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EN
The purpose of this article is to show the reception of the educational views of John Ruskin (1819–1900) presented in Polish scientific literature at the turn of the XIX and XX century. John Ruskin was an great English writer, poet, painter and critic of art and social reality. Ruskin’s oeuvre, contained in numerous writings, is the result of admiration for the world, reflection on landscapes, art and timeless values: truth, goodness and beauty; he’s works are characterized by individualism, momentum, normativity, and literary style full digression. For Ruskin, there is no clear definition of education and the educational system. Educational process itself is described in general terms. Ruskin’s beliefs about art and society are connected with the issue of children’s raising. The article contains numerous quotes – from the publications of Polish authors, translations and original Ruskin’s works – enriching the exemplification of the problem outlined in the subject of this article. Ruskin’s thoughts can be found in the foundations of progressive pedagogy and active pedagogy. For this reason, it is worth to consider the issue of the reception of educational views of Ruskin presented in Poland in years 1897–1936.
XX
Edukacja domowa, która stała się w ostatnich dekadach popularną formą realizacji obowiązku kształcenia w Stanach Zjednoczonych i niektórych krajach Europy, od 1991 r., a więc od 22 lat możliwa do realizacji jest także i w Polsce. Ustawa z 07.09.1991 r. dopuściła w formalno-prawnym znaczeniu uczenie się dzieci poza instytucjonalnym środowiskiem szkoły, czyli najczęściej w domu, w warunkach zorganizowanych przez rodziców. Edukacja domowa w Polsce, na skutek narastającej krytyki i kontrowersji wokół obecnie funkcjonującego modelu szkoły, zyskuje coraz większe grono zwolenników. Wobec stale rosnącego zainteresowania tą alternatywną formą edukacji, warto poznać przeszłość i historyczne korzenie tego zjawiska. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest próba rekonstrukcji i systematyki argumentów przemawiających zarówno za, jak i przeciw nauczaniu domowemu i szkolnemu, formułowanych przez publicystów pedagogicznych w II połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku. Jako podstawę źródłową, pozwalającą odtworzyć owe zalecenia teoretyczne wykorzystano podręczniki i poradniki pedagogiczne, także z zakresu wychowania i nauczania domowego, literaturę pedagogiczną, prasę kobiecą, rodzinną, a także polityczno- społeczno-literacką. Niniejszy tekst ma także na celu uświadomić czytelnikom, że mimo upływu stuleci, problem – jaka edukacja lepsza w domu czy w szkole – pozostaje tak samo palący, jak i nierozstrzygnięty.
EN
Homeschooling, which in recent decades has become a popular form of compulsory education in the United States and some European countries, has been available to be implemented in Poland for 22 years, since 1991. The Act of 07.09.1991 allowed - in the formal and legal sense - teaching children outside the institutional environment of the school, i.e. usually at home, in conditions organized by the parents. Homeschooling in Poland, as a result of growing criticism and controversy surrounding the currently operating school model, is gaining more and more supporters. Facing the ever-growing interest in this alternative form of education, it is worthwhile to get to know the past and the historical roots of this phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to reconstruct and systematize arguments both for and against homeschooling and school education, formulated by educational columnists in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. Textbooks and teaching guidebooks, including those in the field of education and homeschooling, teaching literature, as well as women's, family, political, social and literary press were used as a source basis allowing us to reconstruct these theoretical recommendations. This paper also aims to make readers aware that despite the passage of centuries, the problem "which education is better: the one at home or the one at school" remains as much urgent as unresolved.
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