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XX
My text is treating about the dynamics as an element of music, which is possible to be found also in the poetic texts. It’s the new and creative theory, so all examples are very subjective and their meaning is understood only from my own prospect. In my point of view, we can indicate element of music which is dynamics (what means all changes connecting to volume), in the lyrics. The poet Stanisław Barańczak in his creativity was talking about the most important and difficult things, that’s why it needed very impres-sive way of expression.
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 302
EN
The paper describes application of catastrophe theory for analysis of trends of real estate prices inPoznan. It turns out that the evolution of the real estate market is comprised of two main processes: long-term evolution in the area of a non-degenerate stability and discontinuous, rapid changes in the area of a degenerate stability. In the macro scale, the construction and developing branch contributes largely to the Gross Domestic Product affecting overall economic environment. In the micro scale, however, the knowledge about future price trends may help to decide whether or not to buy or sell the house property.
Littera Scripta
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2018
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issue 1
145-154
EN
This paper focuses on the innovation activities of Czech wholesale and retail companies between 2006 and 2014. Based on data from four Czech Innovation Surveys (2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014), 1,630 observations were made about companies in the trade sector. The subsequent estimations are based on the structural modelling of the innovation process, i.e. decision to innovate, innovation input and innovation output. The size of a company was found to increase the probability of engagement in new-to-the-market innovation, however, no statistically significant relationship could be established for the intensity of innovation input or output. Being part of a group of companies was found to be a positive contributor to innovation activities, in particular in the first stage (decision, R&D input) of the innovation process. Significant differences were also found between the manufacturing and trade sectors in terms of market orientation. Having a national market focus was found to be linked to an increased probability of innovation, with a broader market focus proving not to be a significant factor during the analysed period. The trade sector was also found to engage in more types of innovation activities (processes, logistics and others), whereby the direct link between innovation input and innovation output was found to be in product innovation. Product innovation was also the only type of innovation in this sector which directly contributed to sales of new-to-the-market goods and services per employee. However, innovation activities were dampened in times of economic crisis, but only in terms of lower sales of innovated goods and services. The decision to innovate remained on average unchanged in the period 2006-2012.
EN
The problematic facing African transformation in a fast growing world is multifaceted; these include ignorance, lack of technology complex, effective leadership, democratic governance, illiteracy, lack of consensus, and empathy, ethno-religious crises, economic woes, cultural chauvinism, African un-freedom and political instability. African transformation in a fast growing world requires an accelerated proportion of scholarly attention. This paper analyzes the need for Africa to embrace a multi-level approach in redressing the problem of knowledge, certitude, technology complex, scientific progression and assimilation. African society from a contemporary perspective must begin to embrace technical-know-how or expertise coupled with effective or superb leadership skills that is aimed at effective democratic governance in order to affect African potentials and African development. Leaders of governments in Africa in this fast growing world must begin to embrace and engage themselves with comparative evaluation of Africa with the rest of the world. Africa as a continent is lagging behind and is facing serious contemporary challenges of low productivity level, socio-economic crises and political instability. All these must be addressed in order to give Africa a face lift. This paper appreciates and appropriates a multi-level approach in ensuring that there is the prevalence of African freedom, African transformation in the fast growing world even in the mid of her challenges. Africa should and must not remain static but dynamic politically, socially, culturally, scientifically, technologically, psychologically, intellectually and economically.
XX
This paper aims to present contemporary French neological studies and focuses on new loanwords and their dissemination in four languages — French in France, Czech, Polish and Greek. The first results of an ongoing European research project are presented; the adoption of neologisms (mainly loanwords from English) succeeds differently and at different times in each of the four countries depending on the (non-)existence of local word equivalents.
EN
Emotions are a fleeting experience, sometimes lasting only moments before dissipating. Prior research in SLA has either ignored emotions, underestimated their relevance, or has studied them as a relatively stable individual difference variable. In contrast, the present study takes an idiodynamic approach to examine the rapidly changing relationship between enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication, on a moment-to-moment timescale. University students who speak French as a second language were recruited to complete oral tasks in their second language. Participants then rated their per-second fluctuations in each emotion while watching a video recording of their tasks. Immediately after this, they were interviewed about their attributions for fluctuations in their ratings. We found that the relationship between enjoyment and anxiety is highly dynamic, resulting in varying patterns of correlation ranging from negative to positive. Triangulation of ratings of anxiety and enjoyment with interview data produces a richer understanding of the role of emotions in second language communication.
EN
The importance of education at the turn of the XXI century. Objective need to improve the quality, the role of education in society require reassessment of the components that form it. To conduct educational activities necessary labor, means of labor and objects of labor. Conditions of growth and the learning process and parameters defined outside the organization process. Educational activities carried higher education institution (HEI) in the totality of the factors involved in the educational process - those who teach and those who learn the place and conditions for training. Most of these conditions is economic. For example, place and conditions of the educational process (buildings, equipment, teaching aids, literature etc.) is the means of production. The teacher - a teacher, a master, laboratory, etc. - is a kind of labor. The subject of labor - a student, which is necessary to carry out a specific set of actions in a variety of forms, methods of educational process in order to get out of it with some desired product in the form of consumer properties workforce with the necessary competencies.
EN
The concept of catena in landscape surveys is used to demonstrate the surroundings of landscape units, their vertical structure and inter-unit processes, as well as the mosaic nature of the landscape. Furthermore, it reflects the structural and functional heterogeneity of the surveyed area, at the same time indicating types of links between landscape units, depending on a variety of geological, habitat-related and biotic conditions, including land use and its transformation arising from anthropopressure. The catena survey performed included four key morphological and lithological units with varied landscape structure and functioning: glacial upland, vast outwash plains, the Wisła River valley and deepened channel valleys, as well as dune hills and hillocks. The results prove that the functioning of landscape systems depends on the forms of land use and their durability. Characteristics of leading components in catenas are diverse despite a similar genesis of landforms and relief shaping processes.
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2019
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vol. 48
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issue 121
77-87
EN
The economic potential of individual regions of Poland is different. Each region has its own individual specificity. Use of the specific nature of a given region is a significant element of managing the country as a whole and individual regions. Occurring imbalances in economic development may cause a lot of adverse conditions, such as internal migration or regional marginalisation. Excessive price and income disparities may consequently result in under mining the economic growth of the entire country. For reason of coherence of the whole country, it is beneficial if disproportions between given regions are not too large. This study focuses on an attempt to identify the price consequences of diversification of regional development in Poland. The analysis drew on coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, regression coefficient and medium-term rate. It is noted that individual regions are different in terms of the dynamics of economic growth, degree of development and salary level. However, prices are much less diverse.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki grupowania województw pod względem podobieństwa struktury agrarnej dla danych z lat: 1996, 2002, 2008. Zastosowano metodę klasyfikacji rozmytej. Przyjęto następujące grupy obszarowe gospodarstw: 1-5 ha, 5-10 ha, 10-20 ha, 20-50 ha, 50 i więcej ha. Następnie, poprzez zastosowanie wybranych mierników taksonomicznych, przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą uzyskanych wyników pod względem kierunku i stopnia zmian strukturalnych w wyodrębnionych grupach, jak również zmian w zróżnicowaniu międzygrupowym.
XX
The paper presents the results of grouping procedure carried out for voivodships according to the similarity of agrarian structure of farms for the data from the year 1996, 2002, 2008. Fuzzy classification method was applied. The following areal groups were established:1-5 hectares, 5-10 hectares, 10-20 hectares, 20-50 hectares, 50 hectares and more. Afterwards, by the application of chosen taxonomic measures comparative analysis of the results was carried out with respect the direction and degree of structural changes in delimitated groups as well as changes in differentiation between groups.
11
75%
PL
Przyszłość nie zawsze jest określona przez przeszłość. Czasami jest ona zdeterminowana przez bardziej odległe przyszłości, a czasem przez nasze działania w teraźniejszości. Aby skutecznie myśleć o przyszłości, trzeba wyjść poza paradygmat klasycznego determinizmu.
EN
The future is not always defined by the past. Sometimes, it is determinated by a more distant future, and sometimes by our actions in the presence. To effectively think about the future, one needs to go beyond the paradigm of classical determinism.
12
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Geneza prawdopodobieństwa

75%
PL
After briefly reviewing classical and quantum aspects of probability, basic concepts of the noncommutative calculus of probability (called also free calculus of probability) and its possible application to model the fundamental level of physics are presented. It is shown that the pair (M, *), where M is a (noncommutative) von Neumann algebra, and a state on it, is both a dynamical object and a probabilistic object. In this way, dynamics and probability can be unified in noncommutative geometry. Some philosophical consequences of such an approach are indicated.
EN
Background: In the paper, the influence of the selected parameters, which are population, travel time to work by car, employment rate and average gross earnings, to labour commuting flows in Slovenia is analysed for the period 2000 - 2009. Furthermore, the dynamics of the analysed parameters have been studied to be implemented in the local policy application. Objectives: The main goal of this research has been to study the stickiness and attractiveness of Slovenian municipalities regarding the analysed parameters to support local labour commuting policy. Methods/Approach: The influence of the analysed parameters to the labour commuting flows has been studied in the extended gravity model. The change of the influence of parameters on commuting flows has been studied separately for each year in the analysed period. Additionally, the calculation of the extended gravity model has been performed for the whole analysed period. Results: The results show that the analysed parameters more attracted than dispatched the inter-municipal labour commuting flows in Slovenia in the study period. The results of the study of the dynamics of the analysed parameters have been implemented in the case study at the local level. Conclusions: The results provide the important empirical contribution to physical planners at the state, regional and/or local level for creating development policies. The results show that some factors in the gravity model can be compensated with the change of the others and vice-versa.
EN
The family is supposed to give the child a sense of security, belonging, acceptance and love.1 If, however, instead of these pleasant experiences, the most prevalent atmosphere is that of, abuse, trauma, violence, horror and fear, the child will not feel safe, accepted and loved. Even worse, later in life, he will unconsciously search for situations that will awaken in him, and re-create that primary atmosphere and underlying affects, because in his intrapsychic world, they equal belonging and familiarity. Clinical experience and research show that incest is one of the severest traumas caused to the human psyche and body. In the paper, we will first present the definition, prevalence and discuss factors such as the duration of the incest and the age of victims and perpetrators. Then, we will describe the relations, roles and dynamics within incestuous families, where the child finds himself with his own pain among people who should be trustworthy, who should give safety and a sense of being loved, but instead they abuse the child, violating all the boundaries, taking away one’s dignity and killing the soul.
EN
This paper deals with the names for both living and dead bodies, more particularly OE lic and lichama, OE bodig and finally ME corpse. The main focus will be on the contrast between semantic dynamics and boundedness, together with what we refer to as semantic redeployment. Body proves to be a very dynamic lexeme. In addition, it also contributed to the system of grammaticalized quantifier pronouns. This is in sharp contrast with the boundedness of lic and lichama, which gradually got lost in the course of ME. Initially, the loan lexeme corpse seemed to follow the semantic paradigm of body. However, in present-day English it has only preserved its prototypical meaning of dead body. Interestingly, my data suggest that words related to ‘death’ do not tend to give rise to any metonymical or metaphorical developments. The eventual result of these lexico-semantic changes is a far-reaching redeployment in Modern English in terms of a binary contrast between two lexical items: polysemous body, with a vast array of mostly metaphorical meanings, and monosemous corpse.
EN
The purpose of this study is to vindicate the position of Michał Kalecki as a pioneer of modern macroeconomics whose numerous papers in 1929-1933 laid foundations for what is presently known as the macroeconomic stock-flow consistent approach in examining the economic dynamics of a capitalist economy. Comparative economic analysis is used to define the critical differences between Kalecki’s microassumption and his macro-analysis and policy recommendations against those of his contemporary, and the present-day mainstream economics. Following a concise intellectual biography note, Kalecki’s mechanism of business fluctuations, and then his theory of distribution of national income are examined. Next his theory of profits is discussed, and his theory of effective demand which follows from it. This discussion culminates in outlining his theory of economic dynamics of a capitalist economy. In conclusion the present day relevance of Kalecki’s macroeconomics and its limitations are examined.
EN
The author of the article analyses and summarizes research procedures, the results of application thereof to describe and map a special lateral area of existence in the Ukrainian language. It functions in a different area and temporal socio-lingual conditions in the form of resettlement dialects. Research into the multilingual and multidialectal areas prompts scientists to improve the methodology of dialectal research.
PL
Автор аналізує та узагальнює дослідницькі процедури, результати їх застосування для опису і картографування особливого латерального ареалу побутування української мови, в якому вона в неоднакових у просторовому і часовому вимірах соціолінгвальних умовах функціонує у вигляді новожитніх говірок. Вивчення таких полілінгвальних і полідіалектних ареалів спонукає науковців до пошуку шляхів удосконалення методології діалектологічних досліджень і призводить до відкриття нових мовних фактів.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę kosztów i korzyści rozwoju turystyki w województwie małopolskim. Dynamika turystyki stanowi istotny czynnik w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym i kulturalnym tego województwa. Liczba turystów krajowych i zagranicznych z każdym następnym rokiem wykazuje tendencję wzrostową. Najliczniej odwiedzanym miastem jest Kraków. Około 18% turystów zagranicznych przyjeżdżających do Polski korzysta z noclegów w województwie małopolskim. Turystyczne obiekty zbiorowego zakwaterowania oferują ponad 65 tys. miejsc hotelowych, co stanowi około 8% miejsc noclegowych w Polsce.
EN
The province of Małopolska is one of the most attractive tourist regions in Poland. The dynamics of tourism is an important factor in economic and cultural development of the province. The number of domestic and foreign tourists is increasing every year. The most frequently visited city is Krakow. About 18% of foreign tourists coming to Poland use accommodation provided in the province of Małopolska. There are more then 65 thousand hotel rooms, which constitute 8% of hotel accommodation in Poland. In the year 2005 the number of tourists visiting Małopolska increased to 9,3 million (including 2,3 million of foreign tourists), which is about 16% more then in the year 2003. The incomes from tourism amounted to 3,8 million zlotys.
RU
Текст посвящен политической культуре польского общества после 1989 г. Чтобы раскрыть ее специфику, в работе представлены исторические модели политической культуры польского общества периода Первой Речи Посполитой, а также времен ПНР. На фоне исторической перспективы формулируется следующий тезис: после 1989 г. в политической культуре польского общества появились новые существенные явления. Определенные ценности и модели поведения являются факторами, стимулирующими системные реформы и способствующими формированию консолидированной демократии, однако некоторые действуют деструктивно.
EN
The text is devoted to the political culture of the Polish society after 1989. To show its specificity, the historic models of the political culture of the Polish society were referred to: both from the period of the First Republic of Poland and from the time of the People's Republic of Poland. From the historic perspective a thesis is put forward that new significant phenomena emerged in the political culture of the Polish society after 1989. Certain values and behaviour models stimulate reforms of the system and favour the shaping of consolidated democracy, while others have a dysfunctional impact. On the example of trust in public institutions it may be stated that changes in the political culture took place within the axiological and the evaluative-affective components. The citizens’ expectations towards politicians rose and their criticism in assessing them increased. This might be a factor stimulating the improvement of the quality of democracy. For some time, a certain crisis of public confidence could be seen in the Polish parliamentary system. This is the more negative side of the ongoing processes. This does not mean, however, that the Polish society rejects pluralist democracy with its mechanisms. A huge part of the political elites is negatively assessed. In the opinion of many citizens they do not fulfill the standards required by the well-developed parliamentary democracy.
PL
Potencjał gospodarczy poszczególnych regionów Polski jest różny. Każdy region charakteryzuje się indywidualną specyfiką. Wykorzystanie specyficznego charakteru danego regionu stanowi ważny element zarządzania krajem jako całością oraz poszczególnymi regionami. Występujące nierówności w rozwoju gospodarczym mogą być przyczyną wielu niekorzystnych zjawisk, jak chociażby migracja wewnętrzna czy marginalizacja regionalna. Nadmierne nierówności cenowe i dochodowe mogą w konsekwencji osłabiać wzrost gospodarczy całego kraju. Dla spójności całego państwa korzystne jest, aby dysproporcje pomiędzy poszczególnymi regionami nie były zbyt duże. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę określenia konsekwencji cenowych zróżnicowania rozwoju regionalnego w Polsce. W analizie korzystano ze współczynnika zmienności, współczynnika korelacji, współczynnika regresji i średniookresowego tempa. Zauważa się, że poszczególne regiony różnią się stopniem rozwoju, dynamiką wzrostu gospodarczego oraz poziomem wynagrodzeń. Natomiast znacznie mniej zróżnicowane są ceny.
EN
Each region in Poland has a different economic potential due to its own specific features. Taking account of the specific nature of individual regions is important for the management of the country as a whole and of its particular regions. Existing disparities in the economic development may lead to many negative phenomena, such as internal migration or regional marginalization. Excessive price and income inequalities may weaken economic growth throughout the country. It is important for the coherence of the whole country that the disparities between regions are not too big. The study determines the consequences of price differentiation for regional development in Poland. The analysis was conducted using the coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, regression coefficient and medium pace. The regions differ in terms of development, dynamic growth and wages. However, prices are much less diverse.
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