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O naturze przebaczenia i skuteczności przebaczenia wydziedziczonemu

100%
Rafałowicz P.
Forum Prawnicze
|
2019
|
issue 5 (55)
41–52
EN
In the civil law doctrine, forgiveness is considered to be an emotional act or an act similar to a legal act (including a conventional act) which consists of forgetting the resentments for the harm suffered and the hurt felt. Meanwhile, forgiveness is a personal process, involving a person’s entire psyche, the purpose of which is to get rid of the forgiver’s desire to retaliate against the perpetrator. It is not a declaration of intent nor any other legal construct. Due to the ambiguity of Art. 1010 of the Civil Code there is a dispute as to whether forgiveness can have legal effects after a will – in which an offender has been disowned – has already been drawn up, and the instruction has not been revoked. In the Supreme Court’s view, forgiveness is effective in such a situation, while according to the vast majority of the doctrine, the opposite view is correct. The informal nature of forgiveness and its purpose – which is the act of “annulment of a civil penalty,” as well as the requirement of protecting family ties by the inheritance law – validate the aptness of the Supreme Court’s position.
2

Czy przebaczenie niweczy skutki uprzedniego wydziedziczenia?

100%
Moskal A.
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne
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2017
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vol. 21
141-151
EN
The legal nature of forgiveness is the subject of passionate debates among the representatives of civil law doctrine. According to the dominant position in the literature, forgiveness is an act of affection or its manifested expression of forgiveness of the perpetrator of experienced injustice and related to this grudge. This institution has been applied three times in the Civil Code — once with the donation agreement, twice in regulations of inheritance law. Article 1010 § 1 provides that a testator cannot disinherit eligible for legal portion if he forgave him. The wording of the above article indicates that accomplishment of disinheritance in case if testator eligible for legal portion has previously forgiven. The legislator did not, however, determine the effects of forgiveness in relation to previous disinheritance. In the act of 1971, the Supreme Court accepted that such forgiveness would automatically nullify the effects of disinheritance, and could be made in any form. In recent years, lower courts have begun to question the Supreme Court's position, and judges increasingly refer to the critical statements of numerous doctrines. As it was rightly stated, admitting the possibility of invoking the forgiveness made after disinheritance poses a serious threat to the realization of the testator’s will, who, by forgiving, does not necessarily want to revoke the effects of his previous disinheritance. The postulate of de lege ferenda is, according to the author of the article, giving of freedom of judging the effects of forgiveness to the courts and each examination of the forgiving testator’s will on the possible abatement of the consequences of previous disinheritance.
3

Wydziedziczenie w prawie polskim i prawie stanu Luizjana

88%
Sobota A.
Prawo
|
2015
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issue 317
123 - 131
EN
The paper presents the institution of disinheritance in Polish civil law by comparing it with a corresponding institution set forth in the law of Louisiana (the USA). The comparative method applied allows the disinheritance examination from a completely different point of view. It is worth mentioning that the mixed legal system is in force in Louisiana, comprising the elements of the continental and common law. The mixed legal systems are nowadays perceived as examples for any codifications in the world. The paper leads to the conclusion that Polish regulation of the disinheritance in the light of rules of proper legislation leaves much to be desired. Polish provisions on disinheritance are misplaced in the Civil Code without separate chapter, their content is insufficient and their application in practice raises many doubts. In this respect, the corresponding provisions of the Louisiana Civil Code outmatch the Polish provisions both in quality and quantity, providing more comprehensive and precise regulation. Comparing these two legal systems, it is desirable to provide a separate chapter in the Civil Code for the institution of disinheritance as well as introduce more detailed and precise provisions— in particular on the reasons for disinheritance.
4
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DISINHERITANCE ON THE GROUND OF AN OFFENCE AGAINST A TESTATOR’S NEXT OF KIN (ARTICLE 1008(2)OF THE CIVIL CODE)

75%
Wolak G.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2016
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vol. 24
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issue 1
51-68
PL
The article addresses the cause of disinheritance based on an offence against life, health or liberty or of a gross affront to dignity of a testator’s next of kin (Arti-cle 1008(2) of the Civil Code) . Certainly, due to limited space, the subject is far from exhausted . The mere presentation – from both the objective and subjective perspective – of the types of offences whose commitment by an individual holding a right to legitime (forced heir) justifies their disinheritance by the testator would most likely fill up a separate monograph work . Consequently, the author focuses on some most debatable issues related to the subject matter .
5
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Prawnospadkowe konsekwencje popełnienia przestępstwa

71%
Haberko J., Zawłocki R.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2014
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vol. 76
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issue 1
29-42
EN
This paper analyses the mutual relationship of the civil law and the criminal law provisions insofar as they pertain to the institutions of the law of succession that permit disinheritance of a person and adjudication of unworthiness to inherit as a result of a crime committed by that person. An attempt is made to answer the question whether the use of concepts typical of criminal law in civil law legislation has been made on purpose with the intention of referring the interpreter of the Civil Code provisions to the provisions of the Penal Code, or whether their use serves merely as a linguistic tool, imposing no such obligation. The premises for adjudicating unworthiness of an heir and disinheritance of an heir entitled to a legitim are analysed.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza zagadnienia relacji między przepisami prawa cywilnego a przepisami prawa karnego w zakresie, w jakim odnoszą się one do instytucji prawa spadkowego pozwalających na wydziedziczenie oraz orzeczenie niegodności w związku z popełnieniem przestępstwa. Autorzy podejmują próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy posługiwanie się przez ustawodawcę cywilnego pojęciami właściwymi prawu karnemu stanowi zabieg celowy i nakazuje odesłanie do przepisów Kodeksu karnego, czy stanowi jedynie pewien zabieg językowy i nie nakłada na interpretatora przepisów Kodeksu cywilnego tego obowiązku. Przedmiotem analizy pozostają przesłanki orzeczenia niegodności spadkobiercy oraz wydziedziczenia spadkobiercy uprawnionego do zachowku.
6
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Mechanizm sądowego miarkowania wysokości zachowku jako przejaw dynamicznej wykładni prawa cywilnego

63%
Królikowski M.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
|
2020
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vol. 120
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issue Tom 2
405 - 416
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy możliwości zmniejszenia wysokości zachowku przysługującego najbliższym członkom rodziny w toku postępowania sądowego. Pomimo braku wyraźnej podstawy prawnej aprobowane było częściowe zmniejszenie zachowku przez sąd ze względu na szczególne okoliczności dotyczące uprawnionego oraz spadkobiercy (głównie chodziło o trudną sytuację majątkową zobowiązanego), przy czym takiej modyfikacji wysokości świadczenia dokonywano w wyjątkowych przypadkach. W ostatnich latach w orzecznictwie sądów powszechnych zaczęto rozszerzać tę możliwość przez odwoływanie się do okoliczności występujących między uprawnionym a spadkodawcą, w szczególności okoliczności wskazujących na osłabienie faktycznej więzi pomiędzy tymi osobami. W ocenie autora niniejszego artykułu opisane zmiany są następstwem zmian społecznych, wpływających na postrzeganie instytucji zachowku.
EN
The article concerns the issue of reducing forced share, to which the closest members of a deceased’s family are entitled. Although there is no explicit legal basis, it was accepted that a court could reduce this share due to specific circumstances related to a forced heir and a successor appointed in a will, particularly with regard to the difficult financial situation of the latter. Recently difficult relations between a forced heir and a testator have also become another reason for using such reduction by courts. In the author’s opinion, the aforementioned tendencies are consequences of social changes, which imply different assessment of forced heirship.
7
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O wydziedziczeniu z powodu uporczywego niedopełniania obowiązków rodzinnych względem spadkodawcy

63%
Wolak G.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
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2020
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issue 3
355-374
EN
Disinheritance, regulated in art.1008 – 10011 of the Polish Civil Code serves as the deprivation of the right to legitimate portion, of the persons entitled to it, i.e. the testator’s spouse, his or her descendants or parents who would have been appointed by law to inherit. It can only be done in the testament, and only for reasons indicated in art.1008 p.1-3 of the Polish Civil Code. This is a closed catalogue of causes for disinheritance, and one of them is persistent failure to fulfil family obligations towards the testator (p.3). For example, in the decision of 23 March 2018, I CSK 424/17, the Supreme Court recognized that children who do not fulfil family responsibilities – they do not support their father in need, can be disinherited, even if the testator contributed to the family conflict. In the article, the issue of the cause for disinheritance is discussed with reference to selected case law indicated in art.1008 p. 3 of the Polish Civil Code.
PL
Wydziedziczenie uregulowane w art. 1008-1011 K.c. służy pozbawieniu prawa do zachowku osób uprawnionych do niego, tj. małżonka spadkodawcy, jego zstępnych oraz rodziców, którzy byliby powołani z mocy ustawy do dziedziczenia. Może być ono dokonane tylko w testamencie oraz tylko z przyczyn wskazanych w art. 1008 pkt 1-3 K.c. Jest to zamknięty katalog przyczyn wydziedziczenia. Jedną z nich jest uporczywie niedopełnianie względem spadkodawcy obowiązków rodzinnych (pkt 3). Dla przykładu w wyroku z dnia 23 marca 2018 r., I CSK 424/17, Sąd Najwyższy uznał, że dzieci, które nie wypełniają obowiązków rodzinnych – nie wspierają ojca w potrzebie, mogą zostać wydziedziczone, nawet jeśli spadkodawca przyczyniał się do powstania konfliktu rodzinnego. W artykule omówiono, z powołaniem się na wybrane orzecznictwo sądowe, przedmiotową przesłankę wydziedziczenia.
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Uwagi de lege ferenda w związku z projektowanym rozszerzeniem przesłanek niegodności

63%
Haberko J.
Rejent
|
2022
|
issue 7 (375)
44-62
EN
The subject of the article is the assessment of the draft amendments to the Civil Code in terms of the grounds for unworthiness of inheritance. The author takes up the issue of inheritance law provisions allowing for disinheritance and declaring unworthiness in connection with behavior resulting in non-alimony and deprivation of custody over a family member. The author attempts to answer the question whether the use of terms specific to criminal law by the civil legislator is a deliberate measure and requires reference to the provisions of the Penal Code, or is it merely a linguistic measure and does not impose on the interpreter of the provisions of the Civil Code this obligation, especially in the context of the ground of failure to fulfill family obligations. The subject of the analysis are the premises for declaring the heirs unworthy de lege lata and de lege ferenda.
9

Jeszcze w sprawie charakteru prawnego przebaczenia (na marginesie uchwały SN z 19.10.2018 r., III CZP 37/18)

63%
Mularski K.
Rejent
|
2020
|
issue 4 (348)
51-70
EN
The article discusses issues related to the systematisation of legal events, indicating that it is not possible to create an uncontested systematisation of legal events. Systematization units distinguished in civil law must meet certain methodological standards. Forgiveness should be classified as an act similar to legal acts. Classifying forgiveness as an emotional act is not accurate. The mere use of the category of “emotional acts” is incorrect. The correct classification of a particular legal event (e.g. forgiveness) at least facilitates the correct interpretation of the provisions linking specific legal effects to such an event (e.g. forgiveness). The thesis of the Supreme Court's resolution that forgiveness excludes the effectiveness of disinheritance even if it has been effected after the drawing up of a will containing disinheritance, regardless of the form in which it was effected (Article 1010 of the Civil Code), seems pertinent. However, it was very unconvincingly substantiated.
10
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,,Sąd nad św. Franciszkiem z Asyżu” Giotta – próba prawniczej egzegezy

45%
Adamczewski K.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2017
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vol. 26
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issue 4
9-22
EN
The fresco painted by Giotto Bondone showing the Renunciation of Worldly Goods by St. Francis undoubtedly arouses aesthetic and spiritual feelings. Nevertheless, the scene presented by Giotto also bears some legal characteristics. Thus, it may become a subject of some interesting discussions in the legal sense. First of all, its convention resembles to some extent a dispute before court where the parties and a judge take part in the proceedings. The characters presented, particularly father, son and the bishop, indirectly refer to such important legal institutions as patria potestas and audientia episcopalis. The subject of the dispute is also significant. In the analyzed scene, it relates to the inheritance of property rights and a demand to be obedient to the paternal authority. The relationship between the secular and spiritual power also constitutes a certain problem. Moreover, the issue of divine and human justice is raised. Therefore, the fresco of the Italian master bearing an artistic value might become a subject of a legal reflection and in this way fit the suggested approach: art in the law and law in the art .
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