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Electrum
|
2014
|
vol. 21
9–19
EN
Ancient authors offer different traditions over the last days and wishes of the philosopher Heracleides Ponticus. The tales combined of Philodemus and Hermippus (in Diogenes Laertius) probably go back to Demochares of Leoconoe and his work against the philosophers, which thus could constitue the oldest and reliable source about it. After an exam of the political and religious context of Heracleia Pontica and Greek world in the times of Heracleides, we can accept that the philosopher managed to receive heroic honours post mortem, as described in the version of the nephew of Demosthenes.
EN
In the article, the author shows the mystery of divinization of the man, according to Ch. Schönborn, as a consequence of the Incarnation. The idea of ​​theosis, which is characteristic of Eastern Orthodoxy, harmonizes with the mystery of the Incarnation. The Christian understanding of theosis has nothing to do with self-divinization of the man, it is rather a break from the false image of God in order to open up to the full richness of Trinitarian life. The purpose of the Incarnation is the divinization of the man – for God has become a man so that a man can unite with God for eternity. The divinization of the man means making us sons, because Christ coming to earth did not want to change or replace the human nature, on the contrary – he wanted to "lead" it to where it had been before the fall, and thus, according to the Creator's original intention, – to immortality. Ch. Schönborn emphasizes that deification begins here on earth by the sacraments of the Church, which make our sonship in the Son "reproduce" His life in us.
PL
W artykule autor ukazuje tajemnicę przebóstwienia człowieka, zgodnie z myślą Ch. Schönborna, jako następstwo Wcielenia. Idea theosis, charakterystyczna dla teologii wschodniej, współbrzmi harmonijnie z tajemnicą Wcielenia. Chrześcijańskie pojmowanie theosis nie ma nic wspólnego z samoubóstwieniem człowieka, jest raczej uwolnieniem się od fałszywego obrazu Boga, aby otworzyć się na pełne bogactwo życia trynitarnego. Celem Wcielenia jest przebóstwienie człowieka – po to bowiem Bóg stał się człowiekiem, aby człowiek mógł zjednoczyć się na wieki z Bogiem. Przebóstwienie człowieka oznacza jego „usynowienie”, bowiem Chrystus przychodząc na ziemię nie chciał zmienić czy zastąpić ludzkiej natury, pragnął ją „doprowadzić” tam, gdzie była przed upadkiem, a więc według pierwotnego zamierzenia Stwórcy – do nieśmiertelności. Ch. Schönborn podkreśla, że przebóstwienie dokonuje się już tutaj na ziemi przez sakramenty Kościoła, które sprawiają nasze usynowienie w Synu, „odtwarzają” w nas Jego życie.
PL
Powszechnie uważa się, że tradycja związana z apoteozą Romulusa i jego transformacją w boga Kwiryna miała znaczenie w ideologicznym i historyczno-religijnym procesie, który doprowadził do apoteozy Cezara i Augusta. Nie można jednak pomijać pewnych różnic. Romulus zyskał nieśmiertelność tylko dlatego, że stał się Kwirynem: Kwiryn był bogiem, Romulus zaś był człowiekiem. Portret Romulusa był demonstrowany w czasie pogrzebów jego potomków. Co więcej, mówiło się, że Romulus został zabity i rozczłonkowany. Starożytni autorzy całkowicie przeciwstawiają tę tradycję opowieści o apoteozie Romulusa, dopiero nowoczesne, historyczno-religijne porównanie daje możliwość ich pogodzenia. Z kolei przyjęcie tytułu divus, divus Iulius i divus Augustus wzięło górę nad ich śmiertelnością i ostatecznie ją zmazało: zakazano demonstrowania ich portretu w czasie pogrzebów. W kontekście tego dość skomplikowanego problemu oksymoron ossa Quirini, którego Horacy użył, czyniąc aluzję w stronę świętego grobowca Romulusa w dramatycznej Epodzie XVI (wersy 11-14), reprezentuje inną drogę immortalizacji: grecki model kultu założyciela znajduje swój nowy wyraz poprzez rzymską cechę przyjmowania nowej nazwy. Kult Eneasza-Pater (lub Iuppiter) Indiges w Lawinium jest interesującym, analogicznym przypadkiem.
EN
In present article I’m looking into ontology of the acts of knowing and willing as they are conceived by Maximus the Confessor. The main focus is laid upon the change of proportions of activity and passivity according to different objects of these acts: whether they concern natural or supernatural objects or God Himself. The main conclusion reached in this article is that the ontological aspect of the acts at stake are characterized by opposing pattern of that proportion. While cognitive aspect proceeds from higher comlexity and activity to its simplification and culminates in passivity in undergoing divine action, the volitive aspect is governed by a law of continuous increment of synergy between divine and contingent operations. Key insights are collected from Maximus’ description of the working of the Hypostatic Union. The discovered pattern of proportions of action and passion provides a hint for understanding relation holding between nature and grace, or better,a possible explanation why the supernatural is properly a super-natural.
Vox Patrum
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2015
|
vol. 63
185-197
EN
One of the principal ideas in oriental anthropology is that of the divinization of man. The author studies this idea in John Cassian and draws the conclusion that not only was it known to Cassian, but indeed it is the filter through which he views the question of grace. The author arrives at this conclusion, above all, by underlin­ing oriental monasticism as the original context of the theology of divinization. Cassian was trained as a theologian and monk in this very ambience. All of the elements of the concept of divinization are present in the writings of Cassian and the two biblical models for the qšwsij of man – its creation of man in the image and likeness of God (Gen 1: 26-27) and the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor (Mt 17: 1-8; Mc 9: 2-8; Lc 9: 28-36) – are widely commented on by Cassian and form the basis of his theological and ascetical teaching. Cassian’s doctrine on grace, which is deeply penetrated by the concept of divinization, propounds the idea that, after original sin, the likeness of God in man is destroyed, but the image of God in man – reason, free will, and conscience – remains. The grace of God, perceived through the prism of divinization, in Cassian implies not a “resurrection” of the dead nature of man, but a strengthening of his relationship with God, a passage from the condition of “slave” to that of “friend”. This teaching, characterized as it is by a salvific optimism which is typically oriental, according to the author, should no longer be regarded as a form of semipelagianism. Rather, but with due qualification, it should be regarded as a valid and interesting way of speaking on the perennially difficult quaestio of the relationship between grace and free will.
EN
The article focuses on the notion of femaleness and its role in the history of salvation in the works of Clement of Alexandria. Although these are not the central themes of his considerations, he reflects on this subject against the back­ground of his magnificent vision of the incarnation of the divine Logos. The be­getting or generating of Logos by Father is the first stage of the incarnation, which is followed by the next stages: the creation of the world and of human beings, the revelation in the Old Testament and – although not directly – in the Greek philosophy. The last stage is the incarnation in Jesus Christ. All this leads towards the divinization and the unity in God. Femaleness in Clement’s work should be considered as a part of cosmic dimensions. For him, men and women are substan­tially – i.e. on the level of their souls – equal, hence in the spiritual and intellectual dimension both sexes are vested with identical dignity and enjoy equal rights. The differences between sexes are located in the body and affect various aspects of human life, mostly biological and reproductive ones, not to mention the family, community and religious reality. In practice, it is the woman who is subordinated to man due to the fact, as Clement holds, that the female body is weaker than the male one, more subjugated to passivity, less perfect and more susceptible to pas­sions. For that reason, on the way to salvation, it is the man who is the head of the woman. However, it is not an absolute subjection. If the woman goes on the way to salvation (a Christian woman), and the man does not, the Lord is the head of the woman (the divine Logos, whom she follows). All these differences resulting from the possession of a body are eliminated in eschatology, in which will be the total equality. On that way to the eschatological fulfillment, the divine Logos is indispensable. He incarnates himself and comes to the world through a woman. He chooses what is weaker in order to reveal His power. This way it is a woman, and not a man, who first experiences His divinizing closeness and action.
|
2021
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vol. 10
|
issue 3
545-578
EN
Although the question of whether, in the thought of Thomas Aquinas, sanctifying grace is “created” or “uncreated” has received considerable attention in the last several decades, many of the questions and arguments proposed by those, such as Karl Rahner, Jerome Ebacher, and Anna N. Williams, in favor of grace being uncreated have gone unanswered. Among these ancillary questions and arguments are those concerning the proper subject of grace, the categorial classification of grace, and the reason for the mystery and unconsciousness of grace. These questions appear unrelated, but, as this paper argues, they are each logically connected to each other and to the overall thesis that sanctifying grace is created, not uncreated. This paper aims to make Aquinas’s thesis that grace is created more palatable to objectors by addressing each of these previously unaddressed ancillary questions.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
s. 65-79
PL
„Liczne są korzyści wynikające z wcielenia” – stwierdza św. Tomasz z Akwinu i niektóre z nich ze znawstwem wylicza (Summa theologiae III, q. 1, a. 2). Mając na uwadze ten fakt, który potwierdza zarówno liturgia, jak i wielorakie doświadczenie chrześcijańskie, warto poświęcać ciągle na nowo refl eksję teologiczną tajemnicy wcielenia Syna Bożego. Korzyści, które nieustannie odnosi człowiek dzięki temu wydarzeniu, nie mogą pozostawać zakryte i nie można się do nich banalnie przyzwyczajać. Stąd też powracamy tutaj do tej tajemnicy „Słowa, które stało się ciałem”, opartej na cudzie sprawionym przez Boga i wydarzeniu poświadczonym w historii.
EN
The incarnation of the eternal Word is fi rst and foremost an event “for man”. To be able to keep this conviction in mind and to preach it successfully, constantly discovering yet hidden advantages, it requires more and more profound theological grasp of the incarnation of the Son of God, since only then it is possible to see its full anthropological perspective. Therefore, in this article we focus on certain Christological tendencies which diminish historicalness of the incarnation of the Word of God. Against this background we go back to the fundamental fact for Christian faith, namely that “the Word became fl esh”. It poses a question of personal identity of Christ-Word, which is seen in the light of Christological doctrine elaborated by the consecutive councils of the undivided Church. The idea of this doctrine is that we believe in the Word of life. Finally, a question has to be asked whether the mystery of the incarnation of the Word is worthy of belief and how it affects our life if we accept it. The crucial matter is to accentuate the fact that the mystery of the incarnation of the eternal Word belongs to both the historical and redemptive reality.
IT
La dottrina della divinizzazione del cristiano rappresenta il vertice delle aspirazioni dell’uomo, il segno piu alto della sua nobilta. Questa dottrina dimostra che l'uomo e chiamato a partecipare alla natura stessa di Dio, ad essere figlio di Dio non in senso metaforico, ma reale, e quindi ad essere partecipe di ció che e proprio di Dio, della sua vita e della sua felicita eterna.
EN
The incarnation of the eternal Word is first and foremost an event “for man”. To be able to keep this conviction in mind and to preach it successfully, constantly discovering yet hidden advantages, it requires more and more profound theological grasp of the incarnation of the Son of God, since only then it is possible to see its full anthropological perspective. Therefore, in this article we focus on certain Christological tendencies which diminish historicalness of the incarnation of the Word of God. Against this background we go back to the fundamental fact for Christian faith, namely that “the Word became flesh”. It poses a question of personal identity of Christ-Word, which is seen in the light of Christological doctrine elaborated by the consecutive councils of the undivided Church. The idea of this doctrine is that we believe in the Word of life. Finally, a question has to be asked whether the mystery of the incarnation of the Word is worthy of belief and how it affects our life if we accept it. The crucial matter is to accentuate the fact that the mystery of the incarnation of the eternal Word belongs to both the historical and redemptive reality.
PL
„Liczne są korzyści wynikające z wcielenia” – stwierdza św. Tomasz z Akwinu i niektóre z nich ze znawstwem wylicza (Summa theologiae III, q. 1, a. 2). Mając na uwadze ten fakt, który potwierdza zarówno liturgia, jak i wielorakie doświadczenie chrześcijańskie, warto poświęcać ciągle na nowo refleksję teologiczną tajemnicy wcielenia Syna Bożego. Korzyści, które nieustannie odnosi człowiek dzięki temu wydarzeniu, nie mogą pozostawać zakryte i nie można się do nich banalnie przyzwyczajać. Stąd też powracamy tutaj do tej tajemnicy „Słowa, które stało się ciałem”, opartej na cudzie sprawionym przez Boga i wydarzeniu poświadczonym w historii.
EN
The mystery of the Holy Trinity is not only the most profound truth in the Christian faith, but also the foundation of Christian spiritual life. This life in its essence appears as participation in the life of God Himself – of the Holy Trinity. The present article is an illustration of its kind of this truth; the illustration is based on Sister Roberta Babiak's spiritual experience. Sister Roberta Babiak is a Polish mystic who lived in the first half of the 20th century. She experienced the presence of the Holy Trinity, especially while receiving the Eucharist. Receiving the Eucharist Christ was for her entering a direct salutary relation with the Holy Trinity, as result of which she participated in a peculiar exchange of love between her and God. In Sister Roberta's life, in her unification with God perceived as the Trinity, also theological virtues played an important role. From the possibility of the Holy Trinity taking up residence in man his supernatural dignity results; and the very presence of Triune God in him contributes to his divinization.
PL
SŁAWOMIR ZATWARDNICKI – absolwent teologii na Papieskim Wydziale Teologicznym we Wrocławiu, obecnie doktorant na tej uczelni, laureat nagrody „Pro Redemptione” (2014 r.), publicysta, autor wielu artykułów oraz sześciu książek; ostatnio wydał: "Pomoc przeciw nieprzyjaciołom Twoim, czyli jak chwalić Maryję i bronić Jej godności" (Kraków 2014).
EN
Benedict XVI showed the mistery of divinization in the Christological perspective. It takes place similarly to the way two natures are united in one Person of the Son of God (the Council of Chalcedon). The way two wills (human and divine) are united in one in Christ is a condition and model of communion of God’s will and a man’s one (the Third Council of Constantinople). The article deals with the coherence between dogmatic statements and saints as well as mistics’ experience (John of the Cross, Faustyna Kowalska, Maksymilian Kolbe). Synthesis of dogmatics and mysticism allows to better understand what theosis is and how it takes place.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
141-164
PL
Benedykt XVI pisał o uniwersalnej tęsknocie człowieka do bycia „jak Bóg”. Prarodzice wybrali samoubóstwienie zamiast przebóstwienia z łaski Bożej. Benedykt XVI ukazywał misterium przebóstwienia w perspektywie chrystologicznej. Dokonuje się ono na wzór zjednoczenia dwóch natur w jednej Osobie Syna Bo żego (sobór w Chalcedonie). Lekarstwem na fałszywe rozumienie, czym jest theosis, jest ukazanie drogi do celu: chodzi o posłuszeństwo, które wiedzie przez „bramę Krzyża”. Sposób zjednoczenia dwóch woli (ludzkiej i Boskiej) w Chrystusie jest warunkiem i modelem komunii woli człowieka i Boga (Sobór Konstantynopolitański III).
EN
Benedict XVI wrote about a man’s universal longing to be “like God”. The first parents chose self-divinization instead of divinization by God’s grace. Pope Emeritus showed the mistery of divinization in the Christological perspective. It takes place similarly to the way two natures are united in one Person of the Son of God (the Council of Chalcedon). Showing way to the goal is a remedy for false understanding of what theosis is: it is obedience that leads through “the gate of Cross”. The way two wills (human and divine) are united in one in Christ is a condition and model of communion of God’s will and a man’s one (the Third Council of Constantinople).
Teologia w Polsce
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
141-164
EN
Benedict XVI wrote about a man’s universal longing to be “like God”. The first parents chose self-divinization instead of divinization by God’s grace. Pope Emeritus showed the mistery of divinization in the Christological perspective. It takes place similarly to the way two natures are united in one Person of the Son of God (the Council of Chalcedon). Showing way to the goal is a remedy for false understanding of what theosis is: it is obedience that leads through “the gate of Cross”. The way two wills (human and divine) are united in one in Christ is a condition and model of communion of God’s will and a man’s one (the Third Council of Constantinople).
PL
Benedykt XVI pisał o uniwersalnej tęsknocie człowieka do bycia „jak Bóg”. Prarodzice wybrali samoubóstwienie zamiast przebóstwienia z łaski Bożej. Benedykt XVI ukazywał misterium przebóstwienia w perspektywie chrystologicznej. Dokonuje się ono na wzór zjednoczenia dwóch natur w jednej Osobie Syna Bożego (sobór w Chalcedonie). Lekarstwem na fałszywe rozumienie, czym jest theosis, jest ukazanie drogi do celu: chodzi o posłuszeństwo, które wiedzie przez „bramę Krzyża”. Sposób zjednoczenia dwóch woli (ludzkiej i Boskiej) w Chrystusie jest warunkiem i modelem komunii woli człowieka i Boga (Sobór Konstantynopolitański III).
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