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EN
Based on selected works by Kornel Filipowicz, the article presents the writer’s reflection on the absurdity of the world in relation to Albert Camus’s literary and philosophical concept. The article has been divided into ve entitled parts, of which the rst one is an introduction to the article, and the last one is its conclusion. In Disintegration of the World two short stories by Filipowicz are presented, in which the theme of absurdity appears. According to the article’s author, they can refer to the idea of absurdity by Albert Camus. The part: Mapping the absurd uses the examples of Camus’s essays and Filipowicz’s stories to outline the ontic status of the absurd that both writers give. The next subsection, Two Sides of the Same, juxtaposes the reflections contained in one of Filipowicz’s short stories and Camus’s early parable, directing attention to both thinkers’ understanding of the idea of the absurd. In the Blind Men, the context of Pieter Bruegel’s painting „The Blind Leading the Blind” additionally appears in order to emphasise Filipowicz’s reflection on the existence of two opposing epiphanies in the world at the same time – absurdity and sense. The article closes Doxographical landscape with absurdity in the background. According to the author’s findings, the absurd in Filipowicz’s work appears in the doxographical impressions of his characters and is an expression of the subjectivity of human experience.
EN
Text is conceived on the model of the puzzle, because as in the time of their first laying each element should be turned face-up and properly perceive it to fit into a whole, so each term of the Bourdieu’s social theory will first be discussed separately and then complete into a larger whole through issues related to the treatment of people with autism. This article is an attempt to reinterpret the category of symbolic violence in relation to the rehabilitation of autistic people, theoretical proposition in the study of this process.
EN
The analysis is part of research on communication, especially the one concerning informative media strategy. It is responsible for creating semiotic-discursive construction of reality. Media undertake social discussion, which often leads to relativization of socio-cultural values in society. As a result, some concepts devaluate while others undergo social valuation. Doxa as the basis of social perception continues to be discussed and in some cases particular categorical imperatives are subject to the process of abolishing the taboo or quite the opposite. Such discussion is necessary firstly because of principles which regulate functioning of mass society and secondly because of ideas valued as paradigms of democratic behaviours. The analysis is limited to a number of euphemistic uses in French and Polish informative media. Its purpose is to find out whether euphemistic denominations influence creating particular social attitudes and whether they play a role in creating social identity. The above mentioned problem is directly connected with the phenomenon of information mediatisation in democratic societies. It is closely related to research on the area ideologisation because media create particular images of social reality. The analysis is also embedded in the context of social cognition, mainly by the aspect of appraisal and doxa.
FR
L’article présente quelques éléments de réflexion susceptibles de contribuer au développement d’une étude sur la portée sociale de l’euphémisation à l’exemple du discours médiatique. L’analyse porte sur quelques emplois euphémiques présents dans la presse française et polonaise (presse magazine et presse d’information générale) et doit répondre aux questions suivantes : les dénomina­tions euphémiques auxquelles les agents médiatiques ont recours provoquent-elles l’instauration de nouvelles attitudes sociales, le changement des stéréotypes ou l’évolution dans les schèmes perceptifs ? Finalement, sont-elles importantes dans la création de l’identité sociale ? Le problème sera discuté d’abord dans le contexte de la doxa propre aux comportements des consommateurs (à l’exemple de la presse féminine) et ensuite, de celle qui est due à la citoyenneté contemporaine (à l’exemple de la presse d’information générale). Dans le second cas, il s’agit de l’emploi des dénominations désignant le statut matrimonial des personnes non mariées. On s’inspire de l’étude faite par Bonhomme et Horak (2009), selon laquelle l’euphémisation s’opère sur le contenu doxal propre à une société.
EN
By analyzing a variety of samples of the digital discourse on the French presidential couple, the aim of this article is to determine how certain stereotypes concerning intergenerational love are invoked in order to argue against the policy of Emmanuel Macron. Couples with a significant age difference in favor of women violate current doxa, because the relationship where the man is older is “normal” or “imaginable”. The Macrons are thus stigmatized and become the target of discriminatory discourse which mainly attacks the president’s wife because of her age and physical appearance. The thesis is that the mentioned stereotypes are mobilized for ad personam argumentation which aims to discredit the President of the Republic. The “anti-doxic” character of his relationship with Brigitte, put in the foreground by his antagonists, acts as an instrument of delegitimization of his person and, in the process, of his policy. In the analyzed case, the ad personam argumentation is carried out in a very peculiar way that one could call ad hoc an “ad coniugem” argumentation.
FR
En analysant quelques échantillons du discours numérique sur le couple présidentiel français, cet article a pour objectif de déterminer comment certains stéréotypes concernant l’amour intergénérationnel sont convoqués de manière à argumenter contre la politique d’Emmanuel Macron. Les couples où la femme est bien plus âgée que son partenaire s’opposent à la doxa ambiante qui tient pour naturelle une relation où c’est le contraire. Les époux Macron sont ainsi stigmatisés et deviennent la cible de discours discriminants visant principalement Brigitte Macron, attaquée pour son âge et son physique. La thèse est que le recours aux stéréotypes relève d’une argumentation ad personam qui a pour but de discréditer le président de la République. Le caractère « anti-doxique » de sa relation avec Brigitte, mis au premier plan par ses antagonistes, agit comme un instrument de délégitimation de sa personne et, chemin faisant, de sa politique. Dans le cas analysé, l’argumentation ad personam s’effectue à travers une démarche toute singulière que l’on pourrait appeler ad hoc une argumentation « ad coniugem ».
EN
The article aims at revealing the historical reinterpretations of one of social sciences’ key concepts, namely that of ideology. Referring to the analyses of Étienne Balibar and Jacques Derrida, it tries, firstly, to clarify the main moments of the Marxian concept of ideology. In Karl Marx’s view ideology is an expression of the social deformations of consciousness in class divided bourgeois society, while in the works of his disciples, among others Louis Althusser, the ideological phenomenon is generalized and con-ceived of as a basic principle of all human practice and as a necessary condition for the social integration of individuals. Moving still further form Marx, Pierre Bourdieu deep-ens Louis Althusser’s line of interpretation and abandons the very concept of ideology substituting for it the concepts of “doxa,” which does not bind human sociality to con-sciousness, but to corporeal dispositions. Unlike ideology, doxa is not just an effect of an already constituted social reality, but rather a principle of its constitution, and, there-fore, a principle of constitution of social domination as well.
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Idee i ideaty

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EN
The original view of Joseph Życiński, presented in his book The Structure of the Metascientific Revolution (1988), boils down to the observation that almost before our eyes a great revolution took place, not in science, but in the philosophy of science, that is the meta-scientific revolution. His concept of the meta-scientific revolution grew out of his fascination with the revolution that took place in the foundations of mathematics in the first decades of the twentieth century. Whether a change in science deserves to be called a revolution is determined by whether the transformations it underwent also reached the meta-level. The set of presuppositions underlying transformations on the meta-level Życiński calls ideata. One of the aims of this article is to critically reconstruct the meaning of this term. The action of Życiński’s book takes place mainly on meta-level, but the meta-level constantly interacts with what is happening in science itself. The book sometimes makes an impression as if it were a study of the history of science, but history of science in a specific sense – something like a “sampling” of history with numerous examples. Among the creations of human thought, it is difficult to point to an area that changes more dynamically than science itself, but looking at it from a meta-perspective allows us to grasp those of its features that operate on a much broader scale.
PL
W niniejszym artykule dokonuję próby analizy dyskursu sądowego poświęconego osobom homoseksualnym w świetle dyspozycji art. 18 Konstytucji. Celem pokazania tego jak w dyskursie sądowym dochodzi do reprodukcji nierównego traktowania osób homoseksualnych analizuje wybrane orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, Sądu Najwyższego oraz sądów administracyjnych. Na poziomie metodologicznym odwołuje się do Krytycznej Analizy Dyskursu. W konsekwencji analiza orzeczeń służy identyfikacji manewrów lingwistycznych, które umożliwiają reprodukcję nierównego traktowania osób homoseksualnych i w rezultacie, analiza ta ma miejsce pod kątem takich pojęć jak interpelacja (Althusser), ideologia (Žižek), doksa, czy habitus (Bourdieu). W pierwszej części przybliżam przedmiot rozprawy, oraz w ograniczonym zakresie opisuję stosunek prawa do homoseksualizmu w Europie w perspektywie historycznej. W drugiej części przybliżam genezę art. 18, na którego ostateczny kształt mieli główny wpływ politycy związani z Kościołem Katolickim. Następnie streszczam komentarze poświęcone art. 18, celem zobrazowania jak przepis ten odbierany jest w doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego. W finalnej części przytaczam fragmenty wybranych orzeczeń Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, Sądu Najwyższego oraz sądów administracyjnych. Jednym z celów tej części jest zidentyfikowanie sposobów myślenia, które umożliwiają osiągnięcie takiej wykładni art. 18 by z zakresu podmiotowego uprawnień przewidzianych dla niesformalizowanych związków wykluczyć osoby homoseksualne. Okazuje się, że błędy te sprowadzają się do bezrefleksyjnego odwoływania się do utrwalonej linii orzeczniczej, nieuzasadnionego odstępowania od wykładni językowej, czy opierania wykładni na różnego rodzaju przemilczeniach oraz kontrfaktycznych założeniach. Ten powszechny sposób interpretowania określam za Pierrem Bourdieu, za pomocą pojęcia doksy. Jej źródło upatruje w doktrynie katolickiej, zakładającej nienaturalność zachowań homoseksualnych i podporządkowanie ludzkiej seksualności celom prokreacji. Artykuł zamyka konkluzja, iż zdemaskowanie założeń aksjologicznych stojących za odczytaniem analizowanego przepisu zmieniłoby zasadniczo charakter dyskusji dotyczącej sytuacji prawnej osób homoseksualnych i być może doprowadziłoby do rychłego roztoczenia opieki ustawodawcy na związki homoseksualne. Jednocześnie wyrażam przekonanie, że zdanie sobie sprawy z konfliktu wartości i jego wyartykułowanie, czyniłoby zadość wymogom demokracji deliberatywnej czerpiącej z teorii komunikacyjnej Jürgena Habermasa, zachęcając przy tym członków społeczeństwa do włączania się w proces dyskursywnego negocjowania realiów społecznych.
EN
In this paper, I make an attempt to conduct a critical analysis of judicial discourse devoted to the situation of homosexual persons in the light of Article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. In order to show how unequal treatment of homosexuals is being reproduced, I analyze selected rulings of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, Supreme Court and administrative courts. On the methodological level I refer to the Critical Discourse Analysis. In the result, the analysis of chosen rulings is conducted in the attempt to spot linguistic maneuvers leading to the reproduction of unequal treatment of homosexuals. Thus, in the course of this analysis I apply such notions as interpellation (Althusser), ideology (Žižek), doxa and habitus (Bourdieu). On the whole, I argue that the flawed interpretation of Article 18 is the result of referring to established judicial standpoint, illegitimate departures from linguistic interpretation, or many kinds of concealment and counterfactual premises. The origins of doxa that is the basis of such practice, might be seen in the Catholic doctrine which is based on the assumption of unnatural character of homosexuality and subordination of human sexuality to aims of procreation. In the end, I come to the conclusion that unmasking of axiological presuppositions underlying interpretation of the analyzed provision would fundamentally change the character of discussion devoted to the legal situation of homosexuals, satisfying Habermasian standards of deliberative democracy, and it might eventually lead to recognition of one-sex relations by legislator.
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