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Reinhold Heidenstein – kodyfikator, dyplomata, dziejopis

100%
Byliński J., Kaczorowski W.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2015
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vol. XIII
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issue 3
39-63
EN
Reinhold Heidenstein (1553–1620), historian, lawyer, royal secretary, came from a German Franconian family who settled down in the Duchy of Prussia (he was a Polonized German). He studied in the universities of Królewiec (Königsberg) (1566), Wittenberg (1571), Padua (1577-1581), in France (Orleans, Paris). In 1582, he was employed by Stefan Batory in the Royal Chancery and took part in a number of diplomatic actions as an expert and legal representative in matters relating to Prussia. He also worked in Sigismund’s III Chancery (until 1613), being sent on many secret diplomatic missions. At that time he prepared a project of improving the land rights in Prussia. The most significant historical work by Heidenstein was Rerum Polonicarum. As a historiographer, he modelled himself on Cesar and humanist historians as regards the framework and method applied. He justified the need for a strong monarchy and saw the model of a ruler in Stefan Batory and the ideal of a statesman in Jan Zamoyski – the Chancellor and Grand Hetman of the Crown. Together with Mikołaj Niewieściński – a King’s Secretary, lawyer and Member of Parliament, he undertook to correct the Prussian law.
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In Praise For Monstrosities. The Case of Niccolò Machiavelli

63%
Wróbel S.
Polish Sociological Review
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2013
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vol. 180
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issue 4
455-474
EN
In the paper author refers to the passage from The Prince of Niccolò Machiavelli, in which the famous Florentine says that there are two kinds of combat: one with laws, the other with force. Author defend the claim that by writing this, Machiavelli opened up a new and still unused way of thinking about nature-culture relationship. A follower of this way of thinking withdraws from saying that nature is surpassed by culture, or that nature is nothing else but a subject of an on-going human speculation, and rebuts the sole hypothesis that what there is, is nothing but nature. Modern Western culture entrusted its key opposition to the nature-culture relationship. By and large, political philosophy is a story about surpassing the nature in order to establish a state under the rule of law. According to Machiavelli, the juxtaposition of nature and culture, the narrative on surpassing by politics the laws of nature, just as well as the narrative on us being stuck in it, are all utterly wrong. Accepting the ambiguity of the opposition between nature and culture and assuming that the social contract is indeed fictitious, author would like to question Machiavelli about his vision of subjectivity and politics in a world where “natural objects” appear to be socialized, and “cultural subjects” appear to be dissocial. In the way author puts the question: does Machiavelli recommend monstrosity by writing stories in praise of monstrosity as it may well seem?
3
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Jakub z Szadka – ksiądz, dyplomata i prawnik (ur. około 1412 r. w Szadku – zm. 28 października 1487 r. w Krakowie)

63%
Marszał T.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2008
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issue 08
5-29
EN
Jakub of Szadek is one of the many people from this small town (now in Central Poland), who in XV century came to Cracow to study, and played a significant role in the life of both the Jagiellonian University and the country. He is chiefly known for his diplomatic activity – being an eminent lawyer, he took part in many diplomatic missions during the 13-year war with the Teutonic Knights. He had a major part in the preparation of foundations for the signing of the peace treaty in Toruń in 1466. In the years 1474-1476 he performed the function of Rector of Cracow Academy, contributing greatly to the extension of Collegium Minor. In 1476 he was appointed to the high position of vicar general in Cracow diocese. Jakub of Szadek is the co-author of a new approach to the theory of the rights of nations, and human rights, with reference to natural rights, the Gospel and the teachings of Popes and oecumenical councils. He is also one of Polish creators of international law, whose intensive development falls in Poland on XV century. In addition, he deserves the credit for invoking the nationality principle in international negotiations (the principle acknowledging the fact that particular regions are inhabited by people of Polish origin and speaking Polish language, who gave Polish names to cities, mountains, rivers and settlements). At least two texts of his speeches has been preserved until today thanks to J. Długosz, who was his friend. Jakub of Szadek died in 1487.
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Prof. Kazimierz hr. Wodzicki – filozof i dyplomata w służbie Polonii nowozelandzkiej

51%
Siekiera J.
Polonia Journal
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2019
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issue 9
125-142
PL
Polska emigracja w trakcie i po II wojnie światowej jawi się jako geneza nawiązania, a następnie utrzymywania, bilateralnych stosunków pomiędzy rządami w Wellington i Warszawie. Profesor Kazimierz Antoni hrabia Wodzicki, z wykształcenia filozof, został mianowany konsulem generalnym w Nowej Zelandii w 1941r. Nie tylko spełnił on swoje ustawowe funkcje, tj. dbałości o interesy państwa polskiego i ochrony jego obywateli, ale wielowymiarowe działania Wodzickiego uznaje się za zaczyn współpracy dwustronnej, rozpoznawalności polskich starań w tworzeniu młodego państwa nowozelandzkiego oraz umożliwienia kolejnym pokoleniom Polaków kultywowania patriotyzmu w polonijnych instytucjach na Wyspie Północnej i Południowej Nowej Zelandii.
EN
Polish Emigration during and after World War II appears as the genesis of establishing and then maintaining bilateral relations between the governments in Wellington and Warsaw. Professor Kazimierz Antoni Count Wodzicki, a philosopher by profession, was appointed Consul General in New Zealand in 1941. Not only did he fulfil his statutory functions, such as care for the interests of the Polish state and the protection of its citizens. The multidimensional activities of Wodzicki are considered to be the beginning of bilateral cooperation, the recognition of Polish efforts in building newly sovereign New Zealand, as well as allowing subsequent generations of Poles to cultivate patriotism in Polish minority institutions on the North and South Islands.
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