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EN
In my paper I undertake the issue of alienation, that appears at the same sources of modern thought and develops according to the growing consciousness of its conditions and consequences. The first articulation of the phenomenon of alienation we can find in the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau, but its conceptual expression was formulated in the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The progress of discourse of alienation in the analyses of Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and the members of Frankfurt School reveals its essence that depends on the elimination of the personal status of individual. The attempts of overcoming the phenomenon of alienation undertaken by mentioned thinkers leaves the problem unresolved, because of the distinctive feature of all these attempts is mediation the conceptions of human being in limited perspective (concerning individual as mere exemplar of species or as a passive result of an external conditions).
EN
The aim of this article is to present the theoretical standpoint of a Canadian-American psychotherapist, Nathaniel Branden. He wrote five essays which I would like to analyze. These essays can be found in the book The Virtue of Selfishness, written by a Russian-American philosopher, Ayn Rand, who was Branden’s associate. He postulated that individuals should live objective – act rationally and not succumb to whims. This way of behaviour is necessary to accomplish the existential aim of individual, which is a producing and sustaining of life. The objective life requires egoism, because the egoist is conscious of his own existence; he knows that he must live rationally, respect his own values and not sacrifice himself for other people. But it is still a question: Is the objective life really possible? The answer I try to find in this work.
EN
This text is an attempt at interpreting the main elements of Levinas’s philosophy in the context of evil. I try to show what evil is and what meaning it has in Levinasian ethics. For Levinas and for other contemporary thinkers, the main point of reference in ethical considerations was the Holocaust. After surviving these horrible events, the author of Totality and Infinity kept asking the question: Are we deceived by morality? Levinas points out both the temptation of theodicy and its collapse. The temptation of theodicy in its general shape refers to the negation or justification of evil, especially when it comes to the suffering of the Other. Behind the justification there is always the threat of the kind of moral indifference which supports the distribution and production of evil. In fact, Levinas’s entire philosophy may be treated as an ethical response to evil, achieved by providing an explication of responsibility as the primal ethical structure. Against this background, I provide a characterisation of evil based on the Levinasian considerations about pain. The key concept of this text is the relationship between evil and being and the formation of the self. Another important issue is the question of linking evil with responsibility and one’s relation with the Other. The main theses of the article are: Evil meant as useless suffering contained in the very structures of being, and also Evil as a phenomenon which designates the domain of ethics.
EN
Projects to reform education in Poland cannot be based on traditional images of the future relating to visions inspired by solidarity slogans of 1970s and 1980s. They should be based on differentiation of the processes of interests and pursuit occurring in environments involved, for different reasons, in the shaping of educational processes. Firstly, these are attitudes of educated individuals who are increasingly affected by the awareness of the lack of connection between education and the future life situation, as well as a sense of generational community spirit. Among the organisers of educational processes, there are trends towards profit maximization and expenditure restraint. The future of education cannot be projected without referring to these two most important determinants.
PL
Koncepcje reformowania edukacji w Polsce nie mogą czynić punktem wyjścia tradycyjnych wyobrażeń o przyszłości opartych na wizjach inspirowanych przez hasła solidaryzmu z lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych XX wieku. Ich punktem wyjścia powinny być procesy różnicowania interesów i dążeń zachodzące w środowiskach zaangażowanych z różnych względów w modelowanie procesów edukacyjnych. Decydujące są tutaj postawy osób edukowanych, na które w coraz większym stopniu wpływ wywierają: świadomość braku związku między edukacją i przyszłą sytuacją życiową, oraz poczucie wspólnoty pokoleniowej. Wśród organizatorów procesów edukacyjnych dominują natomiast tendencje do maksymalizacji zysku i ograniczenia wydatków. Przyszłość edukacji nie może być projektowana bez odniesienia się w punkcie wyjścia do tych dwu najważniejszych determinant.
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EN
The essay presents existential attempt to analyze the figure of soldier from the point of view of philosophical egoism and anarcho-individualism of Max Stirner’s The Ego and its Own. Possible interrelations between a soldier (or a person considering enrolment to the army) and the institution of state both during the war and peace will be considered. It will be argued that there are no premises supporting rationality of service in the army. Restricting itself to purely pragmatic arguments Stirner’s nihilistic position grants objectivity of the discourse, beyond any political or ethical doctrines.
PL
Promowane przez ekonomię głównego nurtu modele, osadzone w paradygmacie neoklasycznym, pomimo swojej utopijności, stały się wzorcem, na podstawie którego kształtowana jest rzeczywistość społeczno-gospodarcza. W rękach ideologów stały się narzędziem wykorzystywanym do promowania relatywizmu, egoizmu, tymczasowości i konsumpcji, w której współczesny człowiek ma widzieć własne dobro – „szczęście”.
EN
The models promoted by the mainstream economy, embedded in the neoclassical paradigm, despite their utopian character, have become the standard on the basis of which the socio-economic reality is shaped. In the hands of ideologists, they have become an instrument used to promote relativism, egoism, temporariness and consumption, in which contemporary man is to see his own good – "happiness".
EN
The root of environmental crisis is not only the failure to recognize the intrinsic value of the non-human world, but it can also be perceived as a failure in moral excellence and in the cultivation of virtue. The word “virtue” is an old-fashioned one, representing tradition and today we mostly associate it with academic discussion. However, the term is not only connected with traditional ethical reflection; nowadays, we can witness a revival of virtue discourse in environmental ethics, namely in environmental virtue ethics. The paper analyzes the problem of cardinal virtue and vices, and tries to answer which vices are the most responsible for the environmental crisis. Thus the five crucial environmental vices are defined as egoism, greed, arrogance, ignorance and apathy.
EN
The article focuses on the conception of absolute idealism elaborated by Czech Hegelian František Sedlák. First, Max Stirner’s position of egoism is presented, as Sedlák was influenced by his critique of the conceptual vertical, i.e. of the subsumption of the individual under abstractions. Second, it examines how Sedlák employed such critique in resolving the so-called “paradox of authority.” Third, it sketches both Sedlák’s reception and critique of Tolstoyanism, at whose conceptual core he encountered a problem associated with conception of abstract morality, which he criticized at first from the standpoint of Stirnerian egoism, later from the standpoint of Hegelian absolute idealism. Finally, Sedlák’s conception of absolute idealism as a philosophy of existence is reconstructed.
CS
Článek se zabývá koncepcí absolutního idealismu českého hegeliána Františka Sedláka. Nejprve je představeno stanovisko egoismu Maxe Stirnera, neboť Sedláka ovlivnila jeho kritika konceptuální vertikály, tj. podřízenosti individua abstrakcím. Ve druhém kroku autor sleduje, jak Sedlák tuto kritiku využívá při řešení tzv. „paradoxu autority“. Následně je přiblížen Sedlákův příklon k tolstojovství, v jehož jádru však Sedlák záhy naráží na obtíže související s tolstojovským pojetím abstraktní morality. Sedlák s ním polemizuje nejprve ze stanoviska stirnerovského egoismu, později absolutního idealismu a hegeliánství. V závěrečném kroku je nakonec představena Sedlákova koncepce absolutního idealismu jako filosofie existence.
EN
The paper presents a relation between nihilism and violence by using the theory of Max Stirner. The author’s choice of the philosopher is driven by her view that nihilism has reached its maturity in his main work. Even more, a key critique raised with respect to the author of "The Ego and his Own" touched exactly on the issue of violence (among others, in deliberations of Dostoyevsky and Camus). The study represents a polemic with the opinions presented in "The Rebellious Man", that Stirner glorified aggression and justified crime. Misreading of his philosophy, the philosophy of egoism, is founded in mixing might with violence which in fact are in that theory irreconcilable. Stirner's affirmation refers to the former whereas he is ambivalent to the latter.
EN
Nicolai Hartmann is a representative of 20th-century German material ethic of values. In this paper I demonstrate the main arguments he gave against egoism and altruism. The arguments presented are as follows: a real egoistic tendency in a person does not result in the moral or axiological order or duty; egoism and altruism are related in a person; egoism and altruism are both one-sided positions. Hartmann affirms that egoism also has specific positive, indirect and direct values.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza koncepcji homo oeconomicus, będącej jednym z podstawowych fundamentów ekonomii głównego nurtu w porównaniu do alternatywnych podejść, zaprezentowanych przez przedstawicieli ekonomii heterodoksyjnej, m.in. ekonomii behawioralnej i neuroekonomii. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na model REMM (Resourceful, Evaluative, Maximising Man), który wydaje się być brakującym ogniwem pomiędzy homo oeconomicus i homo moralis. Przyjęto jednocześnie, że wąska interpretacja homo oeconomicus, kierującego się własnym interesem, stanowi zbyt duże uproszczenie i taki paradygmat w realnym świecie może być szkodliwy dla społeczeństwa. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i został napisany na podstawie literatury przedmiotu, w tym materiałów źródłowych. W badaniach wykorzystano podejście zarówno deskryptywne, jak i interdyscyplinarne. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy sformułowano wniosek, że wyjaśnienie ekonomicznych zachowań człowieka wymaga bardziej holistycznego i dynamicznego ujęcia. Wskazano na niekompletność i nieadekwatność paradygmatu homo oeconomicus w stosunku do rzeczywistości. Zauważono, że racjonalność człowieka ekonomicznego wynika nie tylko z troski o własny interes, ale również z jego zakorzenienia w społeczeństwie i kulturze. Badanie pokazało, że zachowanie ekonomiczne zależy od kontekstu i jest dodatkowo zdeterminowane przez moralność, która wywodzi się z systemów społecznych i religijnych. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że człowiek gospodarujący nie może być zredukowany wyłącznie do maszyny koncentrującej się jedynie na swoim własnym interesie materialnym. Ocena moralna jednostki podejmującej decyzje w świecie ograniczoności zasobów jest nieunikniona.
EN
This article traces the development of the concept of homo oeconomicus, a fundamental principle of mainstream economics. The concept is compared against alternative approaches proposed by representatives of other schools of thought such as heterodox economics, behavioural economics and neuroeconomics. Special attention is paid to the Resourceful, Evaluative, Maximising Man (REMM) model, which seems to be a missing link between homo oeconomicus and homo moralis. It is simultaneously assumed that the narrow interpretation of homo oeconomicus as a being solely guided by self-interest is oversimplified and that this kind of paradigm may be harmful to society in the real world. The article was written on the basis of a content analysis of literature. For the purposes of the research, both descriptive and interdisciplinary methods were employed. As a result of the conducted analysis, a conclusion was drawn that the explanation of economic behaviours requires a more holistic and dynamic approach. The incompleteness and inadequacy of the paradigm of homo oeconomicus were highlighted. It was noted that the rationality of the economic man results not only from concern for self-interest but also from his embeddedness in society and culture. The study showed that economic behaviour is context-dependent and additionally determined by morality derived from social and religious systems. In conclusion, it was emphasised that the economic man cannot be reduced to a machine concentrating on his own material well-being. The morality of an individual making choices in a world of scarcity is inevitably subject to assessment.
EN
The article analyzes the problems of unknowability and total unity in the light of philosophy of Semyon L. Frank, set forth by him in the work The Unknowable. The author of the paper considers all the problems that arise as “icebergs” and tries to find the reasons for the distortion of the vision of the “top of the iceberg” and the “underwater part of the iceberg,” which is often unaware. The author examines the problems of the inadequate perception of reality: a narrow “one’s own little world” of the world perception, passed off as the truth in the final instance; absolutization of the mind, which considers itself able to know everything; the cultivation of negative information and cruelty in society; the role of media forming world perception; antagonistic dichotomy of the world perception; lack of a sense of connection of everything that exists, in particular of a sense of unity of “I” and “Thou;” loss of the “culture of heart” and the ability to love. As a result of the analysis undertaken, the author concludes that only by changing the causes that give rise to the “world of evil and separation” can the lost integrity and harmony of man, society and world civilization be restored. The revival of the earth’s civilization is possible only in total unity.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia podejście Alexisa de Tocqueville’a do materializmu pojmowanego jako pożądanie materialnego dobrobytu oraz możliwości przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku. Praca opisuje kontekst, w którym pojawia się materializm, oraz jego negatywne następstwa, w tym indywidualizm i konformizm. Wychowanie, w którym Tocqueville upatruje środka zaradczego przeciwko zdominowaniu społeczeństwa przez materializm, jest w artykule powiązane z edukacją formalną, rozwojem osobistych cnót oraz z religią. Autor artykułu formułuje pesymistyczne wnioski odnośnie do możliwości przeciwdziałania postawie materialistycznej we współczesnych społeczeństwach.
EN
The article presents Alexis de Tocqueville’s approach to the problem of materialism as well as potential reactions to that phenomenon. The concept of materialism is understood in the article as the urge towards material wellbeing. The work explains the context of materialism’s appearance and its negative consequences, including individualism and conformism. Upbringing, which is treated as a countermeasure against materialism, is connected with formal education, development of personal virtues and also with religion. The author provides pessimistic conclusions regarding the possibility of avoiding the state in which materialism prevails in modern societies.
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2013
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vol. 12
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issue 23
217-250
EN
Contemplation is nourished with the things of this world and leads us to the activity. The cognition of the truth is based on the reason but the potential and instance of the reason itself is not enough. The truth is the root of the freedom. Man is free because he is able to know the truth. The deficiency of instinctive self-regulation in humans must be compensated by the moral law of freedom or by the order of law. The value potential of the true reality is of sensory character. The character of contemporary society is to a large degree marked with atomization, individualism and consumerism. Man does not find the true values by retreating within himself but through opening up. The opinion that for man it is more important to search the truth than to reach it is a demonstration of disregard of the truth. The scientific culture does not contradict to the humanistic or mystic culture.
PL
Kontemplacja jest oparta na rzeczach pochodzących z tego świata i prowadzi nas do aktywności. Poznanie prawdy opiera się na rozumie, ale potencjał i przykład rozumowania nie są wystarczające. Prawda leży u podłoża wolności. Człowiek jest wolny, ponieważ jest w stanie poznać prawdę. Niedostatki instynktownej samoregulacji u ludzi muszą być kompensowane moralnym prawem wolności lub nakazami prawa. Potencjał wartości prawdziwej rzeczywistości ma charakter sensoryczny. Współczesne społeczeństwo jest w znacznym stopniu zdominowane przez atomizację, indywidualizm i konsumpcjonizm. Człowiek nie jest w stanie odkryć prawdziwych wartości poprzez skupienie się na sobie, ale poprzez otwarcie się. Pogląd, że ważniejsze jest poszukiwanie prawdy niż dotarcie do niej jest demonstracją niezrozumienia prawdy. Nauka nie stoi w sprzeczności z humanizmem ani mistycyzmem.
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2019
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vol. 8
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issue 3
547-567
EN
In this paper, the author attempts to explain human altruism within the framework of Thomistic personalism. He claims that (1) Thomistic personalism provides the necessary tools for understanding the human being as person in relation to other persons, and (2) it makes it possible to see the differences between personal and non-personal forms of human dynamism, which, when disregarded, easily lead to confusion. He concludes that, as an extention of love, altruism belongs to the personal, and, consequently, there is an intrinsic connection between personalism and altruism.
PL
Źródłem kryzysu środowiskowego jest nie tylko brak uznania wewnętrznej wartości świata poza-ludzkiego, ale również niepowodzenie w kultywowaniu cnoty. Słowo "cnota" jest staromodne i dziś kojarzy nam się głównie z dyskusją akademicką. Jednak termin ten wiąże się nie tylko z tradycyjną refleksją etyczną; dziś jesteśmy świadkami ożywienia dyskursu cnót w etyce środowiskowej i rodzenia się etyki cnót środowiskowych. W artykule analizuje się problem kardynalnych wad i próbuje się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, które z nich są odpowiedzialne za kryzys ekologiczny. W tekście omówiono pięć kluczowych wad środowiskowych: egoizm, chciwość, arogancję, niewiedzę i apatię.
EN
The root of environmental crisis is not only the failure to recognize the intrinsic value of the non-human world, but it can also be perceived as a failure in moral excellence and in the cultivation of virtue. The word “virtue” is an old-fashioned one, representing tradition and today we mostly associate it with academic discussion. However, the term is not only connected with traditional ethical reflection; nowadays, we can witness a revival of virtue discourse in environmental ethics, namely in environmental virtue ethics. The paper analyses the problem of cardinal virtue and vice, and tries to answer which vices are the most responsible for the environmental crisis. Thus the five crucial environmental vices are defined as egoism, greed, arrogance, ignorance and apathy.
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