Search results

1

Trade Diversity and Stages of Development—Evidence on EU Countries

100%

Parteka A.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

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2012

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issue 30

23-44

EN

The paper presents the dynamics of trade diversification with respect to stages of development in the European context. The analysis focuses on EU27 countries observed across the years 1988–2010 and compared to a sample of 136 international economies at all levels of income per capita. We will use product level statistics (six digit HS0) and confront export and import patterns of absolute diversification/concentration. The results show that in line with \‘stages of diversification\’ approach [Imbs and Wacziarg, 2003], EU27 countries are characterized by a high degree of trade diversity (on average, EU27 countries export 78% and import 90% of goods effectively exported and imported at the world level) and within the analyzed period most of them registered a reconcentration of trade structures. Obtained estimation results confirm a positive relationship between trade diversity and economic development levels (conditional mainly upon the size of the country) with a possibility of reconcentration at higher stages of development (observable in nonparametric estimates).

2

Dywersyfikacja i dywestycje gospodarstw rolnych w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim

100%

Batyk I. M.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2013

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issue 1(31)

65-70

EN

Diversification of the agricultural production structure and the use of farm land, capital and labor to conduct activities other than agriculture is a sign of entrepreneurial activity among farmers. The main objective of diversification is a more efficient use of farm resources, not only in agricultural activities, but also to a large extent in non-agricultural activities. The aim of the study is to determine the scale of farm diversification and regional diversification, and an indication of the non-agricultural activities. This article presents the results of the studies carried out on farms engaged in agro-tourism in the regions of Warmia and Mazury. The aim of the study was to identify the motives behind tourism activities and to understand why farms divest.

3

Commodities as a Tool of Risk Diversification

100%

Skapa S.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2013

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vol. 8

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issue 2

65-77

EN

Investing in commodities has become a new topic for private investors in recent years. Private investors are trying to spread their investments across a much wider spectrum of investments than in the past. They are looking for new sources of return and better diversification of investment risk. In this process, they are searching beyond the traditional asset classes of equities, bonds, cash and real estate. The objective of the paper is to critically explore the possibility of investing in commodities mainly for private investors and analyses investment characteristics. The main scientific aim is to use a complex of more sophisticated and theoretically advanced statistical techniques and apply them on the findings. This paper will provide comprehensive analyses of mostly used commodity indexes of 1st generation and describe main differences between 1st and 2nd generation of commodity indexes and some examples of rollover mechanism will be critically explain. A representative of 2nd generation of commodity indexes was chosen for comprehensive data analysis to another asset class and for the testing whether commodities decreasing a risk of investment portfolio.

4

International diversification in the periods of major economic changes

100%

Gluzicka A.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2018

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issue 519

77-87

EN

Diversification is one of the most important elements considered in the process of the construction of investment portfolios. A special role is attributed to the diversification in periods of rapid changes in the financial markets. In the article, the problem of international diversification was analysed on the example of selected European, American and Asian markets. The level of diversification was assessed by various measures: Portfolio Diversification Index, Rao’s Quadratic Entropy and Diversification Ratio. In the study diversified portfolios were compared. These portfolios were constructed for the data from the periods before, during and after the last economic crisis. The conducted research showed that European markets were most diversified, regardless of the nature of the analysed period. The study also showed that strongly interrelated countries did not necessarily have strong influence on diversification.

5

Zróżnicowanie oferty instytucji kultury jako efekt dywersyfikacji źródeł ich finansowania

100%

Płatkowska-Prokopczyk L., Pieczonka J.

Nauki o Finansach

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2015

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issue 3(24)

99-123

EN

Nowadays the perception of culture only through the prism of autotelic values and noticing ”more useful values” in it is not the only one. As a result of this process culture is seen as a “lever” of social development in a variety dimensions − from building of competence through the creation of local ties and support of personal identity formation, to the creation of social cohesion. At the same time cultural institutions often struggle with limited financial resources necessary to fulfill the role for which they have been established. The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of cultural institutions financing in the context of the limitations on sources of funding statutory activities by broadening their product range. Literature research and statistical data confirm the progressive process of decentralization of cultural institutions funding. Governments and local governments still remain the largest support of culture in comparison with other sectors. Still, all three spheres − the government, the market and the non-profit sphere − operate simultaneously and their penetration is rather the rule than the exception. To encourage the market and the third sphere to finance cultural projects, cultural institutions should extend the range of products by less standard (classical) product adapted to the wider audience. The presented project is an example of using the sources of financing tasks performed by cultural institutions not connected with the activities they have been established for. Cultural institutions are facing funding limitations and yet have the resources which enable the unusual activity using attractive means of expression for the customer. Owing to these measures, these institutions can deliver social (including educational and integrational) content in a very interesting way.

6

Inwestycja w złoto – bezpieczna przystań, zabezpieczenie czy źródło dywersyfikacji dla polskiego inwestora

100%

Potrykus M.

Nauki o Finansach

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2015

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issue 3(24)

193-207

EN

The article describes the concept of the hedge, diversifier and safe haven investments. The main goal of this study is to examine whether there are links between the rates of return achieved on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) and rates of return on investments in gold. The author tested following hypothesis: the return on investment in gold acts as a hedge investment in the long term in relation to investments in the WSE main index, and at a time when investment in the WSE main index recorded a negative rate of return, investment in gold is a safe haven investment. To verify the hypothesis the author uses correlation coefficients and his own measure. The main conclusion from the research is that investing in gold acts as a safe haven investment for the investor which invests on the WSE.

7

Together but separately: An attempt at the process of class diversification among Polish peasantry

88%

Gorlach K., Klekotko M.

Przegląd Socjologiczny

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2010

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vol. 59

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issue 2

109-125

EN

The authors try to examine the class diversification hypothesis in the context of recent social and economic changes occurring in the community of family farm owners/operators in Poland. Basing on three consecutive national research conducted respectively in 1994, 1999 and 2007 the processes of diversification have been analyzed. They are observed on the level of changing market positions of farms as well as on the level of class consciousness of the owners/operators, and on the level of strategies preferred by them to defend their interests. The analysis of research results leads to the conclusion that the discrepancy between the group of business-type farms with visible elements of “capitalist consciousness” and the group of rather marginalized ones with lack of “capitalist consciousness” might be observed.

8

ENERGY CONFRONTATION OF UKRAINE AND RUSSIA IN THE FRAMEWORK OF HYBRID WAR

88%

Magda Y., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2015

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issue 1 (7)

PL

The specific use of the “energy weapon” in the hybrid war is being analyzed. The author highlights the historical retrospective use of the “energy weapon” in general and against Ukraine in particular. Now the energy component of hybrid war is the second in importance and power after the information component. The main political task of the gas conflict between Moscow and Kyiv, which was inspired by the Kremlin, was to demonstrate the inability of Ukraine as a transit partner and to damage the reputation of our country as a reliable transit, geoeconomic and geopolitical partner of the European Union. During the gas conflict Russia tried to position itself as an influential geopolitical player to preserve Ukraine in its sphere of political influence. By blackmail and promises to keep “special conditions” in the price formation Kremlin sought to protect its geopolitical interests in Ukraine. Upon solving the gas conflict, Moscow has tried to block the implementation of the provisions of the Charter on Strategic Partnership between Ukraine and the United States on modernization. The “gas weapon” was used for the first time during the winter of 2005–2006. The first gas war demonstrated the vulnerability of Ukraine and European consumers, and demonstrated how effective and promising may be the further use of energy weapons.Gas weapons are used on several different fronts. First, Russia claims Ukraine is not trustworthy as a transit country for gas as it will act firstly to protect its own interests. In other words, Gazprom offers Europe a choice – or they, European consumers and voters, suffer or Ukraine does. Second, Russian specialists are ready at the first opportunity to accuse Ukraine of unsanctioned gas use, thereby justifying a reduction in supply to Europe. Third, Gazprom intends to prevent establishing reserve gas supplies in Ukraine. Fourth, Russia views Ukrainian gas debts as a source of financial income particularly necessary today.The purpose of the use of gas weapons is the implementation of a direct impact on the economy of the state, in this case – causing economic losses of Ukraine, with long lasting effects.

9

To Educate in a Diversified Europe

88%

Osewska E.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2011

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vol. 1

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issue 1

PL

One of the main tasks of the EU is to create a European identity. This is a complex matter because of some lasting consequences of many divisions, conflicts and wars of the past. There are many national boundaries and various ethnic and cultural identities, regional interests. This paper refers to a whole range of aspects, which may be identified as crucial for education in a diversified Europe. After presenting the divisions and emerging changes occurring in Europe, the author of this article examines varies parameters / challenges related to the shift in interaction between the levels of society. This dynamic shift introduces a different kind of diversity / plurality and new challenges for education. The fundamental and historical differences can not be easily eliminated; they may deserve to be deepened and analysed. The diversity is a constructive dimension for education in Europe.

10

Formation of Diversifying Substrategies for the Enterprise Business Activities

88%

Hrabovenko O., Hrebeshkova O., Kyzenko O.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie

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2022

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issue 45

20-37

EN

The article presents the author's view on the methodological support for the formation of substrategies for diversifying the behavior of an enterprise with the ability to track (evaluate) the results achieved and develop scenarios for the future. The methodological bases for identifying the level of diversification of an enterprise's activities are formulated on the basis of a three-dimensional indicator that allows taking into account the triune nature of diversification as a diversity of the enterprise's resource portfolio (“inputs” into the enterprise system), formalization of its activities (“processor” of the system), and achieved (expected) results (“outputs”) from the system). On the example of a group of Ukrainian enterprises of firefighting services, a developed system of economic metrics for diversifying their activities is presented, which is based on two concepts – a balanced scorecard (BSC) and economic management using the method of interval values. Based on the proposed idea of three-dimensionality of diversification by applying the methodology of morphological analysis, substrategies of diversification of the enterprise's activities are modeled and the results of practical testing of the development of a diversification strategy for the group of enterprises selected for study are presented.

11

Grouped risk parity portfolios for stocks from the WSE

88%

Gluzicka A.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 482

36-46

EN

The risk parity portfolios are characterized by equally weighted contributions of all assets. Very often, the idea of risk parity is considered as a special type of the diversification strategy. This approach became very popular among investors after the last economic crisis, when many portfolios perceived as well-diversified suddenly became undiversified portfolios. Usually, risk parity is calculated for individual stocks. In this article, the method of estimating risk parity portfolios for grouped stocks is discussed. The presented model is applied to selected stocks belonging to different groups (sectors, size of companies) and quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The main goal of the empirical research is the analysis of the risk parity portfolios calculated for the groups of stocks and also for individual stocks. Additionally, the risk parity portfolios are compared with the naive portfolios and minimum variance portfolios. All portfolios are compared according to the risk, rate of return, Sharpe ratio and the future profits.

12

The basis of financial arithmetic from the viewpoint of utility theory

88%

PIASECKI K.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2012

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vol. 22

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issue 3

37-53

EN

The main goal of this paper is to present a modern axiomatic approach to financial arithmetic. An axiomatic theory of financial arithmetic was first proposed by Peccati, who introduced an axiomatic definition of future value. This theory has been extensively developed in recent years. The proposed approach to financial arithmetic is based on the concept of the utility of a financial flow. This utility function is defined as a linear extension of a multicriterion comparison determined by an individual’s time preference and capital preference. The present value is then defined to be the utility of the financial flow. Therefore, the law of the diminishing marginal utility of wealth has been considered as an additional feature of the present value. The future value is defined as the inverse of the utility function. This definition is a generalization of Peccati’s one. The net present value is given as the unique additive extension of the utility of the financial flow. Moreover, the synergy effect and the diversification effect will be discussed. At the end, the axiomatic definition of the present value will be specified in three ways.

13

Globalization and Alternative Thinking: on the Need to Direct the Society Towards Responsible Co-Participation and Cooperation

76%

Cybal-Michalska A.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2018

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issue 47

33-48

PL

Contemporary world has become a global ecumene. The theory of globalization as approached by R. Robertson invokes the world conceptualization which assumes reducing the tension between the dichotomous tendencies. Unification and diversification are complementary processes, they are mutually influential and essential for the contemporary stage of development of the global society. The paradigm of globalization on the social and cultural plane is revealed in the binary scheme of extremes, such as: decontextualization and recontextualization, decomposition and recomposition, deteritorialization and re-teritorialization, transculturation and internalization. The contemporary anti-globalist movement is a reflection of ideological opposition. The criticism of globalization remains in close connection to an increasingly lively discussion regarding alternatives to globalization. Specificity of the quality of global cultural ecumene reveals the need to shape and improve the orientation towards responsible participation and cooperation in the changing and co-dependent global society.

14

Przyczyny zróżnicowań struktury i dynamiki rolniczych płatności bezpośrednich w powiatach Wielkopolski

75%

Łykowski P., Matuszczak A.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2013

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issue 3(29)

EN

Instruments of the common agricultural policy affect the growth and profitability of Polish agriculture, especially the main tool, which are direct payments. The purpose of the article was to evaluate the development of the agricultural direct payments due to their level, dynamics and structure. It has also been attempted to identify the conditions that existed and differences in the studied areas. The study involved the structure of each area payments in all districts of the Wielkopolska Region. A quantitative analysis was performed of direct payments and identified determinants of variation in spatial terms (taking into account the size of the total direct payments obtained by the farm and in terms of 1 ha of land submitted for payment). It should be noted that during the period a development of the system of direct payments, was observed by increasing the number of titles that fall into the area payment, and the amount of financial assistance acquired during the period which was dependent on geographic location, farm size, type of production and activity of the applicants.

PL

Instrumentarium wspólnej polityki rolnej oddziałuje na rozwój i dochodowość polskiego rolnictwa, szczególnie przez główne narzędzie, jakim są dopłaty bezpośrednie. Celem artykułu była ocena kształtowania się płatności bezpośrednich gospodarstw rolnych ze względu na ich poziom, dynamikę i strukturę. Podjęto także próbę wskazania uwarunkowań występujących różnic w badanych zakresach. Badaniom poddano strukturę poszczególnych dopłat obszarowych we wszystkich powiatach województwa wielkopolskiego. Przeprowadzono analizę ilościową płatności bezpośrednich oraz wskazano czynniki determinujące zróżnicowanie w ujęciu przestrzennym (uwzględniając wielkość dopłat bezpośrednich ogółem pozyskiwanych przez gospodarstwa oraz w ujęciu na 1 hagruntów zgłaszanych do dopłat). Z badań wynika, że w badanym okresie nastąpił rozwój systemu płatności bezpośrednich, poprzez zwiększenie liczby tytułów, na które przypadają płatności obszarowe, natomiast wysokość pomocy finansowej pozyskanej w badanym okresie była uzależniona od położenia geograficznego, wielkości gospodarstw, rodzaju produkcji i aktywności wnioskodawców.

15

Dywersyfikacja produkcji gospodarstwa rolnego dla poprawy rentowności

75%

Węglarzy K.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2012

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issue 2(24)

253-262

EN

Owing to the steady lowering of the profitability of agricultural production in order to affect it favourably bringing about generating of an increased agricultural income. One solution is to diversify production towards the cultivation and use of oilseeds to produce biodiesel and biomass for energy production. Agrobiogazownia power of 0.6 MW, presented in this work is one of the first projects of its kind in the country and one of the most modern power plants in Europe. Using waste from animal production (manure, slurry and manure) and plant and silage additive produces clean energy, which is an additional source of farm income. The purpose of this study was to analyse the profitability of energy production in Agrobiogazownia based on substrates of agricultural origin, operating for the third year at least 75% of heat energy produced, which showed good indicators of profitability and return on investment of 8.7 years. The use of biogas substrates from the food industry will benefit from the revenues and profitability. Similarly, the ongoing work on the full use of the heat will allow an increase returns on investment.

16

Wykorzystanie instrumentów finansowych jako źródło dywersyfikacji przychodu przedsiębiorstw

75%

Jóźwicki R.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2018

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vol. 52

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issue 1

EN

Economic activity of each entity requires making decisions how to engage their resources in order to maximize their benefits. One of the strategy in this regard is to diversify sources of income. The paper analyzes the degree of the financial involvement of the selected industrial companies, listed on the Polish stock market in the long and short-term financial assets. The analysis covers the period 2010–2014. The results indicate that companies apply different strategies and the involvement some of them in the financial assets is important from the point of view of the size of their assets.

PL

Działalność gospodarcza każdego podmiotu wymaga podejmowania decyzji dotyczących tego, w jaki sposób angażować posiadane zasoby, aby maksymalizować swoje korzyści. Jedną ze strategii w tym zakresie jest dywersyfikacja źródeł przychodu. W artykule dokonano analizy, w jakim rozmiarze wybrane spółki przemysłowe, notowane na polskim rynku giełdowym, angażują swoje środki w długo- i krótkoterminowe aktywa finansowe. Analiza obejmuje lata 2010–2014. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na to, że przedsiębiorstwa stosują w omawianym zakresie odmienne strategie, a zaangażowanie niektórych z nich w aktywa finansowe jest istotne z punktu widzenia rozmiaru ich aktywów.

17

Caught in-between: Spying and therapy in Intercultural Cities in the context of the ‘New Wars’

75%

Rosen R.

Studia Ethnologica Pragensia

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2022

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issue 1

78-87

EN

Established in 2008, the Council of Europe’s Intercultural Cities Network “supports cities in reviewing their policies — and developing comprehensive intercultural strategies to help them manage diversity positively and realize the diversity advantage” (ICC, 2018). According to their website, the ICC approach “helps build trust between members of the community through policies which encourage mixing, interaction and participation” (ibid). More than a hundred cities are now members of the ICC network, but their discourse — based on dialogue and trust — is challenged by another apparently contradictory discourse. According to Asa and Yaari (2014), two Israeli military experts, the era of wars between nationstates has passed, but has not brought about a kind of ‘world peace’ as expected. What has emerged are the ‘new wars’ — which are conducted within a civilian environment, between the authorities and enemies who are citizens of the state or its residents. Unlike the ‘enemy of the past’, who could be identified by means of his uniform, language, appearance or simply being a foreigner, the new enemies are hard to recognize, as, in the age of globalization, the cosmopolitan city is full of aliens — most of whom, of-course, are not enemies at all. (Asa and Yaari, 2014). According to Arjun Appadurai (2006) the globalization process makes it very difficult to define who ‘we’ are and who ‘they’ are, thus creating feelings of constant uncertainty. This is the discourse of mistrust and suspicion, which challenges the ICC’s discourse of trust and dialogue. The current paper is part of a PhD research done in the years 2015–2018 for the Haifa University Anthropology Department, supervised by Prof. Amalia Sa’ar. It was based on about 20 interviews with integration officers in European cities which are members of the ICC network, as well as observations in different conferences and trainings held by the organization. The paper examines the complex and fascinating ways these two discourses challenge each other, contradict, react or get entangled with one another in trying to deal with the reality of these years of terror.

18

The Analysis of the Impact of Business Process Outsourcing on the Profitability of Commercial Airline in the Conditions of a Global Pandemic

75%

Semeriahina M., Hryhorak M., Bugayko D.

Logistics and Transport

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2021

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vol. 49-50

31-45

EN

This article provides an economic assessment of the impact of the global pandemic COVID-19 on the economic efficiency of commercial airlines. The dominant role of airlines in the formation of flexible service supply chain and service travel chain has been identified, which increases their customer orientation and competitiveness in the air transportation market, as well as allows them to adapt more quickly to the changing logistics environment. It has been proven that the use of the outsourcing mechanism in combination with the diversification of services provided, allows, on the one hand, to create added consumer value for customers, and on the other - necessitates building complex integration relationships with business partners in service supply chains. Analysis of statistics and experience of leading airlines with different business models in the air transportation market has shown that outsourcing business processes in a global pandemic has allowed carriers to optimize costs according to the volume of work, respond flexibly to changes in consumer demand and better overcome negative impacts external logistics environment.

19

Analiza obszarów wykluczenia cyfrowego w województwie lubelskim

75%

Miłosz M., Miłosz E.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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2013

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issue 36

98-106

PL

Wykluczenie cyfrowe obecnie jest coraz bardziej uciążliwą formą wykluczenia społecznego i dotyczy całych grup społeczeństwa. Województwo lubelskie jest biednym, rolniczym regionem o jednym z najniższych w Polsce poziomie dostępu gospodarstw domowych do Internetu. Istnieją w nim zatem duże grupy obywateli, którzy są ustawicznie marginalizowani w życiu regionu. Obszary wykluczenia cyfrowego są zdeterminowane wieloma czynnikami, takimi jak: sy-tuacja materialna, status społeczny, miejsce zamieszkania, wykształcenie, wiek itd. Istotność wpływu tych czynników na wykorzystanie technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych (TIK) była badana przy pomocy ankiet. Anonimowe badania ankietowe objęły mieszkańców całego województwa. Rezultaty badań pozwoliły uszeregować czynniki powodujące wykluczenie cyfrowe pod ką-tem ważności ich wpływu i zbudować profil obszarów najbardziej zagrożonych cyfrowym wykluczeniem. Badania wskazały także na istnienie zjawiska „samowykluczenia cyfrowego”, tj. posiadania dostępu do TIK, ale ich faktycznego niewykorzystywania. Zjawisko to jest dość masowe i dotyczy 30% rolników oraz 25% emerytów. Podstawową przyczyną samowykluczenia cyfrowego jest brak wiedzy i umiejętności. Wskazane zostały działania, których realizacja powinna zmniejszyć problem wykluczenia cyfrowego w województwie lubelskim. Należą do nich działania edukacyjne, uświadamiające i obniżające koszt dostępu do TIK

EN

Digital exclusion is now becoming more and more onerous form of social exclusion and applies to all society groups. Lublin Province is poor, agricultural region with one of the lowest level of household having an access to the Internet in Poland. Presently, there are big groups of citizens who are continually marginalized in the life of the Province. The areas of digital exclusion are determined by many factors, such as: financial situation, so-cial status, place of residence, education, age, etc. The significance of the impact of these factors on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has been studied using question-naires. Anonymous survey covered the whole province residents. The study results allowed rank factors resulting the digital divide at the level of their influence and build a profile of the most at risk of digital exclusion areas. The study also pointed to the existence of the phenomenon of “digital self-exclusion”, i.e. having access to ICT, but not their real using. This phenomenon is quite significant and relates to 30% of the farmers and 25% of retirees. The main reason for digital self-exclusion is the lack of knowledge and skills. There were pointed actions, which should reduce the problem of the digital exclusion in the Lublin Province. These include education, raising awareness of ICT using and lowering the cost of access to ICT.

20

THE EUROPEAN UNION REGULATIONS IN THE NATURAL GAS MARKET

75%

Grzebiela K.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2017

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vol. 25(25)

46-69

EN

1. Objective The objective of this article is to present EU legislation in relation to natural gas. For this purpose, the author shows the legal aspects of the issue of European Union energy policy in the field of natural gas with a detailed discussion of each of the acts. Beginning with the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the author presents the legal regulations relating to the natural gas market introduced in individual treaties. Close attention is devoted to discussing the impact of art. 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on energy policy of the Union. The next part focused on showing the development of the internal market in natural gas as a result adopted the First and the Second Energy Package. A separate section was devoted to the characteristics of the sources of law regulating the natural gas market and included in the Third Energy Package. 2. Introduction In the process of creating a competitive and liberal gas market, the European Union obligation for Member States to take appropriate measures, including legislation, aimed at the integration of the European energy policies and the creation of a common energy union. European integration began with the adoption of EU treaties, through fundamental EU secondary legislation. Legislation should harmonize energy policies of the Member States. The European Union should take into consideration the level of economic development of each Member State. The new regulations should be implemented at a moderate pace, taking into account the stages of development of individual economies. The legislature treats the EU as a priority the creation of a fully competitive and liberal gas market. 3. Methodology In this work the author used the descriptive methodology, focusing on the discussion of legal regulations in the natural gas market. In this paper as a basic knowledge used binding and non-binding of EU law relating to the natural gas market. Descriptive method was the most frequently used in this paper with the analytical method. The last was used in the work in order to analyze the processes taking place in EU legislation over the years. The author presents the transformation of legal regulations in the natural gas introduced from the year 1951 to the current. Analysis of EU regulations allows us to see the emergence of new concepts related to the issue of energy security. 4. Conclusions Proposal presented in the work shows that regulations in the gas sector have a definite influence on the development of and transformation of the natural gas market of the Member States. The European Union has a number of legal acts regulates the most important issues related to the sector of natural gas, including in the energy security of the Member States. The importance of energy resources, especially natural gas, and material is not to be underestimated. Energy fuels are the guarantor of the independence of the country from external factors. Natural gas is the fuel constantly gaining in importance.

Refine search results

Trade Diversity and Stages of Development—Evidence on EU Countries

Dywersyfikacja i dywestycje gospodarstw rolnych w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim

Commodities as a Tool of Risk Diversification

International diversification in the periods of major economic changes

Zróżnicowanie oferty instytucji kultury jako efekt dywersyfikacji źródeł ich finansowania