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A review of "A Handbook of Economic Anthropology", ed. J.G. Carrier, Cheltenham–Northampton 2005, ss. 601
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Growth and Well-Being, Economic and Human
EN
A Borderland in the City: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Post-Soviet RussiaAfter the dissolution of the USSR, Russian cities are popular destinations of labor migrants from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia and the Caucasus. One can observe a monopolization of particular sectors in the labor market and entire branches of petty trade by different ethnic and national communities. At some open-air markets, it is now the Russians who comprise the minority. Markets constitute a borderland which appears in the middle of a city – they serve as an important meeting place of people and cultures.The appearance of so-called ethnic entrepreneurship, ethnic economy and trade minorities, ethnic or otherwise, has been widely investigated in various parts of the world and in different times. It was, however, questioned whether one can speak about their existence in post-Soviet Russia. In this paper, I argue that trade minorities do indeed operate at Russian open-air markets. However, they do so in a specific manner that stems from the historical and cultural conditioning of petty trade in the former USSR. This study shows the development of ethnic entrepreneurship and appearance of different stereotypes that are tied to it. What is more, it analyzes some ways in which different minorities coexist. In general, the study deals with the extremely complex issue of interethnic relationships in post-Soviet Russia. Pogranicze w mieście: etniczna przedsiębiorczość w poradzieckiej RosjiOd czasu rozpadu ZSRR rosyjskie miasta stały się celem migracji zarobkowych osób z byłych republik radzieckich, szczególnie z Azji Centralnej i Kaukazu. Niektóre sektory rynku pracy i całe gałęzie drobnego handlu zostały zmonopolizowane przez mniejszości etniczne i narodowe. Na wielu bazarach to obecnie Rosjanie stanowią mniejszość. Bazary są pograniczem, które powstaje w przestrzeni miejskiej i w którym spotykają się przedstawiciele różnych kultur.Występowanie tzw. etnicznej przedsiębiorczości, etnicznego gospodarowania i mniejszości handlowych badano w różnych częściach świata i w odniesieniu do różnych epok. Istnienie tych zjawisk w poradzieckiej Rosji stanowiło natomiast przedmiot dyskusji. W tym artykule stawiam tezę, że na rosyjskich bazarach zawiązują się wspólnoty, które można określić mianem mniejszości handlowych. Owe mniejszości działają jednak w szczególny sposób uwarunkowany przez kulturowe i historyczne tło drobnego handlu w byłym ZSRR. Pokazuję rozwój etnicznej przedsiębiorczości i pojawienie się rozmaitych stereotypów z nią związanych. Analizuję też niektóre sposoby, jak różne mniejszości handlowe ze sobą koegzystują. Artykuł dotyka złożonej problematyki stosunków etnicznych w poradzieckiej Rosji. 
EN
The last financial crisis combined with some recent social trends (like growing inequality or environmental problems) inspired many contemporary economists to the re-evaluation of actual economic knowledge in the search for solutions to these problems. Modern economic schools (especially heterodox ones) stress the meaning of ethical issues in economics more often. The thesis of the paper is that this revival of the ethical face of present economics depends very strongly on the changing assumptions of human nature within economics and other disciplines which work alongside economics, such as social psychology or business ethics, for instance. In order to prove the thesis, the paper provides an evaluation of current economic schools, especially within the heterodoxy, in search of their ethical aspects, and presents them as a result of the changing assumptions about human beings within those schools. This ethical dimension of human beings manifests itself in different ways, which can be perceived as a result of it being based on different ethical schools and different psychological and philosophical assumptions about human nature. Therefore, the paper also considers the current developments of the view on human beings in contemporary schools of economic ethics.
PL
The author discusses Chris Hann’s book Repatriating Polanyi, as a good opportunity for remembering Karl Polanyi’s character and output. In their time, Polanyi’s ideas about human economies were widely discussed in the social sciences, including in economic anthropology, and had a considerable impact on them. The text deals with those themes of Polanyi’s work that Hann addresses, that is, the question of forms of economic integration and his concept of double movement.
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