Search results

1

Samodzielność jednostek pomocniczych samorządu terytorialnego

100%

Strzelecki A.

Zarządzanie Publiczne

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2010

|

issue 4(12)

157-171

EN

Issues of autonomy in local government is considered primarily in relation to the basic units of this form of governance, it is in relation to the commune and district. Independence is conditional on having a certain financial autonomy or a substantial dose of financial decentralization. The situation is different as far as financial independence or its lack in auxiliary units (settlements and districts in medium and large cities) is concerned. The basic plan is the public budget which occurs only in the commune, district and province. In the case of districts and neighborhoods is the constituting authority to decide whether it will take the initiative of establishment of district councils, housing councils and equip those in the power and fi nancial resources to carry out their tasks. For the purposes of the characteristics of auxiliary units were selected: the 6 provincial cities, where effectiveness of the district councils, housing councils is noticeable, 6 cities, which have lost their status of the provincial capital, and 6 district towns of medium size. As a result of this study examples of large provincial cities has been the development of the district local government, housing estate. However, not all former provincial city and county have been set up auxiliary units, although there are housings in the tradition of the inhabitants, the nomenclature and housing cooperatives. As stated, most relied on ancillary units in the form of district councils, councils of settlements, districts, councils included actively in the management and operation issues of settlements, increasing the quality of life of their inhabitants.

2

Spatial Diversification of the Unemployment Rate by Province and District in Poland between 2008 and 2013

100%

Zdrojewski E., Guzińska M.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

|

2015

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vol. 10

|

issue 2

129-142

EN

One of the characteristic features of unemployment in Poland is a strong spatial diversification of that phenomenon. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate changes in the unemployment rate in provinces as well as (urban and rural) districts between 2008 and 2013. A thorough analysis has confirmed a dramatic difference in the intensity of unemployment in the individual districts of the country. The unemployment rate in urban districts in 2013 differed by over 24 percentage points, while in rural districts in the analysed period that spread amounted to 30%. The analysis shows that the growth of the unemployment rate in Poland was profoundly affected by the global economic crisis and other factors. The research has confirmed that unemployment is a major social problem which affects all regions of the country to a varying extent.

3

Niemiecka samorządność terytorialna. Bilans pozjednoczeniowego trzydziestolecia przemian ustrojowo-strukturalnych

88%

Honka N.

Przegląd Zachodni

|

2020

|

issue 2 (375)

85-109

EN

Local government is one of the most important institutions of a democratic rule of law in Germany. Its position and role was basically shaped immediately after the end of World War II. The purpose of this article is an attempt to present and evaluate the systemic and structural changes that have taken place in German local government within 30 years of the post-unification period. The hypothesis of this study is as follows: The political and structural changes of German local government in the last 30 years have been directed towards making the activities of its bodies and institutions more effective as well as strengthening and deepening democracy, influencing the authorities in power, rather than towards forming a unified law and model of local government. The issue of the political and structural transformation of the German local government can be analyzed from the point of view of the political sciences, legal sciences, historical sciences and geographical sciences. This is made possible by the multidimensional and diverse matter of this issue. Therefore, the methods used in the course of the present study were those appropriate to the historical sciences, the statistical method, the method of system analysis, the institutional and legal method, the decision-making method and the deductive method, as well as research techniques such as the examination of documents, analysis and criticism of the existing literature of the subject and secondary analysis of the results of research conducted by other authors. It was found in the course of the study that the political and structural transformations of the German local government which took place as a result of non-unified reforms did not lead to the creation of a uniform local government legislation for the whole country, despite the similarity of many legal solutions. These changes served the purpose of a more effective management of various forms of territorial self-government, the development of democracy and a greater influence of citizens on public authorities.

4

Application of the topsis procedure for evaluation of socio-economic development of the west pomeranian voivodeship districts in years 2004-20172017

88%

Oesterreich M., Perzyńska J., Barej-Kaczmarek E.

Zeszyty Naukowe UPH seria Administracja i Zarządzanie

|

2019

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vol. 49

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issue 122

79-88

EN

The article presents the problem of local socio-economic development. An illustration of theoretical considerations is an empirical study on evaluation of the West Pomeranian Voivodship districts' development since Poland's accession to the European Union. In the research, a taxonomic measure of development was used to assess the level and rate of districts' development. The empirical study was carried out in four main stages: collection of initial characteristics, reduction of the initial set of diagnostic features (to ensure their highest diagnostic value), calculations of synthetic measures using the modified TOPSIS procedure and construction of rankings of districts on that basis, creation of typological groups of districts characterized by a similar level and the pace of development. The study showed the existence of large diversification of economic development of the surveyed districts. The highest level of socio-economic development in both: 2004 and 2017 was characteristic for the Kamieński district and the lowest level of development in 2004 was observed in the Wałecki district and in 2017 in the Gryficki district. The highest pace of changes in the level of socio-economic development between 2004 and 2017 was recorded for the Białogardzki district, while the lowest for the Świdwiński district.

5

Kandydowanie sekretarzy i skarbników gmin, powiatów oraz województw w wyborach na urząd wójta, burmistrza lub prezydenta miasta

88%

Czarny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2018

|

issue 2(58)

47-53

EN

In accordance with the Electoral Code a person employed as a secretary or a treasurer of a commune (district, voivodeship) has a right to stand for election for a head of commune, a mayor and a president of the city. However, combining the function of a secretary or a treasurer with the post of the head of commune, the mayor or the president of the city in a single or in different local self-government units is inadmissible Self-local government officials employed on official posts are restricted, during a potential election campaign, by their labour duties, in particular they are not allowed to undertake activities “causing reasonable suspicion of partiality or acting in self-interest” as well as they cannot disclose information constituting a statutorily protected secret learned with in connection with the performed professional duties.

6

W sprawie możliwości składania petycji przez organ stanowiący jednostki samorządu terytorialnego

88%

Karczmarek A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

|

2019

|

issue 6(155)

155-167

EN

The opinion deals with the evaluation of admissibility of submitting a petition by a decision-making body of a unit of local government. In the author’s opinion, no restriction of law to submit petitions by units of local government can be found in reference to Article 63 of the Constitution. The fact that a particular right or freedom is guaranteed to an individual in the Constitution is not tantamount to the general lack of admissibility to vest them in other entities by the ordinary legislator. Although the Constitution does not guarantee the right of petition to units of territorial government, the act on petitions does not include provisions excluding the possibility of submitting a petition by the local government. There are no teleological or functional obstacles thereto. The opinion includes reflections on identifying the organ competent to submit petitions on behalf of the unit of local government.

7

Ustanowienie świętego patrona miast, gmin, powiatów i województw

88%

Świderski K.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

|

2022

|

issue 1 (37)

29-60

EN

The subject of this article is the procedure for selecting a saint of the Roman Catholic Church patron saint for the city, municipality or wider territory. The establishment of a patron saint is within the competence of the confessional authority, in particular, the bishop and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sac-raments. The procedure consists of three stages: the election, acknowledgement and affirmation of the patron saint. The church’s current regulations regarding the election of patron saints are contained in two documents of the Holy See. The municipal council, the poviat council and the assembly of the province pass a res-olution on the patron at the stage of his election by the society and the clergy. The above-mentioned authorities do not take part in the next two stages. Entities of territorial self-government only have a supporting vote. They cannot independently establish a patron saint, regardless of the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities. The position of administrative courts that the resolutions of the constitutive au-thorities of entities of territorial self-government belong to the category of public administration matters is unjustiﬁed. The decree of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments is addressed to a given diocese and not to local self-government authorities. The patron saint is established for a city, mu-nicipality, poviat, or for an area that does not have administrative borders. Entities of territorial self-government must respect the autonomy of the church authorities, and public authorities should be impartial in religious matters. Therefore, entities of territorial self-government do not have the competence to establish a patron saint for the promotion of a municipality, district or self-government of the voivodship. However, they can refer to saint persons at the symbolic level, for example, in the coat of arms or the names of streets and squares. This also applies to schools and hospitals run by local self-government authorities.

8

Zakres wyłączenia stosowania ustawowego prawa pierwokupu nieruchomości przysługującego gminie w odniesieniu do gruntów rolnych i leśnych

88%

Bochenek A.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

|

2014

|

issue 1(14)

89-107

EN

The article discusses the pre-emptive right of a district. The acts of law which are the basis of the constitutional pre-emptive right of a district are presented. However, the preemptive right of a district has a number of exceptions, which are discussed at length.

9

Public order regulations as a special category of local laws issued by a provincial (voivodeship) governor and local government bodies in Poland

88%

Kostrubiec J.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2020

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vol. 4

|

issue 2

165-182

EN

The article discusses a specific category of local law regulations, i.e. public order regulations. The aim of the article is to determine the status of public order regulations in the Polish system of sources of law and to present the process of their enactment by Voivodeship Governor and local government bodies in Poland. Public order regulations as a source of generally applicable law may be issued by government administration bodies - the Voivodeship Governor (Provincial Governor) and non-combined administration, as well as local-government bodies; the Provincial Government does not have such powers. The spatial range of these regulations is limited to the powers of the body which enacts them. The public order regulations protect such values as the lives, health, and property of citizens, the natural environment, order, peace, and public safety. Due to the degree of interference caused by such provisions, they may be issued only in the case of the lack of regulation of the subject matter in other generally applicable laws, but only if this is necessary to guarantee the protection of the above-mentioned values. Interference with civil liberties by order regulations may not be excessive, but must be commensurate with the purpose which is to be achieved through them.

10

Uprawnienia starosty w zakresie ochrony środowiska

75%

Wysocka E.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 66

397-421

PL

The administrative reform, which entered into force on 1 January 1999, introduced a three-tier administrative division of Poland into: commune, district, province. The aim of the reform was to reduce the number of provinces from 49 to 16 and restore districts (liquidated in 1975). In accordance with the Act of 5 June 1998 on district self-government (OJ 1998 No. 91 item 578) district authorities are: district council and district administration. The position of chairman of the district administration has been entrusted to the district governor, who, although not an organ of the district according to the aforementioned act, has been recognized as an organ from the functional side. Many acts of a statutory rank of a particular nature entrust the district governor numerous competences and provide the ability to carry out activities directly affecting environmental protection. His powers can be mentioned here in the scope of: waste management, building law, spatial planning and management, geology and mining, as well as hunting and inland fishing law. The position of the district governor as an environmental protection authority is identified by the act of 27 April 2001, the environmental protection law. The role of district governor in the scope of: water, air and soil protection against pollution is particularly important for ensuring the conservation of the Earth’s natural resources in a non-deteriorated condition. The constitutional principle of environmental protection imposes on the public authorities the obligation to care for the environment. The maintenance of current natural resources and the protection of agricultural and forest land against pollution is only possible in the prevention of negative effects of environmental degradation affecting the health of humans and animals. The aim of this paper is to present the powers of the district governor as a district organ in the field of environmental protection.

11

Uprawnienia starosty w zakresie ochrony środowiska

75%

Wysocka E.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 66

397-421

PL

The administrative reform, which entered into force on 1 January 1999, introduced a three-tier administrative division of Poland into: commune, district, province. The aim of the reform was to reduce the number of provinces from 49 to 16 and restore districts (liquidated in 1975). In accordance with the Act of 5 June 1998 on district self-government (OJ 1998 No. 91 item 578) district authorities are: district council and district administration. The position of chairman of the district administration has been entrusted to the district governor, who, although not an organ of the district according to the aforementioned act, has been recognized as an organ from the functional side. Many acts of a statutory rank of a particular nature entrust the district governor numerous competences and provide the ability to carry out activities directly affecting environmental protection. His powers can be mentioned here in the scope of: waste management, building law, spatial planning and management, geology and mining, as well as hunting and inland fishing law. The position of the district governor as an environmental protection authority is identified by the act of 27 April 2001, the environmental protection law. The role of district governor in the scope of: water, air and soil protection against pollution is particularly important for ensuring the conservation of the Earth’s natural resources in a non-deteriorated condition. The constitutional principle of environmental protection imposes on the public authorities the obligation to care for the environment. The maintenance of current natural resources and the protection of agricultural and forest land against pollution is only possible in the prevention of negative effects of environmental degradation affecting the health of humans and animals. The aim of this paper is to present the powers of the district governor as a district organ in the field of environmental protection.

12

Analiza semantyczno-etymologiczna nazw okręgów i dzielnic Wolnego i Hanzeatyckiego Miasta Hamburg

75%

Bielewicz-Dubiec A.

Język. Religia. Tożsamość

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2023

|

issue 2 (28)

9-20

PL

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę semantyczno-etymologiczną nazw okręgów i dzielnic Wolnego i Hanzeatyckiego Miasta Hamburg. W części wstępnej zostanie przedstawiona etymologia nazwy miasta Hamburg. Kolejno streszczono historię powstania i rozwoju miasta, m.in. w oparciu o Ustawę o Wielkim Hamburgu. W części badawczej sklasyfikowano nazwy okręgów i dzielnic miasta.

EN

This article presents a semantic analysis of the names of districts and districts of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. In the introductory part, the etymology of the name of the city of Hamburg will be presented. Subsequently, the history of the city’s founding and development was summarized, also based on the Greater Hamburg Act. In the research part, the names of districts and districts of the city were classified.

13

The Main Directions of District and Urban Authorities Activity in Sandomierz in the Years 1944–1950

75%

Kalandyk Z.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2016

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vol. 25

|

issue 3

EN

The aim of this article is to explain the main directions of district and urban authorities activity in Sandomierz in the years 1944–1950. The activities involved the issues of the war destruction and overpopulation in Sandomierz County. These actions were further hindered by the fact that the Red Army troops stationed in this area to mid-year 1946. Therefore, in the first place, the county and city authorities, had to handle the problem of food supply which was based on assignments from the outside, and housing. In the second place, the county and city authorities had to bring the county and cities up after the negligence and destruction caused by occupation and the war. Furthermore, it was very important to enliven the district through the construction of a processing base for the fresh market gardening industry.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych kierunków działalności władz powiatowych i miejskich w Sandomierzu w latach 1944–1950. Działalność obejmowała zagadnienia dotyczące zniszczeń wojennych i przeludnienia w powiecie sandomierskim. Były one dodatkowo utrudnione przez fakt, że żołnierze Armii Czerwonej stacjonowali na tym obszarze do połowy 1946 r. W związku z tym w pierwszej kolejności władze powiatu i miasta musiały poradzić sobie z problemem dostaw żywności, a dopiero w drugiej zajmowały się zaniedbaniami i zniszczeniami spowodowanymi przez okupację i wojnę. Istotne było to, aby ożywić powiat przez budowę bazy przetwórstwa świeżych owoców.

14

The standard of living and its spatial differentiation in border districts of eastern Poland

75%

Janusz M., Maciejasz – Świątkiewicz M., Paradowska M., Platje J. J.

Economic and Environmental Studies

|

2015

|

vol. 15

|

issue 3(35)

283-302

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the spatial diversity in living standards in the districts, which are the eastern border of the European Union. The variables of demography, housing, social and economic infrastructure, as well as access to culture and tourism were into account. The study included 25 counties Polish of the four provinces (Warman-Masurian, Podlaskie, Lublin and Subcarpathian). To assess the spatial differentiation in standard of living the cluster analysis (Hellwig method) was used, (using data for 2005 and 2012). The study shows that the highest standard of living has become the participation of the inhabitants of Podkarpackie districts (Krosno, Jaroslaw, Sanok), and the lowest recorded in the counties Hajnówka, Hrubieszów and Sejny. It was also noticed that only minor changes were observed in the ranking list, and synthetic indicator of the standard of living was relatively low.

PL

Celem artykułu była ocena przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu życia w powiatach, będących wschodnią granicą Unii Europejskiej. Do analizy włączono zmienne z zakresu demografii, mieszkalnictwa, oraz infrastruktury społeczno-gospodarczej, w tym także z zakresu środowiska naturalnego i kultury. Badaniem objęto 25 powiatów województw Polskich wschodniej z czterech województw: warmińsko-mazurskiego, podlaskiego, lubelskiego oraz podkarpackiego. Do oceny przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu życia wykorzystano metodę wzorcową Hellwiga, którą objęto 2005 i 2012 rok. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że najwyższy poziom życia stał się udziałem mieszkańców powiatów województwa podkarpackiego (krośnieński, jarosławski, sanocki), zdecydowanie najniższy zaś odnotowano w powiatach hajnowskim, hrubieszowskim i sejneńskim. Zestawiając dwa uwzględnione lata stwierdzić ponadto należy, że zaobserwowano niewielkie zaledwie zmiany w liście rankingowej, a syntetyczny wskaźnik poziomu życia był relatywnie niski. Wydaje się przy tym, że poprawa takiego stanu rzeczy będzie procesem złożonym i długotrwałym. Jednym ze stymulatorów może stać się rozwój infrastruktury.

15

Gospodarowanie powiatowym zasobem nieruchomosci a rozwoj lokalny

75%

Kotlinska J., Nowak M. J.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

|

2010

|

issue 4(42)

105-122

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie organizacyjnych oraz finansowych uwarunkowań gospodarowania nieruchomościami powiatowymi oraz ich roli w rozwoju lokalnym, wiążących się z przeznaczeniem nieruchomości oraz dochodami przez nie wygenerowanymi. W artykule zaproponowano konstrukcję programu gospodarowania nieruchomościami. Tezy oparto na wynikach badań. Wykorzystano metodę analizy źródeł oraz metodę kwestionariuszową.

EN

The purpose of this article is to highlight the organisational and financial aspects of managing property at the district level, as well as the role of those aspects in local development, resulting in how property is used and the income it generates. The article contains some suggestions as to how a property-managing program should be constructed, based upon research including both source analysis and questionnaire methods.

16

Dostosowanie kształcenia zawodowego do potrzeb rynku pracy na podstawie wybranych powiatów na Dolnym Śląsku. Raport z badań

75%

Paliga-Baraniecka H.

Rocznik Europeistyczny

|

2015

|

issue 1

121-139

EN

The analysis of adjusting vocational education to labour market needs based on selected districts in Lower Silesia, namely: Legnica (township), Bolesław district, Oleśnica district and Lwówek district. Three of them have participated in the partnership for the EU-financed project “Modernization of vocational training centers in Lower Silesia,” the latter has not participated in the project. The report “Regional labour market research” prepared by DARR (Lower Silesian agency for regional development) in 2007 is compared with the author’s analysis of the situation in the labour market (unemployment) in 2009–2012 and local policies in the domain of vocational education.

17

Działalność Prezydium Gromadzkiej Rady Narodowej w Sikucinie (1954–1958)

75%

Stulczewski J.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

|

2020

|

issue 20

131-144

PL

Gromadzka Rada Narodowa w Sikucinie została utworzona w wyniku reformy administracyjnej w 1954 r. W jej skład weszły obszary wsi: Sikucin, Boczki Reduchów, Kotlinki z gminy Szadek. Gromadzka Rada Narodowa swoje uchwały realizowała za pośrednictwem prezydium, które było kolegialnym organem wykonawczym i zarządzającym rady narodowej. Zakres kompetencji władz gromady obejmował m.in. uchwalanie rocznego budżety gromady, zatwierdzanie i odwoływanie sołtysów, organizację skupu żywca, zboża, ziemniaków i mleka oraz zbieranie podatków, sprawy związane z organizacją prac polowych, budową dróg i szkolnictwem. Kolejnymi przewodniczącymi Prezydium GRN w Sikucinie byli: Ludwik Otocki, Wacław Król i Władysław Siekierski. Gromada została zlikwidowana 31 grudnia 1958 r.

EN

The People’s District Council in Sikucin was formed in consequence of the administrative reform in 1954. It comprised the villages of Sikucin, Boczki Reduchów and Kotlinki in the municipality of Szadek. The resolutions of the People’s District Council were implemented by the presiding committee, which was its executive and managing body. The powers of the committee included the passing of the annual budget of the district, the confirming and dismissing of village administrators, organisation of the purchasing of cattle for slaughter, grain, potatoes and milk, tax collecting, and matters connected with organisation of field cultivation, road construction and education. Successive presidents of the committee were Ludwik Otocki, Wacław Król and Władysław Siekierski.

18

Wykaz ziemiaństwa powiatu radzyńskiego z lat 1882-1897 na podstawie rządowych publikacji Pamjatnyje Kniżki Siedleckoj Guberni

75%

Czyż P. A.

Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny

|

2021

|

vol. 19

25-36

EN

The landed gentry was present as a social group from the Middle Ages. It evolved from medieval knighthood to landed gentry, becoming an influential local, national or global community. In the second half of the nine-teenth century, despite the limitation of their administrative and judicial role, the landed gentry still played a very important role in the provinces: social, economic and cultural. The list below is a contribution to the pan-orama of greater land ownership in Radzyń County.

PL

Ziemiaństwo, jako grupa społeczna, istniała w Polsce od średniowiecza. Ewoluowała z rycerstwa średniowiecznego do ziemiaństwa stając się wpływową społecznością o charakterze lokalnym, ogólnopolskim czy światowym. Ziemianie w drugiej połowie XIX w., mimo ograniczenia ich roli administracyjnej i sądowej, nadal pełnili bardzo ważną rolę na prowincji: społeczną, gospodarczą i kulturalną. Prezentowane zestawienie jest przyczynkiem do panoramy większej własności ziemskiej powiatu radzyńskiego.

19

Problemy funkcjonowania jednostek pomocniczych samorządu terytorialnego na przykładzie miasta Poznania

71%

Bul R.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

|

2010

|

issue 12

79-95

EN

The aim of the study is the presentation of subsidiary districts in the city of Poznań. Poznań’s division into districts has been created by its citizens and is a result of their perception of the urban space. Unfortunately differences in the population and size of those units are too big, and the whole structure is inconsistent. The administrative tasks and powers of these units are also diverse. This problem causes difficulties in the daily operation of the units. The study identifies these difficulties by focusing primarily on their spatial aspect. In addition, a planned reform of the subsidiary units in Poznań is presented. The author indicates also the integrating role of the district units. They should serve not only administrative tasks, but should also integrate a district’s population.

PL

Podział pomocniczy miasta Poznania jest rezultatem oddolnego kreowania jednostek osiedlowych przez mieszkańców miasta. Wynikiem tego jest zróżnicowana struktura wielkościowa osiedli, a cały układ jednostek pomocniczych cechuje duże rozdrobnienie i niespójność terytorialna. Dodatkowo dostrzega się problemy związane z funkcjonowaniem osiedli w Poznaniu, które wynikają głównie z braku równowagi pomiędzy zadaniami i kompetencjami statutowymi. Artykuł identyfikuje te problemy. Dodatkowo praca porusza zagadnienie planowanej reformy jednostek pomocniczych w Poznaniu.

20

Ветер и вода в повериях, суевериях и обычаях как элемент семейных обрядов (на примере нескольких сел Гайновского и Сокольского поветов)

63%

Куприянович А.

Białorutenistyka Białostocka

|

2017

|

vol. 9

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba opisania wiatru i wody w wierzeniach, przesądach i zwyczajach wybranych wsi powiatu hajnowskiego i sokólskiego. Woda w kulturze ludowej opisywanych miejscowości odgrywała olbrzymią rolę. Obecna była niemalże we wszystkich momentach życia człowieka. Dlatego obowiązywał szereg zakazów mających uchronić ją przed niewłaściwym wykorzystaniem. W związku z tym występowała w wielu obrzędach, w których ważne miejsce zajmowało wykorzystanie jej szczególnych właściwości, zwłaszcza w przełomowych momentach życia. W obrzędach rodzinnych opisywanych wsi, woda uznawana jest za genezę wszelkiego bytu. Kult wody wyrażał się także w modlitwach i ofiarach. Wiatr według wierzeń był złem przesyłanym przez powietrze. W wielu opisywanych wsiach obu powiatów, wiatr utożsamiano z duszami ludzi tragicznie zmarłych, nieochrzczonych, dzieci przyduszonych przez matkę w czasie snu, osób źle pochowanych. Wiatr często był utożsamiany z diabelską mocą, która się w nim objawiała, dostarczała informacji pochodzących z zaświatów. Wskutek szybkich, zwłaszcza w ostatnich czasach, przemian społecznych i obyczajowych na Białostocczyźnie, wiele zabiegów oraz praktyk magicznych dotyczących wiatru i wody uległo zapomnieniu i nie jest już stosowanych.

EN

The goal of this article is to describe wind and water in beliefs, superstitions and customs in selected villages in Hajnowka and Sokolka districts. Water played an important role in the folk culture in the abovementioned places. It was present in almost all moments of a man’s life. Therefore there were restrictions which prevented the wrong exploitation of water. As a result, water was present in many rituals during which its qualities were important, especially at crucial moments in life. In family rituals in the villages described, water was considered the origin of existence.Water was also cherished in prayers and sacrifices. According to ancient beliefs, wind was an evil sent via air. In many villages in both districts, wind was identified with the souls of people who died tragically, those who were not baptized, children suffocated by their mothers in their sleep, or people buried in a wrong way. Wind was often perceived as the power of the devil that came through in the wind, delivering information from the nether world. Due to rapid social and moral changes in Bialystok region, many magical rituals concerning wind and water have been forgotten. They are no longer practiced.

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