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Adaptace a ekvivalence testových metod  : inspirace pro psychologické testování minorit v ČR

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Čeněk J., Urbánek T.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 1
42-54
EN
This review is focused on the issues of equivalence of the test methods and their adaptation from one culture into another. The emphasis is placed on the identification of the reserves of Czech psychological assessment in the area of minorities testing, and on methodological procedures common in cross-cultural psychology, which can be used in the process of test adaptation, in order to achieve the best possible validity of the test for the target population. The beginning of the article is concerned with cultural universality of psychological constructs, various types of test bias and test equivalence. Furthermore, specific types of test adaptations, which are needed in order to ensure a creation of culturally equivalent version of psychological test, are described in step-by-step approach.
CS
Tento teoretický článek se zabývá problematikou ekvivalence testových metod a možnostmi jejich adaptace z jedné kultury do kultury jiné. Důraz je kladen na identifikaci rezerv, které má česká psychodiagnostika v oblasti testování menšin, a na metodologické postupy běžné v interkulturní psychologii, které lze využít v procesu adaptace testu s cílem dosáhnout co nejlepší validity výsledného testu pro cílovou populaci. Úvod článku se týká kulturní univerzality psychologických konstruktů, jednotlivými typy kulturního zkreslení a testovou ekvivalencí. Dále je pojednáváno o konkrétních typech adaptace testů a jednotlivých krocích aprocedurách, které je nutné provést k vytvoření kulturně ekvivalentní verze psychologického testu.
2
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K typologii ekvivalentů v právním překladu

80%
Duběda T.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2021
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vol. 82
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issue 2
139-158
EN
Equivalence was a central concept in the early stages of modern translation theory. Despite being criticised in later periods, mainly in literary translation, its usefulness in specialised translation remains undoubted. I first examine the aspects of equivalence described in the literature on legal translation, arriving at no less than 32 different equivalent types. Building on these findings, I propose a detailed, multidimensional typology of legal equivalents, using four orthogonal criteria: translation procedure, degree of equivalence, conventionality and register. Translation procedures are divided, on the one hand, into canonical and non-canonical, and, on the other hand, into language-oriented, language- and function-oriented, and function-oriented. The different categories, defined as non-exclusive, are characterised with respect to their documentary vs. instrumental nature, and supplemented by French-Czech and Czech-French translation examples. The analysis also raises a certain number of specific questions that have received only limited attention so far. These include the role of register in terminology, the evaluation of the degree of equivalence in the case of language-oriented equivalents, and the directional symmetry of equivalents. The typological proposal is language-independent, and may serve as both a theoretical framework and practical tool in translatorial decision-making.
3
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Tituly zahraničních filmů v českém jazykovém prostředí:

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Svobodová D.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
375-387
EN
The aim of this paper is to outline the types of titles of foreign films and series. The author gives their basic division to titles adopted in their original forms, translated, and completely different from the originals, i.e. substituted by different names. Attention is paid to the specifics of individual approaches that consist mainly in application of functional equivalence, formal transformation, variable changes of structure of the original titles (enlargement, explication, reduction, etc.), lexical substitution, semantic modification, and analogy. In the case of the Czech titles the occurrence of selected types of language means, e.g. colloquial or expressive elements is mentioned.
4
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Co přináší jednojazyčná lexikografie lexikografii překladové?

71%
Vachková M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 1-2
102-118
EN
The paper is based on experience gained from working on a current project of the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary. The author suggests briefly that bilingual lexicography cannot exist without monolingual dictionaries. The examples show that monolingual and translation dictionaries solve their processing problems in specific ways due both to the function of the emerging works and the theoretical assumptions tied to a linguistic, historical and cultural heritage of the respective country. Writing a German-Czech bilingual dictionary, the author often checks the Czech equivalents for their morphology, stylistics, semantics, and word-formation in monolingual dictionaries, and lacks greater reliability and completeness of data. This paper claims that new monolingual works should be based on thorough knowledge of the needs of not only ordinary users, but also professional ones. The reflection of the uniqueness of single and bilingual works could benefit lexicographers from both mentioned areas, in other words, seeing data in monolingual dictionaries through the eyes of a bilingual lexicographer could prove inspiring and useful.
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