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EN
This article is a contribution to the discussion on innovation activity and its influence on financial performance of companies. The authors employ a simple measure of innovativeness, which was also used in other studies, and the division of companies into two groups (innovative and non-innovative) was based on the fact whether they obtained a patent (patents) or not. In this paper, we compare the rates of return and revenue growth achieved by innovative versus non-innovative companies operating in the manufacturing industry in Poland, in the years 2006 to 2012. Financial and qualitative data for testing the hypotheses were taken from the Amadeus database provided by Bureau van Dijk. The sample consisted of 4004 enterprises, of which 681 were owners of at least one patent. T-Student test, ANOVA and OSL models were used to verify the working assumptions. The study tests the following three research hypotheses. H1: “Innovative companies achieve higher rates of return than the non- innovative ones.” That hypothesis was confirmed in relation to the EBITDA margin and ROS (return on sale), but not to ROA (return on assets) and ROE (return on equity). The fact of belonging to a group of innovative companies had an impact on an average EBITDA margin increase by 0.83 p.p. in 2007, 0.78 p.p. in 2009 and 0.73 p.p. in 2012, ceteris paribus. The difference between ROE was found statistically insignificant in most analysed periods (except 2007 and 2009), however, non-innovative companies have achieved a higher return on equity than innovative companies. It can be associated with higher operational risk in innovative companies which restrict access to external capital, leading such companies to expand their businesses through their own equity. The second tested hypothesis is: “An innovative activity has higher impact on financial performance in medium-sized companies than in large and very large ones.” During the research, it was found out that having obtained a patent is important determinant of EBITDA margin for medium-sized companies, increasing it by 0.76 p.p., ceteris paribus. In large companies, it contributed to an increase of 0.71 p.p., and for very large ones – by only 0.19 p.p., with the slope for the latter group at a number other than zero found to be statistically insignificant. In relation to third tested hypothesis:” Innovative companies are more sensitive in terms of revenue dynamics to economic slowdown than the non-innovative ones.” it was found out that in the period of time from 2006 to 2012 the dynamics of revenue growth in innovative companies was generally higher than in the non-innovative ones, except in the year 2009, when all companies showed a significant decline in revenues, but for innovative companies, the decline amounted to 6.39%, and for the remaining ones it was found at 4.98%. Based on those findings it was confirmed that innovative companies are characterized by a greater sensitivity to economic slowdown.
EN
Nowadays, enterprises are forced to effective usage of its financial, material assets and the potential of employees. Strategies and methods used in management few years ago become out-of-date. Company survival depends on building competitive advantage and here big importance is put on knowledge. Every company has to learn how to adapt to new conditions and how to be creative. Suitable strategy relies on quick problems solving and drawing conclusions. The aim of this article was to show dynamics of growth of particular parameters presenting the economic condition of key enterprises in podkarpackie province in 2007, 2010 and in 2012. Results show that those enterprises seek its place in economic map of Poland. They put big impact on innovativeness and constantly look for new chances of development
EN
The economic and financial crisis of the recent years has shown that there is an urgent need for a reaction of global and national public institutions to the reasons for and effects of market links, mutual relations of the reactions of the state, central banks, business and financial entities, especially financial markets, as for arising and growing imbalances that stem not only from financial crises, but from the activities of these entities as well. For several years, a discussion has been held in various scientific and political circles on an optimal macroeconomic strategy for recovering from the economic slowdown. While in the policies of the EU bodies and the states, anti-crisis activities have been searched for, appropriate instruments selected, various initiatives taken, programmes of public authorities proposed, aimed at stimulating economic growth and, at present, inflation. It turned out that the main central banks are able to be, and have to be, the only institutions to effectively react to the debt crisis, stagnation and low economic recovery. The monetary policy of large central banks has finally replaced the fiscal policy in the financial stimulation process, and has become the hope for stimulating a stable economic growth and inflation, and for ending the financial crisis.
PL
W artykule skoncentrowano uwagę na analizie zmian strategii finansowania przedsiębiorstw handlowych funkcjonujących w Polsce w latach 2008-2011. Głównym celem było zbadanie, czy spowolnienie gospodarcze, któremu podlegała polska gospodarka w badanym okresie wywołała określone skutki w strategiach finansowania przedsiębiorstw handlowych. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy, wykorzystano w nim metody analizy oceny danych finansowych dostępnych w opracowaniach GUS. W warstwie teoretycznej artykułu wskazano na wybrane, ale i możliwe do zastosowania w praktyce gospodarczej strategie finansowania przedsiębiorstw. W warstwie empirycznej artykułu uzyskane wyniki analiz danych finansowych poddano konfrontacji z założeniami teoretycznymi. Na bazie tych ocen można sformułować wniosek, iż działalność przedsiębiorstw handlowych w Polsce opiera się na wykorzystaniu ofensywnych strategii finansowych. Pozwalają one z jednej strony osiągać korzyści w postaci wysokiej stopy zwrotu na zaangażowanych kapitałach przez właścicieli, optymalizować średnioważony koszt zainwestowanych kapitałów, z drugiej zaś mogą przyczyniać się do powstawania problemów z utrzymaniem właściwego poziomu wypłacalności oraz barier w zakresie pozyskiwania dodatkowych źródeł finansowania na rozwój przedsiębiorstwa. Wymagają też odpowiednich umiejętności zarządczych w sferze sterowania przepływami środków pieniężnych, co w praktyce funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw handlowych nie jest tak oczywiste.
EN
In the article, the focus is made on an analysis of changes in the strategies of financing trade enterprises operating in Poland in 2008-2011. The main purpose was to assess whether the economic slowdown, experienced by the Polish economy in the period surveyed, has caused definite results in the strategies of financing trade enterprises. The article is of the research nature; there are used in it the methods of assessment of the financial data available in the CSO studies. In the article’s theoretical plane, there are indicated the selected but also applicable in the business practice strategies of enterprise financing. In the empirical plane of the article, the achieved results of analyses of the financial data were confronted with the theoretical assumptions. Based on these evaluations, one may formulate the conclusion that trade enterprises’ activities in Poland are based on the use of offensive financial strategies. They allow, on the one hand, gaining benefits in the form of high rate of return on the capital employed by owners, optimising the average weighted cost of capital invested, while, on the other hand, they may cause emergence of problems with retention of a relevant level of solvency and berries in the area of acquisition of additional sources of financing for enterprise development. They also require adequate managerial abilities in the sphere of steering flows of funds what in the practice of trade enterprises’ functioning is not so obvious.
RU
В статье сосредоточили внимание на анализе изменений стратегий финансирования торговых предприятий, функционирующих в Польше в 2008-2011 гг. Основной целью было изучение, вызвал ли экономический спад, которому подвергалась польская экономика в обследуемом периоде, определенные последствия в стратегиях финансирования торговых предприятий. Статья имеет исследовательский характер, в ней использовали методы оценки финансовых данных, доступных в разработках ЦСУ. В теоретическом плане статьи указали избранные, но и возможные к применению в экономической практике стратегии финансирования предприятий. В эмпирическом плане статьи получен- ные результаты анализа финансовых данных сопоставили с теоретическими предпосылками. На основе этих оценок можно формулировать вывод, что деятельность торговых предприятий в Польше основывается на использовании активных финансовых стратегий. Они позволяют, с одной стороны, достигать выгоды в виде высокой нормы прибыли от вовлеченных капиталов, с другой же, могут способствовать возникновению проблем с сохранением надлежащего уровня окупаемости и барьеров в области притока дополнительных финансовых источников на развитие предприятия. Они тоже требуют соответствующих управленческих умений в сфере управления потоками денежных средств, что в практике функционирования торговых предприятий не так уж очевидно.
PL
Współczesne rynki charakteryzuje powszechnie obserwowana intensyfikacja procesów konkurencji. Zjawisko to nie omija również sektora usługowego. Wzrost znaczenia usług w gospodarce i zmiany zachodzące w sferze konsumpcji czynią ten sektor coraz bardziej atrakcyjnym. W konsekwencji rozwoju sektora usługowego rośnie na nim presja konkurencyjna, co wymusza na przedsiębiorstwach podejmowanie działań zmierzających do kształtowania przewagi konkurencyjnej. Kluczem do tego jest właściwe wykorzystanie zasobów i instrumentów decydujących o konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw. W artykule przedstawiono problematykę istoty konkurencyjności, jej wyznaczników i instrumentów na rynku usług. Na podstawie wyników badań empirycznych prowadzonych wśród kadry menedżerskiej działających w Polsce przedsiębiorstw usługowych dokonano oceny znaczenia i stopnia stosowania instrumentów konkurowania oraz zdiagnozowano własną ocenę konkurencyjności tych podmiotów, z uwzględnieniem jej zmian w czasie spowolnienia gospodarczego lat 2008–2010.
EN
The contemporary markets are characterised with the commonly observed intensification of competition processes. This phenomenon does not omit the service sector, either. Growth of importance of services in the economy and developments occurring in the sphere of consumption make this sector more and more attractive. In consequence of development of the service sector, there is growing competitive pressure in it what forces enterprises to undertake actions aimed at shaping competitive advantage. The key thereto is a proper use of the resources and instruments deciding enterprises’ competitiveness. In his article, the author presents the issues of the essence of competitiveness, its determinants and instruments in the market for services. Based on the results of empirical research carried out among the managerial staff of service enterprises operating in Poland, there is made evaluation of the importance and degree of application of the instruments of competition as well as there is diagnosed their own evaluation of competitiveness of these entities, taking into account its developments during the economic slowdown of 2008–2010.
RU
Современным рынкам свойственна повсеместно наблюдаемая интенсификация процессов конкурирования. Это явление не обходит и сектора услуг. Рост значения услуг в экономике и изменения, происходящие в сфере потребления, делают этот сектор все более и более привлекательным. В результате развития сектора услуг на нем растет конкурентный нажим, что заставляет предприятия предпринимать действия, направленные на формирование конкурентного преимущества. Ключ к этому – правильное использование ресурсов и инструментов, решающих конкурентоспособность предприятий. В статье представлена проблематика сути конкурентоспособности, ее определителей и инструментов на рынке услуг. На основе результатов эмпирических исследований, проводимых среди управленчекого персонала действующих в Польше предприятий сферы услуг, проведена оценка значения и степени применения инструментов конкурирования и диагноз самооценки конкурентоспособности этих субъектов с учетом ее изменений во время экономического спада периода 2008–2010 гг.
PL
Kryzysy były, są i będą! Nie można mieć złudzeń. Dobra koniunktura nie może trwać bez końca. Już od roku eksperci i analitycy alarmują, że w gospodarce światowej widać pierwsze sygnały nadciągającego kryzysu gospodarczego. Na wartości tracą Bloomberg Commodity Index, Baltic Dry Index, indeksy PMI w niemal wszystkich gospodarkach świata. Nie mniejsze spadki dotyczą indeksów cen surowców na światowych rynkach. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytania: Czy faktycznie w światowej gospodarce widoczne są zwiastuny nadchodzącego kryzysu? Jakie są potencjalne źródła czy zapalniki nowego kryzysu? Być może to pytania retoryczne, jednak Autorka szuka na nie odpowiedzi. Artykuł obejmuje dwie części: 1/ eksperckie doniesienia o kryzysie, 2/ katalog potencjalnych zapalników kryzysu. Autorka ukazuje mnogość i różnorodność ryzyk i zagrożeń dla globalnej gospodarki, kataloguje główne z nich i ostrzega przed ich ignorowaniem.
EN
The crises were happen, they are happen and they will happen! We should have no illusions. A good economic situation in the global economy can’t last forever. From almost a year, experts and analysts have been warning that the first signs of the upcoming economic crisis are visible. The Bloomberg Commodity Index, the Baltic Dry Index, PMI indices in almost all the world's economies are losing value. Not less declines refer to indices of raw material prices in global markets. The aim of the article is to try to answer the following questions: Are the signals of the upcoming crisis really visible in the global economy? What are the potential sources or/and igniters of the new crisis? Perhaps these are rhetorical questions, but the author has shown some interesting answers. The article includes two parts: 1 / expert reports on the crisis, 2 / the catalogue of potential crisis igniters. The author is showing the multiplicity and diversity of risks and threats for the global economy, as well as defining the main ones and warning against ignoring them.
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