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Dandyzm i pojedynek. Jeszcze o „sprawie honorowej” pomiędzy Słowackim i Krasińskim

100%
Piechota M.
Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne
|
2015
|
issue 1(6)
69-89
EN
Common conceptions of the Enlightenment and the Romanticism lead to a hypothesis that the Romantics should stand in opposition to such archaic remnants of chivalric epic as duels. However, in Słowacki’s correspondence with his family upon his arrival to Paris, we see accounts of “continuous duels”, extremely popular with our immigrants. Dandism, along with duels, is the second main topic of his letters, which supports the claim that Słowacki was not a litigious person, light-heartedly challenging to a duel Mickiewicz or Krasiński, depending on which of the two great men of his time offended him more. Occasionally, a less distinguished person, a journalist (Ropelewski) was designated to represent either of the poets. Słowacki the dandy, relates duels in his correspondence and strictly literary texts. Luckily to himself, his seconds in duels adopted the attitude of priest Marek from the drama Ksiądz Marek, and not the attitude of the second from a digressional poem about Beniowski. Słowacki himself as a second, at least in the duel between Józef Zienkowicz and Adam Kołyska, leaned towards the first attitude.
FR
Les opinions courantes sur le Siècle des Lumières et le romantisme incitent à accepter l’hypothèse que les romantiques devraient s’opposer aux restes de l’éthos chevaleresque – anachronique à leur époque – auxquels appartenaient les duels. Toutefois, parmi les sujets abordés dans la correspondance de Słowacki avec sa famille, juste après l’arrivée du poète à Paris, on trouve des « duels continus » qui étaient extrêmement populaires parmi nos émigrés. À côté du thème de duels, on en distingue un autre, c’est-à-dire celui du dandysme. C’est un argument convaincant qui laisse constater que Słowacki n’était point un procédurier appelant avec légèreté en duel tantôt Mickiewicz, tantôt Krasiński selon les circonstances, c’est-à-dire selon la façon dont l’un ou l’autre l’ont offensé. Il arrivait que – dans un duel avec Słowacki – l’un de ces poètes était substitué par un homme moins connu, par exemple par un journaliste (Ropelewski). Słowacki le dandy abordait la question des duels dans sa correspondance et dans les textes strictement littéraires. Il avait assez de chance que, dans ses propres affaires d’honneur, les seconds choisissaient l’attitude du prêtre Marc du drame Ksiądz Marek, et non celle d’un second du poème sur Beniowski. Słowacki lui-même en tant que second, du moins dans un duel de Józef Zienkowicz avec Adam Kołyska, penchait pour la première attitude.
2

Fighting in the Fightschools late XVth, early XVIth century

99%
Jaquet D.
Acta Periodica Duellatorum
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2013
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vol. 1
|
issue 1
47-66
EN
This article discusses the role played by Fightmaster (master-at-arms, Schirm- or Fechtmeister ) in the Fightschools (Fechtschulen ) taking place in the swiss cities at the end of the middle ages. The strong link between these lessstudied events and the practice of martial arts according to the technical literature (Fechtbücher) will be examined, as well as the figure of the Fightmaster. By collecting references out of normative documents regarding those events, it is possible to sketch both the fighting praxis inside the fightschools and the expertise of the Fightmaster in relation with the town’s authorities. Doing so, the questions of the professional performances, the reputation and the representation of the Fightmaster will be addressed. This approach will be illustrated by the case study of a master at arms, Peter Switzer.
3
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Экстремальный аргумент в неосуществленном споре (А. Чехов „Дуэль”)

71%
Шелогурова Г., Русский учебный центр МС – Международное сотрудничество М.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica
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2015
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vol. 08
RU
Феномен дуэли в одноименной повести Чехова рассматривется в контексте осмысления писателем одной из базовых моделей русской культуры на фоне сложившейся в течение XIX века литературной традиции. Кардинальное переосмысление последней в данном произведении анализируется с опорой на специфику диалога в творчестве писателя, что позволяет интерпретировать дуэль как показательный элемент «бесконтактного» спора, не имеющего перспективы разрешения.
EN
The paper presents an attempt to interpret the duel in Chekhov’s novella as an argument of the implicit controversy. From this point of view the reason declared by Von Koren (a clash of ideas) is corresponding with plot and seems to be false. The author tries to prove that personal categories (envy, hate) are more significant in the particular type of conflict described by Chekhov.
4
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Pojedynki władców: zagadnienie komunikacji rytualnej

71%
Tafiłowski P.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
|
2016
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vol. 15
|
issue 2
81-101
EN
The paper seeks to explain the significance of the phenomenon, which were the duels of monarchs. They appear to be best understood if analyzed in the context of ritual communication. Challenges to monarchs to fight a duel, although none actually took place, were widespread gestures from antiquity to the modern times. They are known from many documented, literary (Iliad) and iconographic sources and also from chronicles. It appears, however, that historians have not so far devoted proper attention to them and failed to correctly interpret this problem and explain it adequately. The present study is an attempt to look at the subject from a new angle.
PL
W tekście podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia znaczenia zjawiska, jakim były pojedynki władców. Wydaje się, że najlepiej zrozumieć je można, umieszczając je w kontekście komunikacji rytualnej. Wezwania do pojedynków władców, choć faktycznie nigdy żaden się nie odbył, były gestami rozpowszechnionymi od starożytności aż do czasów nowożytnych. Znamy je z licznych źródeł dokumentowych, literackich (Iliada) oraz ikonograficznych, a także z kronik. Wydaje się jednak, że dotychczas historycy nie poświęcili im należytej uwagi i nie zdołali tego zagadnienia prawidłowo odczytać oraz należycie wyjaśnić. Próba nowego spojrzenia na tę tematykę podjęta została w prezentowanym artykule.
5
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The Inheritance of the Little Dragon: Contributions to the Concept of the Combat Duel in the Work of Bruce Lee

71%
Rodriguez-Sanchez A. R.
Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
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2019
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vol. 19
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issue 4
22-25
EN
Background and Aim. This work constitutes an approach, through the work of Bruce Lee, to the concept of the combat duel, its characteristics and training in it. Methods. Using the case study research strategy, a sample consisting of the official up-to- date bibliography Bruce Lee was selected, to which the content analysis technique was applied with the help of MaxQDA v.11 software. Results. After an analysis of the sample and applying a coding technique in two cycles, the constitution of four main codes was determined: Duel (where the general conditions under which it occurs and develops into a self-defense oriented confrontation, and how martial arts face this situation are explained, and his proposal through Jeet Kune Do); type of duel (where single or out-numbered opponent situations, and well- illustrated concrete actions by means of technical demonstration, are proposed); terms of confrontation (in which confrontational situations, that differ from the standing start in contactless or aggression bouts which exist with the use of a weapon, are encoded); and training (where the materials and protection that were used by Bruce Lee are studied, approaching the situation as close as possible to a real confrontation). Conclusions. From the results obtained, it is concluded that Bruce Lee understood combat as a process of non-sportive individual confrontation, where martial arts were constituted as intervention tools and for which he formulated his own alternative paradigm which he called Jeet Kune Do.
PL
Tło i cel. Praca ta stanowi podejście, poprzez dokonania Bruce’a Lee, do koncepcji pojedynku bojowego, jego cech i przeszkolenia. Metody. Wykorzystując strategię badania przypadku, wybrano przykładowy fragment z oficjalnej, aktualnej bibliografii Bruce’a Lee oraz zastosowano technikę analizy treści za pomocą oprogramowania MaxQDA v.11. Wyniki. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy materiału przykładowego i zastosowaniu techniki kodowania w dwóch cyklach określono skład czterech głównych kodów: pojedynek (gdzie ogólne warunki, w jakich ma miejsce i rozwija się w konfrontację zorientowaną na obronę i jak sztuki walki odnoszące się do tej sytuacji, są wyjaśnione poprzez Jeet Kune Do); typ pojedynku (gdzie proponowane są sytuacje z pojedyńczym lub wieloma przeciwnikami oraz dobrze zilustrowane za pomocą technicznej demonstracji konkretne działania); warunki konfrontacji (w których zakodowane są sytuacje konfrontacyjne, które różnią się od sytuacji wyjściowej w walkach bezkontaktowych lub ofensywnych, istniejących przy użyciu broni); oraz szkolenie (gdzie badane są materiały i techniki obrony wykorzystywane przez Bruce’a Lee, zbliżające się maksymalnie do sytuacji podobnej do prawdziwej konfrontacji). Wnioski. Z uzyskanych wyników wynika, że Bruce Lee rozumiał walkę jako proces niesportowej konfrontacji indywidualnej, gdzie sztuki walki stanowiły narzędzia interwencji i dla których sformułował swój alternatywny paradygmat, który nazwał Jeet Kune Do.
6

Literackie wyobrażenia pojedynków oraz sądów honorowych, obywatelskich i polubownych na ziemiach polskich w XIX i na początku XX w.

57%
Janicka D.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
|
2014
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vol. 7
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issue 4
573–592
EN
The present contribution depicts the specific forms of settling disputes on the Polish territories in the 19th and early 20th century as formed in the selected pieces of belles-lettres. The specific settling of disputes assumed above all the form of duels accompanied by honorary negotiations. To reach similar objective to so called courts of honour were employed as well as so called citizens’ courts that passed judgements on infamy of the Poles blamed for being dishonest in public affairs. Likewise, the arbitration courts were resorted to. They applied out-of-courts settlements of private disputes. The duels the honorary negotiations that were bound with them or the courts of honour were the most frequent literary motifs. At first the Polish writers, such as Ferdynand Chotomski and Edward Lubawski, depicted them in a satirical tone. However, Bolesław Prus created realistic images of duels, as well as Stefan Żeromski, who presented a true description of the citizens’ court. Kornel Makuszyński, in his turn, created a model image of the arbitration court. The detailed analysis made in the present contribution allow for the conclusion that literary texts can make up an interesting and valuable source in the research of legal historian.
7
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Pojedynek Béli I z księciem „Pomorza” – prawda historyczna czy fikcja literacka? Analiza narratologiczno-komparatystyczna rozdziału 79 Chronicon pictum oraz relacji Gesta Hungarorum

57%
Stachowicz M.
Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne
|
2023
|
vol. 15
23-54
DE
Der Artikel ist eine narratologische Analyse des 79. Kapitels von Chronicon pictum und des 52. Kapitels von Gesta Hungarorum, welche dem Duell zwischen dem ungarischen Herzog Béla und dem pommerschen Herrscher gewidmet sind. Der Autor spricht sich für ein symbolisches Verständnis der im Artikel behandelten Szene aus. Damit stellt er sowohl die Historizität des Duells als auch des Krieges gegen Pommern selbst in Frage. Er verwirft die Ansicht, dass es sich bei der Darstellung von Mieszko um einen konkreten Herrscher Polens handelt, und interpretiert diese als Archetyp der gesamten Dynastie der Piasten. Anschließend erfolgt eine vergleichende Analyse des Zweikampfes, indem der Text von Chronicon pictum anderen erzählenden Quellen aus der Epoche gegenübergestellt wird. Ferner wird im Artikel auf die Parallelen zwischen dem Inhalt des betreffenden Kapitels und literarischen Mitteln hingewiesen, die aus Werken der Gattung der Chansons de geste bekannt sind, wie z. B. Geschichte von der edlen und schönen Melusina. Der Autor kommt zum Schluss, dass sich die Szene in das literarische Motiv des vertriebenen Herzogs einfügt, der in der Verbannung das fremde Reich rettet, indem er die heidnischen Angreifer besiegt. Der Herzog bestätigt durch diese Tat, dass er der Macht, die er schließlich erlangt, würdig ist.
EN
The paper is a narratological analysis of the 79th chapter of the Hungarian Chronicon pictum and the 52nd Chapter of Gesta Hungarorum, which describe a duel between the Hungarian prince Béla and the Pomeranian prince. The author opts for a symbolic interpretation of both the aforementioned chapters. He casts doubt on the historicity of the duel. He suggests that the figure of Mieszko, mentioned in the chronicles, was not an actual, historical ruler of Poland. According to the author’s interpretation, Mieszko was only an embodiment of the Piast dynasty and all rulers of Poland. Next, the author compares the duel scene with the duel scenes in contemporary narrative sources. He concludes that this scene fits into the literary motif of an exiled prince who, being in exile in a foreign kingdom, saves it by defeating the army of a pagan invader. He stated that this scene fits into the literary motif of an exiled prince who, being in exile in a foreign kingdom, saves it by defeating the army of a pagan invader.
PL
Artykuł jest analizą narratologiczną rozdziału 79 Chronicon pictum oraz rozdziału 52 Gesta Hungarorum, poświęconych scenie pojedynku pomiędzy węgierskim księciem Bélą a pomorskim władcą. Autor opowiedział się za symbolicznym rozumieniem omawianej w artykule sceny. Tym samym podał w wątpliwość historyczność pojedynku, jak i samej wojny z Pomorzanami. Odrzucił pogląd, że postać Mieszka przedstawia konkretnego władcę Polski, a zinterpretował ją jako archetyp całej dynastii Piastów. Następnie przeprowadził analizę porównawczą omawianej sceny pojedynku, zestawiając tekst Chronicon pictum z innymi źródłami narracyjnymi z epoki. W swoim artykule zwrócił uwagę na podobieństwo tego rozdziału do rozwiązań literackich znanych z utworów z gatunku chansons de geste, m.in. Historii o pięknej a szlachetnej Meluzynie. Stwierdził, że owa scena wpisuje się w motyw literacki księcia-wygnańca, który będąc na uchodźstwie w obcym królestwie, ratuje je, pokonując armię poganina-najeźdźcy. Książę potwierdza tym czynem, że jest godny władzy, którą ostatecznie obejmuje.
8

Honour and Fighting Social Advancement in the Early Modern Age

50%
Gassmann J.
Acta Periodica Duellatorum
|
2015
|
vol. 2015
|
issue 1
139-181
EN
The article considers the importance of military service in social advancement, here understood as filling the role of “prince” in feudal law and thus participating in the government of an estate, in the transition from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance or Early Modern Age. In the context of a city burgher or a petty noble or knight advancing into a government role, did honour require that the individual have experience in fighting – in war, military organisation and leadership? How did mercenaries figure? What role, if any, did Fechtmeister, Fechtbücher, Fechtschulen or Kriegsbücher play?
9
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Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie

29%
Kasperski E.
Studia Norwidiana
|
2015
|
vol. 33
51-76
EN
Norwid’s deliberations about strategy were not a very well known but important and inventive current in his thought and literary work. In his concise essay La philosophie de la guerre, in the rhapsody Fulminant and in numerous poems, poetical digressions, remarks, notes and memorials the writer defined strategy as a domain of knowledge, a kind of art and a practical skill, necessary to reach long-range historical aims, and especially – in the particular situation of the partitions of Poland and in the face of the lost uprisings – to conduct an efficient struggle for independence, ending in a success. Opposing the long-term planning and strategic actions to a war, a battle, a skirmish and short-term plots – or in one word: to “bloody episodes, “convulsive straining”, futile martyrdom and fatalities, Norwid advocated a peaceful struggle carried on incessantly and consistently, a struggle that aimed at realizing positive human values, and not selfish goals. He thought that this kind of “struggle is a normal task of Humanity” and a universal law of history; whereas bloody war – is a license and an exception, acceptable only in the situation of a “just war”, in defense of universal values that were violated.  According to this conception the writer contrasted the “soldier’s” attitude capable of he-roism first of all in everyday life and everyday work, with the “marauding soldier’s” one, taking one’s anger out on other people in aggression, violence; one greedy for blood and revenge. Hence in Norwid’s understanding it was the ability to predict and forestall events and to take precautionary measures in time that was the essence of strategy. He also connected successful strategy with working out and keeping to “a perfectly well conceived plan” that, owing to earlier preparations, concentrating the means in the right place and time, as well as to well thought out maneuvers, eliminated or reduced to a necessary minimum the use of physical force and violence towards the opponent. The basis of strategy was then formed by a long-range intellectual conception, and also by the ability to carry on struggle with various means, including also struggle “on the field of the idea” and “on the field of the word”.
10

Norwid jako strateg w kontekście rozważań o walce i wojnie

29%
Kasperski E.
Studia Norwidiana
|
2015
|
vol. 33
51-76
EN
Norwid’s deliberations about strategy were not a very well known but important and inventive current in his thought and literary work. In his concise essay La philosophie de la guerre, in the rhapsody Fulminant and in numerous poems, poetical digressions, remarks, notes and memorials the writer defined strategy as a domain of knowledge, a kind of art and a practical skill, necessary to reach long-range historical aims, and especially – in the particular situation of the partitions of Poland and in the face of the lost uprisings – to conduct an efficient struggle for independence, ending in a success. Opposing the long-term planning and strategic actions to a war, a battle, a skirmish and short-term plots – or in one word: to “bloody episodes, “convulsive straining”, futile martyrdom and fatalities, Norwid advocated a peaceful struggle carried on incessantly and consistently, a struggle that aimed at realizing positive human values, and not selfish goals. He thought that this kind of “struggle is a normal task of Humanity” and a universal law of history; whereas bloody war – is a license and an exception, acceptable only in the situation of a “just war”, in defense of universal values that were vio¬lated. According to this conception the writer contrasted the “soldier’s” attitude capable of he-roism first of all in everyday life and everyday work, with the “marauding soldier’s” one, taking one’s anger out on other people in aggression, violence; one greedy for blood and revenge. Hence in Norwid’s understanding it was the ability to predict and forestall events and to take precautionary measures in time that was the essence of strategy. He also connected successful strategy with working out and keeping to “a perfectly well conceived plan” that, owing to earlier preparations, concentrating the means in the right place and time, as well as to well thought out maneuvers, eliminated or reduced to a necessary minimum the use of physical force and violence towards the opponent. The basis of strategy was then formed by a long-range intellectual conception, and also by the ability to carry on struggle with various means, including also struggle “on the field of the idea” and “on the field of the word”.
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