needed logocentric modes of thought, as a dialectical (m)other for constructing his sūnyatā ontology. Accordingly, the realms that are considered to be secondary or derivative (i.e. sensual and rational, or linguistic representations) appear to be the condition for constituting the primary (suchness of things, sūnyatā). Considering universal mechanisms of the articulation of values I am also asking whether sūnyatā paradigm indeed is so fundamentally different from Western paradigms centered on idea, God, or a rational subject as Nishitani wants to think. Since we find a clear hierarchical differentiation into truth and illusion, authentic and inauthentic modes of thought and time, and initial and derivative ontological realms, features of “strong thought” (in sense of Vattimo) are evident in his work. I am also suggesting, that possibly by considering not sūnyatā or “idea” but human languages as a universal “house of being”, we would be able to “empty” discourses of radical difference and uniqueness, and in this way become post-nationalistically modern. Philosophy, in order not to turn into a onesided ideology, should reflect on its mythological and narratological conditions, i.e. dances on certain semiotic axes. From such a perspective, the gravitational trajectory of human thought, longing for conjunction with the absolute, defined either as God or as sūnyatā, will seem similar rather than different.

15

Dyskryminacja kobiet w pracy zawodowej czy wpływ obiektywnych czynników?

75%

Czajka Z.

Polityka Społeczna

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2013

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vol. 40

|

issue 8(473)

16-24

EN

In opinion many women, and researchers women are discriminated in private life and in the job (by employers). In evaluation of discrimination women don’t take into consideration to result from gender and other condition, like complexity of work, responsibility on manager staff. Home work is evaluated like discrimination, because limited professional development women and investment in human capital. For that in paper announced many example and statistic information, in labour market, payment and management in organizations, which are rate into discrimination. Really its are natural and objective result from gender differentiation between men and women.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zweryfikowanie hipotezy o powszechnej w Polsce dyskryminacji kobiet w życiu prywatnym i zawodowym (na rynku pracy, dostępie do stanowisk kierowniczych oraz wynagradzaniu). Czy dyskryminacja ma tak szeroki zakres, jak wynika z różnych publikacji, czy jest to opinia subiektywna kobiet (z niektórych badań wynika, że prawie połowa odczuwa dyskryminację), niektórych środowisk kobiecych oraz badaczy? Czy można oceniać dyskryminację, nie uwzględniając różnych ról kobiety w życiu prywatnym i zawodowym?

16

Die relative werden-Kategorie? Metaphysische Grundlagen adäquater Text interpretation

75%

Pawłowski G., Pawłowski G.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2021

|

issue 3

17

ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ УСПЕШНОСТИ ВНУТРЕННИХ РЕГИОНОВ СТРАН ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА

75%

Komarova V., Selivanova-Fyodorova N., Lonska Y.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2020

|

issue 1

30-54

EN

The purpose of this article is to study the performance of the internal regions of the EU countries in a broader sense than economic performance. The Human Development Index (HDI) is suitable as a tool for measuring the performance of regions, since its methodology is based on the idea that it is not economic growth in itself, but people and their capabilities that should be determining criteria for assessing the performance of territories. The object of this study is the internal (functional) regions of the EU member states. In turn, the subject of the study is the regularities in the performanceís differentiation of the object of study. To achieve the goal of this article, the authors studied the form and degree of differentiation of the internal regions of the countries of the European Union in terms of their performance measured by the HDI. The study was carried out by checking the correspondence to the Gaussian curve of the distribution of regions according to the probabilities of the average HDI values, as well as by analyzing the degree of differentiation of the internal regions of the European Union countries according to the HDI using the coefficient of variation. The source of empirical information for this study is the database of subnational HDI for the period from 1990 to 2017, created by the Global Data Lab of Radboud University (Netherlands). An analysis of the distribution parameters of the internal regions of the European Union countries (with an emphasis on Latvia and Poland) and the United States (for comparison) on the subnational HDI for the period from 1990 to 2017, as well as an assessment of its [distribution] correspondence to the Gaussian curve, showed that the performanceís differentiation of the internal regions of the EU countries graphically corresponds to the Gaussian curve, i.e. has the form of a normal distribution, while the most successful are almost always the capital regions. In turn, the trajectory of changes in the degree of performance’s differentiation of the internal regions of the countries of the modern EU takes the form of an inverted U-shaped curve, i.e. the differences in the performance of the regions in the territorial space that the EU is now, increased during the last 28 years in the period of collapse of the East European socialist bloc in the early 1990s, and then decreased as the regions adapted to the new conditions of independence and market economy. Thus, the performance’s differentiation of the internal regions of the EU countries over the past three decades was not chaotic, but occurred in accordance with certain regularities empirically proven by the authors for the first time both on an unchanged sample of 278 regions of the EU member states for 2018 and for “cleaned” sample of the internal regions of the EU countries, taking into account the year of their joining the European Union.

18

Zróżnicowanie struktury wydatków konsumpcyjnych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce według grup społeczno-ekonomicznych

75%

Utzig M.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2016

|

vol. 47

454-465

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zróżnicowanie struktury wydatków konsumpcyjnych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce według grup społeczno-ekonomicznych w oparciu o dane z Budżetów go-spodarstw domowych GUS. Pokazano zmiany w tym zakresie, które zaszły w latach 2005–2013. Do określenia zróżnicowania struktury wydatków konsumpcyjnych wykorzystano miarę zróżni-cowania struktur opartą na metryce Braya-Curtisa. Otrzymane wyniki przedstawiono na tle kształ-towania się dochodów do dyspozycji gospodarstw domowych. W okresie 2005–2013 wzrosły dochody gospodarstw domowych w ujęciu realnym, najbar-dziej w gospodarstwach domowych rolników. W badanym okresie struktura wydatków konsump-cyjnych gospodarstw domowych rolników upodobniła się do struktury wydatków konsumpcyj-nych gospodarstw domowych pracowników na stanowiskach nierobotniczych, emerytów oraz pracujących na własny rachunek. Zarówno w roku 2005, jak i w 2013 r. występowały pary grup społeczno-ekonomicznych go-spodarstw domowych o podobnej strukturze wydatków konsumpcyjnych, pierwszą parę stanowiły gospodarstwa domowe emerytów i rencistów, a drugą gospodarstwa domowe pracowników na stanowiskach nierobotniczych oraz pracujących na własny rachunek. Najlepszą strukturą konsumpcji, o najmniejszym udziale wydatków na żywność i napoje bez-alkoholowe oraz na utrzymanie mieszkania i nośniki energii charakteryzowały się gospodarstwa domowe pracowników na stanowiskach nierobotniczych oraz pracujących na własny rachunek podczas gdy najgorsza struktura wydatków konsumpcyjnych występowała w gospodarstwach domowych rencistów. Pomiędzy rokiem 2005 a 2013 polaryzacja pomiędzy gospodarstwami domowymi rencistów a pozostałymi grupami społeczno-ekonomicznymi gospodarstw domowych uległa pogłębieniu.

EN

In the paper differentiation between household consumption pattern in Poland by socio-economic group on the basis of Household Budget Survey published by Central Statistical Office was presented. Changes in the span of 2005–2013 was showed. Structural measure of differentia-tion based on Bray-Curtis metrics was used to examine consumption pattern differentiation. Results was presented on the background of household disposable incomes. In the span of 2005–2013 real incomes of households increases, at most in farmers house-holds. In the analysed period farmers households consumption pattern conformed to households of employees in nonmanual labour positions, retirees and self-employed consumption pattern. As well as in 2005 as in 2013 pairs of socio-economic household types by similar consumption pattern occurred, the first pair was households of retirees and pensioners and the second pair was households of employees on non-manual positions and self-employed. The best consumption pattern, with the smallest share of expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages and on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels was observed in house-holds of employees on non-manual labour positions and self-employed while the worst consumption pattern was observed in pensioners households. Between 2005 and 2013 polarisation between households of pensioners and households of other socio-economic household types deepened.

19

Komunikačně-stylový a systémový pohyb v současné češtině

66%

Čechová M.

Stylistyka

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2020

|

vol. 29

427-439

EN

The Czech language is socially stratified and regionally differentiated, although there are also processes of the opposite character going on in it, like unification and equalization. Language development includes in itself antinomies opposing each other, but which are mutually complementary and converting into each other. The paper presents an interpretation of the functioning of selected antinomies in the language and in speech, such as the relationship between the standard and non-standard forms, represented by the common Czech. As early as in the middle of the last century the tendency to blurring of boundaries between them occurred, while various linguists have had different opinions on that process. These opinions are reflected in inconsistencies present in normative books (dictionaries, grammars, orthographic norms, normative educational handbooks), and this raises the uncertainty of users in the choice of language means. The users are now perhaps more influenced by the media than by teaching. The level of media speech is reflected in the speech of ordinary users, the frequent phenomena being overused, they become fashion, they insinuate themselves into the speech regardless of their functionality or non-functionality. In general, the current situation of the Czech can be characterized as dynamic, with developmental features, both systemic and irregular. Linguistics should not only capture this situation and describe it, but influence it by linguistic awareness, as the followers of the Prague School claimed. However, some linguists refuse it, considering it wrongly as intervention and manipulation.

20

Aspects of Tracking in the Schools as a Factor of Risk and Exclusion of Students

66%

Israel L.

Studia Edukacyjne

|

2017

|

issue 46

405-424

PL

The tracking of students in the schools is a topic that obligates social and educational reference. This is a fieldthat exposes gaps and contradictions regarding the possibilities and intentions of parts of Israeli society. It is difficultto definewho is being talked about. In addition, it is difficultto separate between or limit the reference to the single student as a real and feeling subject and the desire of the system for a child as a product of education. It is difficultto describe a general picture without forgetting the individuals in it, the students, when the relationship between the tracking, the dropping out, and the exclusion is unavoidable.This article is an attempt to examine the argument presented in research studies that the gaps between different groups in the population derive from the policy of tracking in education from the establishment of the State of Israel until today and that this policy is intentional. The way that the school as an organization acts and the topics with which it copes can be explained in social policy and in the sociological rationale that characterizes society in Israel.Which social and educational policy serves the tracking of students and why, despite the data and the numbers that indicate a large gap, is the topic of tracking not present in the educational discussion? I seek to assert that research in the field is insufficient and thait is necessary to place the topic on the agenda and conduct an educational discussion.

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