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EN
The aim of the article is to present the economic thought of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi with respect to ethical aspects. There are lots of statements and remarks about the relations of ethics and economics in Gandhi’s writings. In his opinion, both areas should be treated as integrated. That is why it is worth analysing Gandhi’s views on various economic matters. Only a selected presentation was possible because it was difficult to find cohesion in his socio-economic system. One of the hypothesis underlined is that it is even risky to write about Gandhi’s united system. Generally his economic thought was not a part of economics as a discipline. Nevertheless it is not a reason to relinquish studies of it. Because of the fact that many remarks linked with microand macroeconomics are of considerable value, they can be used to research economic changes in India in 20th century or to study the attitude of Indian society towards those changes. The main source of the paper was the autobiography ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’ published in 1925. More of Gandhi’s economic thought can also be found in the work ‘Hind Swaraj’ from 1909 and in the lecture ‘Does Economic Progress Clash with Real Progress?’ from 1916.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie teoretycznej koncepcji wagnerowskiego prawa wzrostu aktywności państwa w szer- szym kontekście poglądów A. Wagnera na rolę państwa i podporządkowanie gospodarki i rynku celom politycznym i militarnym państwa. W większości opublikowanych prac badawczych nie przedstawiono obszaru jego poglądów poli- tycznych i ich wpływu na politykę gospodarczą państwa. Na- leży zauważyć, że wąska analiza skupiona na porównaniu wzrostu gospodarczego z wydatkami budżetowymi lub rzą- dowymi niekoniecznie musi prowadzić do stwierdzenia czy Prawo Wagnera jest nadal aktualne, potwierdzone w po- szczególnych krajach. Niektóre z wydatków publicznych mo- gą być bowiem niewidoczne i trudne do policzenia, na przy- kład w przypadku natychmiastowych zwolnień podatkowych czy umorzeń. W celu wykazania złożoności omawianych za- gadnień i niejednoznaczności wniosków wynikających z do- stępnych danych w artykule wykorzystano statystykę opiso- wą, której towarzyszyła analiza mniej „konwencjonalnej” li- teratury opisującej karierę i poglądy polityczne A. Wagnera, które dotychczas były w dużej mierze pomijane w badaniach skupiających się na próbach weryfikacji aktualności tych dość wąsko rozumianych tez sformułowanych ponad 140 lat temu. Ze względu na rosnącą liczbę i różnorodność publika- cji z omawianego zakresu przedstawiona w artykule analiza dostępnych danych statystycznych i obserwacji z literatury jest niepełna i wymaga dalszych badań.
EN
The main aim of this paper is to present theoretical concept of Wagner's Law of Increasing State Activity (WL) in a broader context of his views on role of the state and subordinating economy to political and military goals of the state. In majority of research works published the area of his political views and influence on economic policy of the state is not presented. It is also important to notice that narrow analysis focused on comparison between economic growth and budgetary or governmental spending may not necessarily lead to concluding whether the WL is confirmed or not in particular countries. Some parts of public expenditure can be invisible and hard to count, like for instant tax exemptions and remissions. In order to demonstrate the complexity of the discussed issues and the ambiguity of conclusions drawn from the available data, this study uses descriptive statistics, which was accompanied by an analysis of less "conventional" literature describing the career and political views of Adolf Wagner, which so far has been largely omitted in studies focusing on attempts to verify actuality of these rather narrowly understood theses formulated over 140 years ago. Analysis of available statistical data and observations from the literature, presented in this paper, due to the increasing number and variety of publications falling within the discussed issue, is incomplete and requires further analysis.
EN
Current demographic trends indicate that the process of ageing is more and more advanced in Western societies. While the available literature addressing this issue concentrates most often on developing effective tools for socio-economic policy, this paper aims at exploring the dominating assumptions of economics and culture to find how they may influence the demographic process that was mentioned. The purpose of the analysis undertaken here is to verify the thesis which claims that basic anthropological assumptions present in neoclassical economics and modern culture somehow ignore or underestimate such essential aspects of human life as old age and the helplessness or weakness connected with it. The conclusions of the paper indicate that there is a need for intergenerational balance within society, which, e.g., facilitates socio-economic development. Some of the most important factors influencing this may or may not be present within the economic theory and culture it is based on. It means that without the adequate vision of man and the phases of human life, the process of building a mentally healthy and vibrant society where everyone has his or her place is hardly possible.
EN
Current demographic trends indicate that the process of aging is more and more advanced in Western societies. While available literature addressing this issue most often concentrates on developing effective tools for socio-economic policy, this paper aims at exploring dominating assumptions of economics and culture tofind how they may influence the demographic process that was mentioned. The purpose of the analysis undertaken here is to verify the thesis which claims that basic anthropological assumptions present in neoclassical economics and modern culture somehow ignore or underestimate such essential aspects of human life as old age and helplessness or weakness connected to it. The conclusions of the paper indicate that there is the need for intergenerational balance within society which e.g. facilitates socio-economic development. Some of the most important factors influencing this may or may not be present within economic theory and culture it is based on. It means that without the adequate vision of human being and phases of human life the process of building a sane and vibrant society where everyone has his or her place is hardly possible.
PL
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EN
This study explores the transformation of Czechoslovak economic monetary thought toward Marxist-Leninist economics. The first section verifies the necessity to promote this theoretical and methodological approach from outside and build from scratch, as in Czechoslovakia this was not represented in the academic tradition. Further, the close connection between Czechoslovak economists and standard (Western) theoretical concepts in this area is considered. Also, the conditions which allowed the transformation of Czechoslovak monetary thought are discussed. The second part of the study focuses on the channels through which Marxism-Leninism were promoted. This was primarily via university education, which underwent a radical and somewhat chaotic reform that brought about the break with traditional university education functioning in Czechoslovakia, but was limited by economic and social conditions. The new state power managed to change economic university education institutions and personnel with partial success. Among the biggest remaining problems was a lack of teachers and educational literature.
EN
The article is an attempt to present some aspects of the history of economic thought from the ancient time to the present days. The development of the economic thought was shaped by the evolution of various visions, trends and views of contemporary thinkers, observers of social life, researches of the cause and effects of the economic activity. The author of the article seeks to show the disputes and controversies over the ideas, the approaches and the theories that had influence on the transformation of the economy in all periods of history. The main aim of the article is to bring the achievement of outstanding scholars together, including Polish scientists who worked with this field of study. In addition, there are shown close links between the development of economic thought and the changes of economy. The summary points out how important our history of economic thought is. The historical condition of the modern concepts and economic ideas was recalled. This article encourages to study the economic thought and treat these studies as a research workshop that helps to better understand the modern economy
PL
Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia wybranych aspektów historii myśli ekonomicznej kształtującej się od czasów starożytnych do współczesności. Rozwój myśli ekonomicznej formował się poprzez ewoluowanie różnych wizji, nurtów i poglądów ówczesnych myślicieli, obserwatorów życia oraz badaczy przyczyn i skutków działań gospodarczych. Autor artykułu stara się pokazać, jak spory i kontrowersje wobec idei, podejść i teorii wpływały na przeobrażanie się ekonomii w poszczególnych okresach dziejowych. Zasadniczym celem pracy jest przybliżenie dokonań wybitnych uczonych, zajmujących się tą dziedziną wiedzy z uwzględnieniem także polskich ekonomistów. Ponadto ukazane zostały ścisłe powiązania między rozwojem myśli ekonomicznej i zmianami w ekonomii. W podsumowaniu wskazano, jak ważną częścią naszej edukacji jest historia myśli ekonomicznej. Przypomniano o historycznych uwarunkowaniach współczesnych pojęć i idei ekonomicznych. Artykuł jest zachętą do studiowania historii myśli ekonomicznej i traktowania tych studiów jako warsztatu badawczego, który pomoże lepiej zrozumieć współczesną ekonomię i gospodarkę.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wpływ doktryny keynesizmu i reaganomiki na politykę gospodarczą USA oraz jakie korzyści i skutki uboczne pojawiają się po ich zastosowaniu. Skupiono się w pierwszej kolejności na przedstawieniu od strony teoretycznej dwóch wybranych szkół ekonomicznych: keynesizmu i monetaryzmu, który był istotnym elementem reaganomiki. Następnie pokazano, jakie decyzje ekonomiczne były podejmowane przez rządzących i przy pomocy jakich narzędzi wcielali oni w życie omawiane teorie ekonomiczne. Przedstawiono, jak te decyzje przekładały się na stan gospodarki i społeczeństwa. Pokazano, jak dzięki polityce interwencjonizmu udało się zwalczyć bezrobocie i podnieść poziom stopy życiowej obywateli, czego jednocześnie skutkiem ubocznym był wzrost zadłużenia państwa. Zaprezentowano również skutki stosowanej polityki reaganomiki, tj. obniżenie inflacji i zwiększenie nierówności społecznych.
EN
The present article depicts the influence of economic thoughts on the economic policy of the USA, as well as the profits and side effects which appear after their application. First, the focus was put on the theoretical representation of two economic schools: Keynesian theory and monetarism which was a crucial element of Reaganomics. Next, the economic decisions made by the government were presented. The types of tools by means of which economic theories were implemented were also discussed. Moreover, the way in which the decisions transferred into the condition of economy and society was shown. It was also presented how interventionism helped to reduce unemployment and raise living standards. The increase of the national debt was, nonetheless, a side effect of this policy. Finally, the effects of applied Reaganomics, namely the decline in inflation and the exacerbation of social inequalities were demonstrated.
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