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EQUITY ISSUANCE AND CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY IN EMERGING ECONOMY CONTEXT

100%
Rohov H., Solesvik M. Z.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
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2016
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vol. 17
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issue 4
114-137
EN
This article explores links between the size of a company, industrial sector in which a company operates, concentration of capital, size of business and emission and dividend policy in the Ukrainian corporate sector. Guided by insights from the bird-in-hand theory, clientele theory, signaling theory, and agency theory, we justify factors that determine the choice of shares’ placement by Ukrainian public joint stock companies and forming of their dividend policy related to the current operating conditions of the Ukrainian corporate sector. Using mathematical approach of tree classification construction in the form of random forest algorithm, we found out that maximization of the share capital value, that is involved in shares issuance of Ukrainian PJSCs, is not a priority for owners of corporate rights. 86.1 per cent of companies have selected private placements of shares. In the non-financial sector, 87.5 per cent of companies opted private placements. The study revealed also only a small share (3.5%) of Ukrainian joint stock companies paid dividends to shareholders. However, the dividend policy of Ukrainian joint stock companies changed when they listed their shares on foreign stock markets. In this case two thirds of explored firms paid dividends.
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Strategies of Dividend policy of the companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

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Jabłoński B., Kuczowic J.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
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2015
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vol. 15
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issue 1
69-82
EN
Research into the determinants of companies’ decisions about paying out dividends, which has been described in the Polish specialist literature, concentrates mainly on the dividends actually paid out. The research presented in the article refers to declarations of the companies included in their dividend policies. The aim of the article is to present an attitude to dividend policy exhibited by the companies listed on the Warsaw stock exchange. A particular attempt was made at identifying various formulas of constructing dividend policies by the companies and the declared conditions for dividend payments and their amounts. 118 dividend companies took part in the research and they were selected from among the companies listed on the Warsaw stock exchange in the years 2006-2012. The authors have analysed the dividend policy of the companies in terms of its components and the way it was formulated, as well as the determinants of decisions about dividend payments declared by the companies. The results of the analysis were referred to the types of strategies of the dividend policy presented in the specialist literature. The research results indicate that the boards of many companies do not consider formulating and publicising the principles of making dividend payments to be a relevant area of investor relations. The dividend policy of the companies is usually formulated too generally, with the use of general statements. Satisfying capital needs for the planned development processes appears to be a basic determinant of the distribution of profit, which is why residual dividend policy is prevalent in the analysed companies.
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Influence of Investment Projects on Dividend Policy of a Company in Conditions of Fuzzy Information

100%
Jabłoński B.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
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2012
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vol. 11
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issue 1
86-96
EN
This article describes the problem of using fuzzy logic in the forecasts of variants of the results of implemented investment projects. It also shows the possibility of using calculations with the application of fuzzy triangular numbers L-R in the variants of results: an optimistic result, a pessimistic result and the most probable result (the central result). Moreover, the article draws attention to the possibility of using fuzzy numbers to estimate fuzzy risk of a forecasted financial result of a company. In addition, the article presents how a dividend may be shaped in consideration of multiplicity of variants if dividend policy takes into account dependence on company results as well as implemented investment projects.
4
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Wpływ charakterystyki spółki na jej skłonność do wypłaty dywidendy

100%
Kaźmierska-Jóźwiak B.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2016
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vol. 50
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issue 4
EN
Using a database of 246 nonfinancial companies listed on the WSE in the 2008–2014 period, the author analysed the characteristics of dividend payers and non-payers and the effect of company’s characteristics on the propensity to pay dividends. The results of the study show that dividend payers are larger, more profitable, less leveraged, with lower risk and lower investment opportunities than non-payers. The results of logit regression confirm that size of a company and profitability are positively related to the propensity to pay dividends. Higher leverage, higher risk and higher investment opportunities will reduce the likelihood of paying dividends.
PL
Bazując na danych 246 niefinansowych spółek notowanych na GPW w Warszawie w latach 2008–2014, analizie poddano charakterystyki spółek płacących i niepłacących dywidendy oraz wpływ wybranych charakterystyk na skłonność badanych spółek do wypłaty dywidendy. Wyniki badania wskazują, że spółki płacące dywidendy są większe, bardziej rentowne, mniej zadłużone, obarczone mniejszym ryzykiem i posiadają mniejsze możliwości inwestycyjne od spółek niewypłacających dywidend. Wyniki regresji logitowej potwierdzają, że wielkość spółki i rentowność mają pozytywny wpływ na jej skłonność do wypłaty dywidendy. Prawdopodobieństwo wypłaty maleje, gdy wzrasta poziom zadłużenia spółki i ryzyko oraz wzrastają możliwości inwestycyjne.
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The Effect of Ownership Structure on Dividend Policy and Shareholder Value: A Financialisation Perspective on Construction Companies in Poland

100%
Oleksy P., Zyguła A.
Central European Economic Journal
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2017
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vol. 3
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issue 50
EN
In the paper, we examine the impact of ownership structure on dividend policy and shareholder value in non-financial companies from construction sector in Poland. More specifically, by distinguishing between financial and non-financial shareholders, we verify the involvement of financial institutions in company ownership and how it translates into changes in major dividend and shareholder value indicators. Our results show that the presence of financial investors in the ownership structure has a positive impact on probability that the company will pay out dividends, what is symptomatic for financialisation. However, there is not enough evidence to support similar conclusion regarding shareholder value creation.
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Catering Approach to the Dividend Payment Policy on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

100%
Pieloch-Babiarz A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 2
183-206
EN
Dividend payment policy is a significant issue of neoclassical theories of finance. One of the concepts which poses a challenge tothe neoclassical approach to dividend payment policy is behavioural finance, including a catering theory of dividends. The aim of the article is to examine whether and to what extent the catering theory of dividends is reflected in the behaviour of shareholders and managers on the WSE. The opportunity to accomplish the aim of this paper was conditioned by the empirical verification of research hypothesis stipulating that the number of dividend payers increases if the dividend payers are priced by the capital market higher that the nonpayers. The empirical verification of hypothesis was conducted basing on the equal- and value-weighted dividend premium as well as dividend payment ratios. Moreover, descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, linear regression and coefficient of determination were used. The study was carried out on the basis of companies operating in the electromechanical industry sector that were listed on the WSE in the period between 1999-2013. The figures were taken from the Stock Exchange Yearbooks, Notoria Serwis database and GPWInfostrefa platform. The preliminary results of empirical research in the range of the catering theory of dividends allow to draw a conclusion that this theory may be useful in explaining the dividend policy conducted by electromechanical industry companies listed on the WSE.
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Dividend policy of companies listed on European and American capital markets – comparative analysis

100%
Jabłoński B., Kuczowic J.
Nauki o Finansach
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2016
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issue 4(29)
35-48
EN
This paper discusses the issue of the dividend distribution from the perspective of capital market investors and dividend distributing companies, listed on the largest stock exchanges. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the specificity of the dividend policy of companies functioning on the world’s most developed capital markets – the USA and Western Europe. The study covers 150 companies, their dividend policy, as well as the regularity and dynamics of dividend distribution in the period 2011-2015. The results of the study indicate that in companies listed on the developed capital markets, systematic dividend distribution constitutes a stable element of remunerating investors. The analysis also pointed to the considerable differences between the dividend policy adopted by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the dividend policy of companies which are components of the S&P500, FTSE100, DAX, and CAC40 indices
8
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Dividend changes and future profitability changes – evidence from Polish listed companies

100%
Kaźmierska-Jóźwiak B.
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
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2017
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issue 4 (58)
95-104
EN
The study attempts to extend the knowledge regarding the dividend policy of nonfinancial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. In the previous part of the research the author analysed among others, determinants of dividend policy on the Polish capital market. The main aim of this paper, according to the dividend signalling theory, is to investigate whether the dividend changes convey some information about the future profitability of non-financial firms listed on the WSE paying dividends for at least two consecutive years. The study examines the relation between dividend changes and future profitability changes measured in terms of earnings per share payments of nonfinancial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange paying dividends in the 2007-2012 period using panel data analysis. The main hypothesis states that changes in dividends are positively correlated with changes of earnings in the year after the change in dividend. The research results show that firms that increase dividends are more profitable than firms that either decrease their dividends or do not make any changes in their dividend policy. Unpredictably, firms that cut dividends are more profitable than firms that leave dividends unchanged. The results of panel data analysis indicate that neither dividend increases, nor the dividend increases in the current year are related to future changes in earnings. Thus, the results do not support the hypothesis. To conclude, the current changes in dividends are not reliable signals of future earning changes one year ahead in the same direction.
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The dividend policy of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

100%
Bogołębska J.
Nauki o Finansach
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2019
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issue vol. 24 no. 2
17-27
EN
Dividend policy is created and formulated by companies. For this reason, the focus of the analysis is on the message conveyed by the information on the dividend payout, the relationship between the dividend and financial indicators, the continuity of the payout and the amount of the dividend itself. Decisions on the dividend payment include two basic issues: what portion of profits should be paid out over a certain period of time and whether the company should maintain a steady and stable growth rate. If a steady and stable growth rate is maintained, then the level of earnings will increase from year to year. This phenomenon is confirmed by the growing number of companies paying dividends. The purpose of the article is to indicate significant differences in stock prices before the dividend payment and after the dividend payment, and to indicate significant differences in stock prices before the announcement of the dividend right and after the announcement of the dividend right.
10
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Characteristics and realization of the dividend policy of companies quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange for the period 2008--2017

100%
Jabłoński B.
Nauki o Finansach
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2019
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issue vol. 24 no. 3
1-12
EN
The article takes up the issue of the characteristics and the implementation of the dividend policy of companies quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Warsaw for the period 2008-2017. The purpose of the research is the characteristics of dividend policy company satisfaction mechanism, including an assessment of its actual implementation. To study the characteristics and implementation of the dividend policy by the company’s dividend, eventually it was necessary to classify the companies that during the period of 2009-2018 paid dividends for the period 2008-2017 without a break (at 31.07.2018). The test results indicate a high average annual growth rate of paid dividends. Unfortunately, more than half of the companies developed a dividend policy and those that have it as the basis for their decision on the amount of payment of dividends indicate net profit and investment needs.
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Dividend policy from the perspective of an individual investor – results of the research

100%
Jabłoński B.
Nauki o Finansach
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2015
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issue 4(25)
51-76
EN
The article describes the issues of dividend policy from the perspective of the psychology of the individual investor. A questionnaire survey conducted on 115 Polish stock exchange investors of different age, education, investment goals and professional activity aimed primarily at verifying the behaviour of the respondents in relation to the behaviour of the investors acting on the international market. The findings of the research not only confirm the convergence of the behaviour of Polish capital market investors against the behavioural dogmas of finance, but they also present new patterns of behaviour, provided that factors influencing an investment the decision-making process are taken into account.
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DIVIDENDS AND EARNINGS QUALITY IN POLAND

88%
Kowerski M.
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
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2013
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vol. 9
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issue 3
42-51
EN
The purpose of this article is to show on the example of Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland (WSE) how in emerging capital markets dividends provide information about earnings quality as measured by their persistence. In the paper the regressions models of future earnings (in years t + 1 and t + 2) were applied on current earnings (in year t), current dividends decision (in year t) and the interaction of current dividend decision and earnings proposed by D. J. Skinner and E. Soltes (2011), using pooled cross – sectional time – series data. A set of 2263 observations coming from the companies listed on the WSE in 1995-2009 was used for the calculation. For estimating the parameters, recursive modeling was used. Specific models were estimated using the heteroskedasticity-corrected general least squares method. It was shown that on the WSE the quality of earnings depends more distinctly on a firm’s dividend policy than on the developed markets.
13
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The relevance of dividend smoothing in the construction companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

88%
Gostkowska-Drzewicka M., Majerowska E.
Nauki o Finansach
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2016
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issue 2(27)
9-22
EN
Dividend smoothing is a well-known empirical fact in developed countries. It is influenced by many factors. In this paper we analyse the relevance of dividend smoothing in the construction companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2000-2014. It is assumed that it is possible to estimate the level of dividend smoothing and to identify the factors determining this level. The implementation of the purpose and verification of the hypotheses required applying econometric models. The findings suggest that the Lintner model can be applied for construction companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange because the smoothing effect was statistically significant in most cases. However, it was not possible to identify statistically significant smoothing factors, although these factors can be useful in order to estimate the logit model which is used to predict whether the company will pay a dividend or not
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POLITYKA DYWIDENDY SPÓŁEK Z UDZIAŁEM SKARBU PAŃSTWA

75%
Kuciński, A., Byczkowska M.
Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula
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2017
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issue 3(53)
33-46
PL
Polityka dywidendy jest deklaracją zarządu spółki, która obejmuje ogólne założenia co do sposobu podziału wypracowanego zysku w przedsiębiorstwie. Jasno i precyzyjnie określona polityka dywidendy stanowi ważne źródło informacji w zakresie budowania oczekiwań względem spółki przez inwestorów. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena realizowanych polityk wypłat dywidend przez przedsiębiorstwa z udziałem Skarbu Państwa notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Analiza przeprowadzonych badań wskazuje na to, iż spółki z udziałem Skarbu Państwa posiadały zdefiniowane polityki wypłat dywidend, które znajdowały swój wyraz w regularnych i stabilnych wypłatach dywidend.
EN
The dividend policy is a declaration of the company’s management board, which comprises general assumptions as to the manner of distribution of the retained earnings at an enterprise. The clearly and precisely defined dividend policy is an important source of information as regards expectations towards the company by its investors. The essential aim of the article is to analyse and assess the implemented policies of dividend pay-off by enterprises with the State Treasury’s share listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The analysis of the carried out research points out that companies with the State Treasury’s share had defined policies of dividend payment that were expressed in regular and stable payments of dividends.
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Programy automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy jako instrument polityki wypłaty dywidendy w spółce akcyjnej

75%
Kuciński A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2020
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vol. 54
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issue 4
EN
Theoretical background: The issue of automatic dividend reinvestment programs is rarely discussed in Polish literature, there are no comprehensive studies on automatic dividend reinvestment programs. This issue most often appears when discussing the tools of dividend policy.Purpose of the article: Presentation of the assumptions of automatic dividend reinvestment programs (plans), which can be an instrument of the dividend payment policy in a joint stock company, as well as analysis of the automatic dividend reinvestment programs offered by 30 American companies representing Dow Jones Industrial Average Index.Research methods: The study is based on a literature review and a documents (brochures) analysis describing dividend reinvestment programs.Main findings: Dividend reinvestment programs have been implemented by all companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. A significant part of the analyzed programs belongs to the group of the so-called No-Fee Dividend Reinvestment Programs. The observations made show that often dividend reinvestment programs are supplemented by additional share purchase programs called Optional Cash Purchase Plans (OCPs) or Stock Purchase Plans (SPPs).
PL
Uzasadnienie teoretyczne: Zagadnienie programów automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy jest rzadko poruszane w polskiej literaturze, brak jest całościowych opracowań dotyczących programów automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy. Zagadnienie to najczęściej pojawia się przy omawianiu narzędzi polityki dywidendy.Cel artykułu: Przedstawienie założeń programów (planów) automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy, które mogą stanowić narzędzie polityki wypłaty dywidendy w spółce akcyjnej, a także dokonanie analizy programów automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy oferowanych przez 30 amerykańskich spółek reprezentujących Dow Jones Industrial Average Index.Metody badawcze: W opracowaniu wykorzystano jako metody badawcze analizę literatury oraz analizę dokumentów (broszur) opisujących programy automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy.Główne wnioski: Programy automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy zostały wdrożone przez wszystkie spółki wchodzące w skład Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. Znaczna część analizowanych programów zalicza się do grupy tzw. bezpłatnych programów reinwestycji dywidendy (No-Fee Dividend Reinvestment Programs). Z dokonanych obserwacji wynika, że często programy automatycznej reinwestycji dywidendy uzupełniane są o dodatkowe programy zakupu akcji, określane jako Optional Cash Purchase Plans (OCPs) lub Stock Purchase Plans (SPPs).
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CEO emotional bias and dividend policy: Bayesian network method

75%
Mohamed Ali A., Anis J.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2012
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vol. 7
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issue 1
1-18
EN
This paper assumes that managers, investors, or both behave irrationally. In addition, even though scholars have investigated behavioral irrationality from three angles, investor sentiment, investor biases and managerial biases, we focus on the relationship between one of the managerial biases, overconfidence and dividend policy. Previous research investigating the relationship between overconfidence and financial decisions has studied investment, financing decisions and firm values. However, there are only a few exceptions to examine how a managerial emotional bias (optimism, loss aversion and overconfidence) affects dividend policies. This stream of research contends whether to distribute dividends or not depends on how managers perceive of the company’s future. I will use Bayesian network method to examine this relation. Emotional bias has been measured by means of a questionnaire comprising several items. As for the selected sample, it has been composed of some100 Tunisian executives. Our results have revealed that leader affected by behavioral biases (optimism, loss aversion, and overconfidence) adjusts its dividend policy choices based on their ability to assess alternatives (optimism and overconfidence) and risk perception (loss aversion) to create of shareholder value and ensure its place at the head of the management team.
17
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Dividend Policy and the Nature of Cash Flows of Selected Companies Listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange

75%
Dada A.
Nauki o Finansach
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2021
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vol. 26
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issue 2
30-44
PL
Celem głównym artykułu było zbadanie, czy istnieją spółki akcyjne notowane na FSE w latach 2000-2017, wypłacające dywidendy regularnie. Próbę badawczą podzielono na spółki dywidendowe oraz pozostałe spółki. Celem pomocniczym było porównanie spółek dywidendowych i pozostałych spółek w odniesieniu do charakteru przepływów pieniężnych (dodatni/ujemny). Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań należy stwierdzić, że spółki dywidendowe realizują średnio wyższą wartość DPS niż inne spółki. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że udział spółek dywidendowych w wariantach 1-4 modeli opisujących sytuację przedsiębiorstwa ze względu na rodzaj działalności i charakter przepływów pieniężnych netto jest większy niż udział pozostałych spółek. Wartością dodaną są rekomendacje dotyczące atrakcyjności inwestowania w spółki dywidendowe. Wnioski mogą być również przydatne dla spółek notowanych na innych giełdach, m.in. GPW. Polityka dywidendy powinna być wspierana racjonalnym zarządzaniem przepływami pieniężnymi.
EN
The main purpose of the article was to investigate whether there are joint-stock companies listed on the FSE between 2000-2017 that paid regular dividends. The sample was divided into dividend companies and other companies. A subsidiary objective was to compare the dividend companies and other companies concerning the direction of their cash flows (positive/negative). Based on the conducted research, it should be stated that dividend companies had on average higher DPS than other companies. The conducted research shows that the percentage of dividend companies in variants 1-4 among the models of eight cases based on selected information on cash flows is greater than that of other companies. The application value is related to recommendations regarding the attractiveness of investing in dividend companies. These conclusions may also be useful for companies listed on other exchanges, e.g. the GPW. The dividend payment policy should be supported by rational cash flow management.
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Finansowanie i struktura kapitałowa przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych

71%
Kawko M.
Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie
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2019
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vol. 51
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issue 2
91-103
EN
Financing family firms is one of the key aspects differentiating such enterprises from their competitors. The paper shows a wide range of financing sources available for family firms with special reference to the long-term financing forms such as patient capital. The author presents characteristics of family businesses’ capital structure and dividend policy that are often important competitive advantages of such entities.
PL
Jednym z aspektów wyróżniających firmy rodzinne w światowej gospodarce jest ich finansowanie. W artykule przedstawiono szerokie ujęcie dostępnych źródeł finansowania przedsiębiorczości rodzinnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem długoterminowych form finansowania, takich jak kapitał cierpliwy. Zaprezentowane zostały cechy struktury kapitałowej tego typu podmiotów stanowiące nierzadko ważne przewagi konkurencyjne. Poruszona została również problematyka polityki dywidend firm rodzinnych.
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Reakcja rynku kapitałowego na inicjowanie dywidend na rynku polskim

63%
Kaźmierska- Jóźwiak B.
Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa
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2017
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issue 6 (809)
109-118
PL
Opracowanie analizuje reakcję akcjonariuszy na ogłoszenie informacji o inicjowaniu płatności dywidendowych. Jego celem jest przedstawienie wstępnych wyników badania nad reakcją rynku na ogłoszenie informacji o rozpoczęciu wypłacania dywidend przez spółki notowane na GPW w Warszawie. Badaniem objęto populację niefinansowych spółek, które w latach 2011-2015 po raz pierwszy lub po co najmniej 3-letniej przerwie ogłosiły informację o wypłaceniu dywidendy. Przyjęto następującą hipotezę badawczą: ogłoszenie informacji o rozpoczęciu płacenia dywidendy przez spółkę, która przez co najmniej trzy wcześniejsze lata dywidendy nie wypłaciła, powiązane jest z pozytywną reakcją rynku, która przejawia się krótkookresowym wzrostem akcji spółki. Próba badawcza objęła 67 zdarzeń podania do publicznej informacji decyzji o wypłacie dywidendy w okresie 2011-2015. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą analizy zdarzeń (event study), z zastosowaniem średniej skumulowanej nadzwyczajnej stopy zw rotu (ACAR).
EN
The paper investigates market reaction to announcements of dividend initiations. The research was conducted on the population of non-financial companies initiating dividends payments in 2011-2015 (either for the first time or at least after three years break) and listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. We hypothesize that market reacts positively to the announcements of dividend initiations, which is reflected in the positive short-term common stock price changes. Using daily data from the Warsaw Stock Exchange, we investigate the reaction of stock prices of the 67 announcing firms. We implement event study methodology, using average cumulated abnormal returns (ACAR).
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W poszukiwaniu przyczyn inicjowania dywidend

63%
Kaźmierska-Jóźwiak B.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
|
2017
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vol. 51
|
issue 5
EN
The research analyses dividend initiations and the reasons why firms begin paying regular cash dividend to shareholders in the context of signaling theory, agency theory, and life cycle theory. The research was conducted on the population of non-financial companies initiating dividends payments in the years 2009–2013 and listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange at least 3 years before the event. Due to such assumptions, a small number of the population (27 firms) was obtained, which affects a limitation of the study. The study does not show statistically significant results of the analysis, therefore, we are not able to indicate the reasons why Polish nonfinancial firms did begin regular cash dividends in the years 2009–2013. We assume the necessity of further research in this area.
PL
Główny problem badawczy postawiony w opracowaniu dotyczył przyczyn inicjowania przez spółki wypłat dywidend. Analizy prowadzono w kontekście teorii sygnalizacji, teorii agencji i teorii cyklu życia. Badanie przeprowadzono na populacji niefinansowych spółek inicjujących wypłaty dywidend w latach 2009–2013 i notowanych na GPW w Warszawie co najmniej przez 3 lata przed zdarzeniem. W związku z tak przyjętymi założeniami uzyskano populację 27 spółek – niewielka liczebność stanowi o ograniczeniach badania. Z uwagi na brak potwierdzenia statystycznej istotności przeprowadzonych analiz uznano, że nie ma podstaw do wyciągnięcia jednoznacznych wniosków dotyczących przyczyn inicjowania wypłat dywidend, uznając, iż są konieczne dalsze badania w tym obszarze.
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