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Oszustwo dopingowe w sporcie wyczynowym wśród kobiet w latach 1950–2017

100%
Łuczak M.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
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2018
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vol. 60
118-134
PL
Cel badań. W artykule przedstawiono zjawisko dopingu kobiet w sporcie w XX i XXI w. Wśród sportsmenek sztuczne wspomaganie wykryto w latach 50. XX w. W niektórych krajach powstał system maskowania dopingu przez władze państwowe. Doświadczenie w zakresie opracowywania i podawania leków wspomagających miały laboratoria antydopingowe, m.in. w Kreischa w NRD. Stosowanie niedozwolonych praktyk ukazano na przykładzie NRD, RFN, ZSRR, Chin, USA, Kenii i Polski. Materiał i metody. Materiał badawczy został zinterpretowany przy użyciu metod stosowanych w naukach historycznych: indukcyjnej, dedukcyjnej, komparatystycznej i analizy literatury specjalistycznej. Do sformułowania ostatecznych wniosków wykorzystano metodę syntezy. Wyniki. Praktyki dopingowe miały miejsce w wielu krajach. Od 1956 r. notuje się stosowanie wspomagania organizmów sportsmenek za pomocą testosteronu. Z czasem doszły bardziej udoskonalone niedozwolone środki oraz metody, takie jak np. doping ciążowy. Najbardziej zorganizowany doping pod kuratelą państwa miał miejsce w NRD, RFN, ZSRR, Chinach, USA, Kenii i w Polsce. Wnioski. W latach 50. XX w. zawodniczki – zwłaszcza w Związku Radzieckim – sporadycznie przyjmowały testosteron oraz steroidy anaboliczno-androgenne. Później liczba stosowanych środków dopingujących systematycznie rosła. Na większą skalę zaczęto je przyjmować dopiero w latach 70. i 80. XX w. Próbą zapanowania nad tym zjawiskiem są badania antydopingowe, jednak chęć zwycięstwa często przeważa nad zdrowym rozsądkiem.
EN
Background. The paper discusses the problem of doping in women’s sport in the 20th and 21st centuries. The use of performance-enhancing substances in female athletes was first detected in the 1950s. The governments of certain states developed a system to mask doping; anti-doping laboratories, e.g. in Kreischa in the GDR, had experience in the production and application of supporting drugs. The paper analyses the cases of drug abuse in sport in East Germany, West Germany, the Soviet Union, China, USA, Kenya, and Poland. Material and methods. The source material was interpreted with the use of historical studies methods: induction, deduction, comparison, and literature analysis. Synthesis was applied in formulating the final research conclusions. Results. Doping practices occurred in many countries. Since 1956, supporting female athletes with the use of testosterone was observed. With time, more sophisticated illegal methods were included, e.g. pregnancy doping. The most intensive state-supervised doping programs were carried out in East Germany, West Germany, the Soviet Union, China, USA, Kenya, and Poland. Conclusions. In the 1950s, testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids were sporadically used in women’s sport, especially in the Soviet Union. Then, the number of doping drugs systematically increased; they were administered on an almost regular basis in the 1970s and 1980s. Anti-doping tests are an attempt to overcome the phenomenon; however, the thirst for victory often defies common sense.
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Wiedza i postawy trenerów w zakresie dopingu i przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku w sporcie

100%
Sas-Nowosielski K., Szóstak W.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
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2016
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vol. 55
77-83
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to establish the attitudes and knowledge of sports coaches with reference to doping and anti-doping policies. Material and methods. The study included 100 coaches representing 11 disciplines. They filled in an anonymous question­naire assessing their knowledge of and attitudes toward doping. Results. The coaches’ overall anti-doping attitude is positive and quite strong (M = 4.55, SD = 0.65). The strongest partial attitude was toward sanctions for breaking anti-doping rules (M = 5.35, SD = 0.91), the weakest – toward the possibility of succeeding without doping (M = 3.92, SD = 1.35). In the three categories of knowledge items, the percentage of correct responses were similar: 54.17% for athletes’ rights and duties, 53.57% for doping control procedures, and 53.33% for banned performance-enhancing drugs. The main sources of information for coaches were the Internet and television. Conclusions. The anti-doping attitudes of coaches are positive but it seems necessary to increase their knowledge, especially with planned educatio­nal programs.
3
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Zdrowotne oraz społeczno-etyczne aspekty sportu w nauczaniu Jana Pawła II

94%
Zaremba W.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2007
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vol. 24
299-309
EN
John Paul II judged that sport has great meaning in human life. To make sport available among men to teach them the values like: loyalty, persistence, friendship, community whether solidarity. Sport can also offe valuable contribution in peaceful agreement between nations as well as contribute to fixation in world of new civilization of love. John Paul II showed also how important is fair play in sport. Pope John Paul II worned of the dangers in sport. Warned from the obsession of profit and comercjalization from the best results in sport cost them their health through doping even whether use of different of prohibited methods. Athletes especially the most famous become patterns for youth, therefore should remember about this, to they unreeled at me human features also and spiritual stately to imitation. Every sport contests should deliver entertainment and one should eliminate violence which prejudices great traditional sport foundations. Sport can not be only aim, but it has to be to man's universal development values on attention deserve first of all. Man in sport should grow up spiritually, intellectually, morally and socially. Sport should be able to carry joy and to enrich man in every respect.
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Doping – problem nieświadomego społeczeństwa i polityki międzynarodowej państw

94%
Pepłowska A.
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
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2022
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vol. 21
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issue 1
231-245
EN
The definition of doping in the World Anti-Doping Code is an important instrument of international politics. While implications are obvious for the professional athletes participating in Olympic Games, they remain vague for the broader society – the followers of the Olympic struggles. The article is an attempt to indicate the problem faced by society, international institutions and states, trying to pursue an effective anti-doping policy. It presents a comprehensive description of one of the largest doping scandals with the participation of the Russian authorities in 2013–2014 and the results of the author’s research on society’s knowledge of doping in sports. Public awareness of banned substances and methods may turn out to be crucial while assessing the actions of governments and international institutions. Society may have insufficient knowledge about doping and may be unaware of its role in politics on an international scale. An ani-doping policy is a part of state policy, so it impacts the way of benefiting physical culture which is one of the areas creating the public sector.
5
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Rola argininy w organizmie człowieka

84%
Zdrojewicz Z., Winiarski J., Popowicz E., Szyca M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy
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2019
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issue 1(30)
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie roli argininy w organizmie człowieka. Arginina jest aminokwasem względnie egzogennym, co oznacza, że pomimo tego, iż jest produkowana w ludzkim ciele, to dostarczanie jej wraz z pożywieniem jest równie ważne dla zachowania homeostazy organizmu. Główne źródło argininy w diecie stanowią mięso i owoce morza. Aminokwas ten jest syntezowany w czasie cyklu mocznikowego w wątrobie, a także w nerkach. Bierze udział między innymi w wytwarzaniu tlenku azotu, który jest czynnikiem rozszerzającym naczynia. Liczne prace wskazują również na skuteczność suplementacji argininą w zaburzeniach erekcji. Udział argininy w tej reakcji przyczynił się do zainteresowania wielu badaczy. Dowiedziono, że oprócz powszechnie znanego zastosowania argininy jako leku wspomagającego wątrobę w usuwaniu z organizmu amoniaku, odpowiednia suplementacja tego aminokwasu ma pozytywny wpływ na poprawę wartości ciśnienia tętniczego indukowanego ciążą, nadciśnienia płucnego oraz wyrównanie niewydolności nerek, cukrzycy, jaskry, gojenia się ran i profilaktykę udarów mózgu. Uważa się, że stężenie argininy wpływa na rozwój chorób neurodegeneracyjnych postępujących z wiekiem. Aminokwas ten jest też środkiem chętnie stosowanym przez sportowców w celu poprawienia wydolności organizmu. Jednak przeprowadzone do tej pory badania nie potwierdzają jego pozytywnego wpływu w tym zakresie.
EN
The aim of this study is to show the role of arginine in the human body. Arginine is a relatively exogenous amino acid, which means that, although it is produced in the hu- Zygmunt Zdrojewicz, Jacek Winiarski, Ewa Popowicz, Marta Szyca… 171 man body, supplying it with food is equally important for maintaining homeostasis of the body. The main source of arginine in the diet is meat and seafood. This amino acid is synthesized during the urea cycle in the liver as well as in the kidneys. It is involved, among other processes, in the production of nitric oxide, which is a vasodilator. Numerous studies also indicate the efficacy of arginine supplementation in erectile dysfunction. The contribution of arginine in this reaction has generated interest from many researchers. It has been proven that in addition to the well-known use of arginine as a drug contributing to the removal of ammonia from the body, adequate supplementation of this amino acid has a positive effect on the improvement of pregnancy-induced hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal failure, diabetes, glaucoma, wound healing and stroke prevention. It is believed that the concentration of arginine affects the development of neurodegenerative diseases progressing with age. This amino acid is also willingly used by athletes to improve the efficiency of the body. However, the studies carried out so far do not confirm its positive impact in this respect
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The Ethical Context of Justifying Anti-Doping Attitudes: Critical Reflections

83%
Kosiewicz J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2011
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vol. 53
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issue 1
76-92
EN
The reflections presented in the paper are not normative (in general, it can be said, that they do not create moral values and demands). The presented reflections particularly stress the sense, essence, meaning, and identity of sport in the context of moral demands. A disquisition pointing out that sports and sport-related doping can be situated beyond the moral good and evil must be considered precisely as metaethical, and leads in a consciously controversial way to fully defining the identity of sport in general, as well as the identity of particular sports disciplines.These reflections also refer to the issue concerning the identity of sports philosophy, i.e. general deliberations and specific issues concerning, for example, the factual and cognitive status of normative ethics in sport.It is impossible to overestimate the role and meaning of metaethical reflection in the context of substantiating moral demands in sports as well as in the context of practical results of expectations. This metaethical reflection not only extends self-knowledge, but also contributes to the metaphilosophy of sports. The degree of the development of self-knowledge – both the metaethics of sports and the metaphilosophy of sports – is also a very important declaration, and a sign of general maturity of the philosophy of sports (Kosiewicz 2008/2009, pp. 5-38).
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Cheating is the Name of the Game - Conventional Cheating Arguments Fail to Articulate Moral Responses to Doping

83%
Atry A., Hansson M. G., Kihlbom U.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2013
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vol. 59
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issue 1
21-32
EN
One of the most common arguments in the discussion on doping is that it represents a form of cheating. In this paper it is argued that common doping-is-cheating arguments based on notions of rule-violation and unfair advantage are inadequate, since they treat cheating as distinct from the structure and the logic of competitive sport. An alternative approach to cheating in sport as regards performance enhancement will be offered based on the ethics of participation in interpersonal relationships. This participatory perspective points towards the need to broaden our conception of agency and moral responsibility in relation to doping, beyond the notion of the individual “drug-cheat” who acts in a vacuum.
8
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The negative implications of Russia’s doping scandal on the country’s international image

83%
Kobierecka A., Kobierecki M. M.
Eastern Review
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2019
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vol. 8
161-182
EN
In December 2014, Russia was accused of developing a state-organized doping system in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The scandal resulted in many Russian athletes being banned from competing in the Olympics in Rio in 2016 and the IOC’s suspension of the Russian National Olympic Committee prior to the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. The research presented in this article aims to answer the research question of whether the doping scandal actually affected the international image of Russia. The research was conducted with the use of frame analysis of public discourse. The hypothesis to be tested states that the Russian doping scandal contributed to the intensification of a negative external image of this state.
9
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Doping in e-sports. An empirical exploration and search for sociological interpretations

82%
Jasny M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica
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2020
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issue 75
85-99
PL
Na horyzoncie badań naukowych pojawiło się nowe zjawisko – sport elektroniczny. Wiele zagadnień w jego obrębie wciąż nie doczekało się usystematyzowanej analizy. Problem stosowania sztucznych substancji lub metod w celu poprawy fizycznych możliwości człowieka najczęściej podejmuje się w kontekście dewiacji w sporcie. E-sport częściowo odzwierciedla sportową funkcjonalność, ale w zakresie dopingu i kontroli antydopingowych we współzawodnictwie w grach wideo trudno postawić granicę między tym, co dozwolone, a tym, czego nie wolno robić. Celem prezentowanej pracy jest próba rekonstrukcji społecznej oceny zjawiska dopingu w e-sporcie na podstawie postaw oraz doświadczeń sympatyków i użytkowników gier. Graczy najczęściej charakteryzuje pozytywne nastawienie do stosowania substancji stymulujących, takich jak napoje energetyzujące. Niektórzy z nich w swoim otoczeniu obserwują przypadki stosowania niedozwolonych substancji podczas rozgrywek. Sympatycy e-sportu przeważnie popierają kontrole antydopingowe wzorowane na sporcie tradycyjnym i podkreślają znaczenie strukturalnych determinantów omawianego problemu, takich jak przyzwolenie otoczenia na stosowanie zabronionych środków.
EN
Electronic sports is a new phenomenon in scientific research. Many issues within it have not been systematically analyzed. The use of artificial substances to improve human physical abilities is most often addressed in the context of deviation in sports. E-sports partially reflects sporting functionality, but in the area of doping and anti-doping control in video game competitions, it is difficult to delineate the boundary between what is allowed and what is forbidden. The aim of this work is to reconstruct the social assessment of doping in e-sports based on the attitudes and experience of fans and players. Most players accept the use of stimulants, such as energy drinks. Some of them also observe the use of prohibited substances during games. E-sports enthusiasts usually support anti-doping controls modeled on traditional sports and emphasize the importance of structural determinants of the issue, such as allowing the use of prohibited means.
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Polemika s protiargumenty Iva Jiráska vůči třem nejčastějším zdůvodněním amorálnosti "dopingu"

71%
Moudr V.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 3
401-417
EN
Ivo Jirásek, in the chapter “Doping” of his monography Philosophical Kinanthropology: The Meeting Point of Philosophy, Body and Movement (Filosofická kinantropologie: setkání filosofie, těla, a pohybu; Olomouc 2005), attempts to challenge three arguments most frequently put forward in justification of the appropriateness of banning certain substances used by some athletes to enhance their performance. Jirásek treats as invalid the argument that says performance-enhancing substances are harmful for the user, as this conflicts with a liberal emphasis on individual freedom. Apparently, the argument that the doping of some leads to the doping of others is also insufficient, because we would be denying free will to individuals and assuming that their behaviour is always conformist. It is also not enough to condemn doping as deceptive and unfair conduct, because then all other means by which athletes enhance their performance would have to be eliminated. The aim is to demonstrate the unsustainability of Jirásek´s arguments against these three frequent justifications.
DE
Im Kapitel „Doping“ seiner Monographie Philosophische Kinanthropologie: Begegnung von Philosophie, Körper und Bewegung (Filosofická kinantropologie: setkání filosofie, těla, a pohybu; Olomouc 2005) unternimmt Ivo Jirásek den Versuch, die drei Hauptargumente zu widerlegen, mit denen der Verbot bestimmter leistungssteigernder Substanzen im Sport in der Regel begründet wird. Laut Jirásek hat das Argument, Doping sei schädlich für den Anwender, keinen Bestand vor der liberalistischen Betonung der individuellen Freiheit. Unzureichend ist seiner Ansicht nach auch das Argument, Doping bei den Einen führe zu Doping bei weiteren Sportlern, da wir dann laut Jirásek den freien Willen der Einzelnen leugnen und davon ausgehen müssten, dass deren Verhalten stets absolut konform sei. Und auch die Verurteilung des Dopings als betrügerisch und ungerecht ist laut Jirásek unzureichend, da wir dann auch alle anderen Mittel beseitigen müssten, die zu unterschiedlichen (ungerechten) Leistungen von Sportlern führen. Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es, die Unhaltbarkeit der Gegenargumente Jiráseks gegen diese drei Hauptargumente nachzuweisen.
11
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Of Luck Both Epistemic and Moral in Questions of Doping and Non-Doping

71%
Kirkwood K. W.
Ethics in Progress
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 1
77-84
PL
This article is a case study of a question of possible doping and how our insights into our moral judgements about doping are subject to considerations of both moral, but more presciently, epistemic luck. The eternal ambiguity surrounding the prevalence of doping, and its impact on high-level sport make this question entirely relevant for our discussions about the ethics of performanceenhancement in sport.
12
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Sportwunderland DDR – powstanie i upadek sportowego mocarstwa

71%
Wojtaszyn D.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2016
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issue 4(361)
135-151
EN
The German Democratic republic, despite limited economic and demographic opportunities, achieved an incredible success in sports, becoming in the second half of the 20th century a real sports superpower. Competition at the international level, especially the Olympic Games were arenas for the presentation of the country’s supremacy in sport, on account of which it began to be called "Sportwunderland". The article attempts to identify the most important components of the sport success of the GDR - institutional structures and implementation of the achievements of science in sport, together with the pathological use of prohibited pharmacological assistance, as well as methods of acquiring and selecting outstanding sportspersons. In addition, the article provides an analysis of the situation of East German sport after the unification of Germany and discusses ways of dealing with the dark sides of its past.
13
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Wpływ domieszkowania halogenkami metali alkalicznych na właściwości warstw perowskitowych w ogniwach słonecznych

60%
Szwanda A., Starowicz Z., Janicki J., Fryczkowski R.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
|
2023
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vol. 6(26)
66-78
EN
Perovskite cells are a new generation of solar cells that have gained significant attention in the field of photovoltaics due to their unique properties and potential benefits. Perovskites are a class of materials that have a characteristic crystal structure known as the perovskite structure. The typical chemical formula of perovskite is ABX3, where 'A' and 'B' are cations that differ in size, and 'X' is an anion, most often halogen. Doping with alkali metals in perovskite materials has shown a significant improvement in the efficiency of the solar cell, which is confirmed by numerous scientific studies. The addition of rubidium bromide and other alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium and potassium, affects the microstructure, electronic and optical properties of perovskites, which is crucial for the efficiency and stability of solar cells. The paper presents research results on doping with alkali metals for inorganic perovskite cells based on CsPbBr3. The process of doping with alkali metals was carried out in various stages of creating a Perovskite cell. The work presents the influence of the dopant on the structure of the perovskite and the obtained cell, as well as its optical and electrical properties. The conducted research indicates a positive effect of the addition of rubidium bromide, both in the phase of creating the lead bromide layer and during the application of cesium bromide. The most promising is the admixture of 9% rubidium bromide in the cesium bromide layer. In this way, the applied dopant is located in the perovskite structure, changing its optical and electrical properties.
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O proměnách a ambicích Rozhodčího soudu pro sport (CAS) v pozici pomyslné soudní moci světového sportu:

59%
Hamerník P.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2020
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vol. 159
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issue 9
673-691
EN
This article evaluates Court of arbitration for sport (CAS) in the light of the most important recent changes, which aim to improve functioning of this tribunal and fulfill its ambition to become modern judicial branch of sport. The article is focusing on the conditions of forced arbitration at CAS in comparison with competition law and if CAS is independent arbitration tribunal. The issue is that CAS is still under governance by International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS), controlled by sports associations in monopoly position. The same topic emerges in relation to European Convention of human rights in connection with Claudia Pechstein saga. Newly established first-instance Antidoping division of CAS is also presented in the article. After that follows evaluation of alternatives for resolving cases according to ex aequo at bono. CAS is now evidently at a crossroad, and the question is, which way it is going to be directed. CAS is simply different than regular commercial arbitration. The conclusion of the article offers some alternatives how to improve CAS. Functioning of CAS deserves more attention not only by sports community but also by States because powers of CAS overlap private sector into public sphere.
CS
Tento článek hodnotí Rozhodčí soud pro sport (CAS) ve světle nedávných nejdůležitějších strukturálních změn, které mají zlepšit fungování tohoto tribunálu a naplnit jeho ambice být moderní soudní mocí sportovního sektoru. Ve světle práva hospodářské soutěže se nejprve zaměřuje na podmínky, za jakých mohou sportovní asociace nutit sportovce k arbitráži CAS na úkor řádných soudů, a na to zda je CAS nezávislým rozhodčím tribunálem. CAS je totiž nadále ovládán představiteli sportovních asociací, které jsou v monopolní pozici a prostřednictvím Mezinárodní rady pro sportovní arbitráž (ICAS) mají vliv na správu CAS. Ve stejném duchu článek zkoumá CAS ve světle Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv v souvislosti se ságou Claudie Pechsteinové. Řešena je též nově vzniklá Antidopingová sekce CAS. Následuje úvaha nad možným uplatněním rozhodování dle principů spravedlnosti ex aequo et bono. CAS se nicméně nadále nachází na křižovatce, jakým směrem se bude ubírat jeho organizace. CAS je prostě jiný, než běžná obchodní arbitráž. V závěru článku jsou uvedena některá kriticky laděná doporučení, jak CAS vylepšit. Nejen sportovní hnutí, ale také státy by se měly začít více zajímat o fungování CAS, jelikož jeho pravomoci přesahují soukromý sektor.
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