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Polskie egzonimy z obszaru Litwy, Łotwy i Estonii w okresie od XIV do XVIII wieku

100%

Zierhoffer K., Zierhoffer Z.

Onomastica

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2017

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vol. 61

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issue 2

335-342

EN

Polish exonyms from the Baltic countries are morphologically and phonetically adapted from earlier Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian names. They were often adapted from intermediate German or Russian versions. A German toponymic element is rather prominent, especially in the current Latvian territory, where there were once many German settlements. It has left a linguistic imprint both in older (16th–18th c.) Latvian versions of place names, and in Polish exonyms (since Latvia’s independence, official Latvian place names are purely Latvian in form). Place names adapted from the German language do not differ from other names adapted to Polish territory, as shown by the appropriation of the German suffix -burg as -bork. The cited data shows that Lithuanian place names were morphologically adapted to fit Polish inflexion. Phonetically, the most noticeable change is the replacement of the Lithuanian letter a with the Polish letter o, as well as the omission of the end letter s in the names Kaũnas and Kriãvas. It is noteworthy that after this change occurred in the name Kaũnas, it came to be perceived as a name with the suffix -no, common in Polish toponyms. The same goes for the replacement of the letter a by the letter o in the name Wilno. Another example of changes made during name creation can be seen in the name Derpt in Estonian territory, which was extended with the suffix -sko: Derpsko/Derbsko. Intermediate Russian forms can clearly be seen in the adaptation process of the place names Merecz (Lit. Merkys), and Wiłkomierz (Rus. Wołkomir, Lit. Wilkmergė). The emergence of the Old Ruthenian name Kieś of Latvian origin alongside the German name Wenden (in Latvian territory) is a completely isolated circumstance. Other specifics on the phonetical changes that occur during the adaptation of Lithuanian place names into Polish are discussed in a text by J. Otrębski, who argues that they involve the adjustment of Lithuanian vocalisms to Polish vowels.

2

The Return of Names in the Context of Language Universals: Ancient and Contemporary Local Names with an International Character

80%

Rutkiewicz-Hanczewska M.

Onomastica

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2019

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vol. 63

31-50

EN

The Return of Names in the Context of Language Universals: Ancient and Contemporary Local Names with an International Character The article concerns the history and unique nature of local names derived from exonyms, such as Alexandria, Spain and Lisbon. It describes both past and contemporary onyms, i.e. the names of housing estates, such as Little Tuscany, and apartment buildings, such as Rome, London and Mont Blanc, which are the continuations of the toponymic model launched in the past. The author embeds this model of names in a broader cultural context by referring to language universals. In addition to the rich collection of the oldest biblical names that have been transferred to present names, transfers of old names can be observed among contemporary names. In the past (in the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries), these were mainly the names of countries and, less frequently, those of cities, lands and geographic objects. Today, toponyms are usually based on the names of European cities, attractive geographic objects (lakes, rivers, islands, mountains, volcanoes) and, more rarely, states. While the names of biblical lands were fascinating and attractive in the past, they are almost absent in contemporary names, and if they are present, they concern culturally fixed images such as that of Eden. Both formerly and today, the creators of this kind of names show a longing for the creation of a new world which is no longer inhabited by God in a strictly religious dimension, but a secular one where happiness, peace and joy are sought. In both characterised spaces, the names transferred serve commemorative functions and also imitate coveted spaces which cannot be physically inhabited but can at least be imitated by their names. Formerly, they were real imago mundi representing sacred places (e.g. names such as Calvary). Today, they are created as part of the contemporary architectural tendency for coherence in planning space, names and design.

3

Miejsce nazw jednostek administracyjnych w choronimii

71%

Wolnicz-Pawłowska E.

Onomastica

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2021

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vol. 65

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issue 1

355-365

EN

Names of administrative units belong to choronyms. They are located in a transitional zone between proper names and appellatives. The prototypical centre of the category of properhood includes names of administrative units that are homonymic to names of localities and regions, e.g. Rzeszów (city county), Tyrol (Austria, 1st order administrative unit). Further from the category’s centre there are multi-element names comprising a proprial component and a generic element, e.g. Kraj Basków, Kraj Loary, Bazylea-Okręg, Terytorium Stołeczne Islamabadu, Prefektura Wientian. On the borderline between proper names and appellatives there are descriptions like Prowincja Centralna, Region Stołeczny which describe individual concepts with appellative vocabulary. Names consisting of a generic term and an adjective derived from a place name belong to appellatives, e.g. województwo podlaskie, powiat otwocki, rejon birżański, obwód brzeski. The spelling of multi-element names comprising a generic term or a generic element remains an open issue because there is a discrepancy between general orthographic rules and the usus.

PL

Nazwy jednostek administracyjnych należą do choronimów. Mieszczą się w strefie przejściowej między nazwami własnymi i pospolitymi. W proprialnym centrum znajdują się nazwy homonimiczne z nazwami miejscowości i regionów, np. Rzeszów (powiat grodzki), Tyrol (Austria, jedn. I rzędu). Dalej od centrum mieszczą się nazwy wieloelementowe z komponentem proprialnym i elementem gatunkowym, np. Kraj Basków, Kraj Loary, Bazylea-Okręg, Terytorium Stołeczne Islamabadu, Prefektura Wientian. Na pograniczu nazw własnych i pospolitych lokują się deskrypcje typu Prowincja Centralna, Region Stołeczny, które opisują pojęcia jednostkowe za pomocą słownictwa apelatywnego. Nazwy składające się z terminu gatunkowego i przymiotnika odmiejscowego są nazwami pospolitymi, np. województwo podlaskie, powiat otwocki, rejon birżański, obwód brzeski. Sposób zapisu nazw wieloelementowych z terminem gatunkowym / elementem gatunkowym pozostaje otwarty, ponieważ istnieje różnica między ogólnymi zasadami ortograficznymi i uzusem.

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Polskie egzonimy z obszaru Litwy, Łotwy i Estonii w okresie od XIV do XVIII wieku

The Return of Names in the Context of Language Universals: Ancient and Contemporary Local Names with an International Character

Miejsce nazw jednostek administracyjnych w choronimii