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PL
Funkcje wymiany charakteryzują miasta od tysięcy lat. Przez wieki większość handlu odbywała się w obrębie rynku i jego sąsiedztwie, na którym spotykali się sprzedający z kupującymi. Jak słusznie zauważa J. Słodczyk (2012), wraz z postępem technologicznym zmienia się forma miasta. Od ponad 170 lat (od momentu gwałtownego rozwoju i wzrostu znaczenia transportu kolejowego) konkurencją dla rynków miejskich stały się w dużych miastach dworce kolejowe. Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie, które funkcje wymiany i w jakim stopniu przejęły od rynków miejskich dworce kolejowe. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie empirycznych studiów przypadku dla czterech europejskich dworców: Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles (Francja), Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Niemcy), Warszawa Centralna (Polska) i Wien Hauptbahnhof (Austria), w których zidentyfikowano retrospektywnie cechy i etapy rozwoju funkcji wymiany. Rezultaty badań pozwalają stwierdzić, że dworzec kolejowy integruje przestrzeń miejską, a nie tylko służy do wymiany podróżnych
EN
The exchange functions characterize the cities for thousands of years. Through the centuries, most of the trade has taken place within the market and its surroundings, where sellers met with buyers. As J. Słodczyk (2012) correctly pointed out, together with technology progress one can observed the structural change of the city. For more than 170 years (since the rapid development and the growing importance of rail transport) the railway stations still become competition for traditional city markets. The article aims to identify which functions of exchange and to what extent were taken by the railway stations from the city markets. The analysis was conducted on the basis of empirical case studies done for four European stations: Gare Saint-Charles (France), Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Germany), Warsaw Central (Poland) and the Hauptbahnhof Wien (Austria). The empirical data comprise stages of development of the exchange functions and their characteristics identified retrospectively. Research results allow us to conclude that the railway station in large cities integrates urban space, and is not just used for the purpose to exchange travelers
PL
Dworzec kolejowy odegrał znaczącą rolę w rozwoju urbanistycznym w XIX i na początku XX w. Po II wojnie światowej wiele oryginalnych historycznych struktur zostało wyburzonych. Kolej ustąpiła miejsca samochodom i ogromne terminale kolejowe w centrach miast stały się nieużyteczne i drogie w utrzymaniu. Wraz z pojawieniem się kolei dużych prędkości obserwujemy renesans dworców, które muszą być dostosowane do zmieniających się potrzeb. Przy jednoczesnym planowaniu połączeń kolejowych i budowaniu dworców następuje transformacja nieużytków kolejowych na nowe funkcje. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano i przeanalizowano przykładowe modernizacje śródmiejskich dworców kolejowych i terenów do nich przyległych przeprowadzone w krajach Unii Europejskiej.
EN
The railway station has played a significant role in urban development of European Cities in the 19th and early 20th century. After World War II many of the original historic structures were demolished. Railways had to give way to cars and terminus stations in the city centers became impractical and too expensive to maintain. With the development of high-speed rail, a renaissance of railway stations can be observed, in which the stations are adapted to the changing needs of passengers and transportation. A new planning approach focuses not on the station building alone, but also the surrounding areas are transformed. This article presents and analyzes selected examples of modernization projects of railway stations and adjacent downtown areas carried out in the European Union.
PL
W artykule autorzy prezentują problematykę badań społecznych jako przykład procesów pozwalających określić poziom realizacji standardów wyznaczanych przez wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne regulacje. Kumulacja wiedzy następująca w wyniku powtarzalnych lub komplementarnych procesów badawczych pozwala organizacji występować także w roli doradcy podczas tworzenia regulacji na różnych poziomach ustawodawstwa. Autorzy wskazują istotne etapy kształtowania metodologii procesów badawczych, przytaczając przykłady monitoringu satysfakcji klientów i jakości usług mających centralne znaczenie w konkurencyjności na współczesnych rynkach.
EN
The construction of the main railway station in Vienna – the biggest investment in the Austrian capital at the present time – has got two main targets. The first one is to create the central railway station which will integrate all the important lines which begin in the Viennese railway junction. The second target is to build the new district which is supposed to have many functions: residential, commercial and recreational. In spite of some technical, architectural and urbanization problems the investment, which is supposed to be finished in 2019, creates many opportunities for Vienna. At the local level a result of the investment could be a possible sprawl of the functions typical of the city centre towards the areas south of the railway station. However, it is also possible that the present service role of the Viennese city centre may decrease. Nevertheless, the most important effect of the construction of the new railway station and the neighbouring district is a chance that the role of Vienna as one of the most important metropolis in Central Europe will increase.
PL
Budowa nowego dworca głównego, będąca obecnie największą inwestycją w Wiedniu, posiada dwa zasadnicze cele: stworzenie centralnej przelotowej stacji wiążącej wszystkie najważniejsze linie wybiegające z wiedeńskiego węzła kolejowego oraz realizacje całkowicie nowej dzielnicy przydworcowej o funkcjach mieszkaniowej, usługowej i rekreacyjnej. Realizacja inwestycji, której całkowite zakończenie planowane jest na 2019 r., mimo pewnych ograniczeń natury technicznej i urbanistyczno-architektonicznej stwarza poważny impuls do rozwoju stolicy Austrii. W skali lokalnej skutkiem może być „rozlanie sie” wiedeńskiego śródmieścia na tereny na południe od dworca, choć prawdopodobny jest również pewien spadek znaczenia funkcji usługowej historycznego śródmieścia. Za najważniejszy efekt inwestycji należy jednak uznać szanse ponownego poważnego wzrostu znaczenia Wiednia jako jednej z najważniejszych metropolii Europy Środkowej.
EN
Railway station buildings, with beautiful structures and ornamentation, originating from the age-long tradition of the Polish building engineering, are well-established in our landscape. The architectural form of those railway stations is closely connected with the period of rebuilding the country after the destructions of World War I. The creative solutions of architects at that time, that included forms of so-called country style, now referred to as national or manor house ones, supported the reviving Polish state and were connected with a search for roots of own identity and the elimination of cultural traces of the occupant states. The railways, functioning in the period of partitions of Poland, were destroyed during military activities. The state of railway infrastructure in the reviving Poland was catastrophic. The end of the period of partitions and the turmoil of war was followed by the time of freedom and euphoria. The rebuilding of state structures of the country was undertaken immediately. In order to maintain and use the existing railway lines and build new ones, the Railway Routes Division was established within the Warsaw Railway Directorate. The design works connected with rebuilding the railway stations were performed in the architectural section of the Railway Routes Division and managed by Bronisław Brochwicz-Rogoyski, an experienced architect, whilst his deputies were Romuald Miller and Józef Wołkanowski. The design study, arranged by Rogoyski and Miller within the architectural section, faced various problems regarding reconstruction of railway stations, like a lack of archival technical files of the former railway buildings and, at the same time, due to the poor financial condition of the country after the war, a necessity to use the walls which had survived. Finally, two solutions were adopted at rebuilding railway station buildings: either their previous architectural form was restored with certain functional modifications or completely new buildings were designed, sometimes using the walls which had survived. In the latter case, the structures were reconstructed using the so-called country style. As early as in March 1920, there were reports in the press on first completed investments. At the turn of 1921 and 1922, building works at the 12 railway stations buildings in Pruszków, Żyrardów, Grodzisk, Radziwiłłów, Skierniewice, Teresin, Modlin, Zieleniec, Urle, Biała, Chotyłów and Terespol were completed. The author of most of the designs was the architect Romuald Miller. The head of the architectural section, Bronisław Brochwicz-Rogoyski, died in 1921. His successor was Romuald Miller, who held the post until 1924. The first group of rebuilt railway structures included the railway station buildings in Pruszków, Grodzisk Mazowiecki and Żyrardów. At each of those stations, there was a building before World War I, constructed at the turn of 1870s and 1880s by the Directorate of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway. Like on other stations of that line, they were typical brick buildings. The architectural form given to them during their reconstruction after war destructions was, on the one hand, an outcome of the recommendation in the architectonic section to use the country style and, one the other hand, the “polonization” of their architecture resulted, as it seems, from the political and patriotic obligation felt by the architects personally. The railway station buildings in Pruszków, Grodzisk Mazowiecki and Żyrardów were rebuilt using the relics of their old walls. The twin buildings in Radziwiłłów and Teresin/Szymanów were built anew. The rebuilding was planned for the years 1920-1922. It should be underlined that the principle of making the architectural form of railway station buildings uniform on the Warsaw-Vienna Railway (for example, the buildings in Żyrardów, Grodzisk Mazowiecki) or the Warsaw-Terespol Railway or the Vistula River Railroad (for example, wooden buildings at the railway stations in Gąsocin, Ciechanów) was executed as early as at the beginning of functioning or, in many cases, even during the construction of those lines. At that time, however, the typization of railway station buildings resulted primarily from the intention of maximum simplification and reduction of costs of their construction. On the other hand, making the architectural form of the railway stations uniform, executed in the first years after regaining independence by Poland, was a manifestation of their designers to give their architecture a mark of vernacularity and a Polish character.
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