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Discovered by Diversity: Error in Art as a Tool of Metaphysical Cognition. Case Studies

100%
Solewski R.
Sztuka i Dokumentacja
|
2020
|
issue 22
47-55
EN
The text starts with the assumption that a mistake understood in various ways can serve cognition on many levels. Examples from the field of aesthetics and contemporary art are described and interpreted. It is picturesqueness as a beauty “spoiled” by a mistake constituting an aesthetic value, an accidental breakage of Marcel Duchamp's The Large Glass revealing an order different to the ordinary course of events and time, distortions in Stan Brakhage's structural film paradoxically revealing love, demonstrating cognitive imperfection of the senses in the interactive video staging of Samuel Beckett's Breath and in illusion constructed in Olafur Eliasson's Weather Project, critical use of ugliness to expose and criticize the system by Leon Golub's "bad drawing style", ironic music video by Laibach, or a subversive film by Martin Arnold, imbalances creating non-ordinary spaces in M. C. Esher's graphics, and errors programming new orders in the digital world of Jared Tarbell, and finally non-places exposed in in the "bad style" photographs of Edward Ruscha or used in installations by Grzegorz Sztabiński. Deliberate distortions, deformations, errors, mistakes, imperfections, accepted randomness or "parasitism" present in these works are presented as inquiries concerning cognitive possibilities and searches leading to the disclosure of spaces and orders different from those experienced daily, in which one can see the striving to achieve metaphysical cognition.
2

Some Deficiencies Within the WTO System

80%
Żołądkiewicz K.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
|
2012
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
78-88
EN
The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization established in 1995, plays a special role of the global rules-based anchor that makes trade relations fairer and predictable. One of the challenges confronting WTO is to enhance liberal trade policies. Governments recognised the importance of trade liberalisation as a means to economic growth and progress. Open markets, non-discrimination, and transparency in international trade are essential to foster world economy through trade on the basis of global competitiveness. Thus, respecting various aspects of the multilateral trade disciplines is indispensable to boost trade and to support development strategy of the world economy. Global economic crisis revealed however, a number of major deficiencies within the WTO system. Among some significant weaknesses drawing an attention are: difficulties to resist protectionist pressures, the issue of efficiency of the WTO system for the actual "traders", and the issue of universal membership. The purpose of the paper is to discuss these potential dangers as there is a need for increased vigilance to support the WTO system fulfilling its objectives. In general, deficiencies of the WTO system require members to work together to ensure its strength and vibrancy to adapt and adjust to existing and emerging trade priorities, especially in the context of the paralysis in the negotiating functions of the WTO (fears about unsuccessful conclusion of the Doha Round).
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