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EN
Electricity is a factor that facilitates the functioning of consumers in society and creates appropriate conditions for work, development and rest. Due to the scale and pace of the changes resulting from technological progress and new regulations, consumers in the electricity market do not have the appropriate technical, economic or legal knowledge. The most significant problems within the electricity market in Poland include the high level of ignorance of the services, institutions and basic terms required for making rational decisions in the electricity market. This is necessary in order to determine the sources from which consumers derive knowledge about the electricity market. Based on the research carried out by the author, it can be argued that the knowledge and skills concerning an evaluation of the electricity market, the institutions operating therein and their product are very low.
EN
In connection with the ongoing process of liberalization in the Polish electricity market, customer orientation and its needs are becoming an important competitive advantage of electricity trading companies. The aim of this article is an attempt to present and solve the problem of fitting baseload and peakload futures contracts to future planned energy demand as a multicriteria programming problem. Due to the large number of variables and nonsmooth criteria the Monte Carlo simulation was used to solve the problem. The model has been built to minimize price and imbalance volume between future planned demand and standard products able to purchase on the Polish commodity market. Due to future SPOT, the settlement simulation model requires future SPOT prices.
EN
This article presents various teaching methods that include an experimental approach to the gymnasium and high-school physics curriculum. Various methods of an interdisciplinary approach between physics and other sciences, technology and the students’ everyday life are presented. A sample laboratory lesson focusing on electrical circuits in the gymnasium curriculum is also included. Cases presented in the article are based on informal education practices, such as academic science encouragement programmes and NGO experiences.
EN
In the article the sequence of actions and skills of students on designing power systems that enables them to form professional competence necessary for future engineers is revealed. Social, cultural and economic development of any state largely depends on the professional competence of graduates of higher education institutions in their respective sectors. However, the level of development ultimately begins today to be determined by the energy component, which is characterized by the degree of power and ways of getting the energy products and the possible consequences of their use. The growth of energy consumption leads to the search for alternative energy sources, in particular to the recovery of energy. In the solution to the problem of energy saving and renewable energy are constantly engaged domestic and foreign experts. The problem energy producing and energy usage as a component of the educational process in universities, especially in technical areas, now dominate over others. The most attractive position with growing energy needs is renewable sources of energy by converting the full spectrum of solar radiation. The purpose of this article is to propose an algorithmic method of action and skill on engineering energy systems by the students based on renewable energy that allows them to form professional competence required for future engineers. It is concluded that in the process of research work of teachers with students they gain skills to work with materials on the results of the patent search. It is also important to carry out research work to find other ways and directions of creation of fundamentally different technologies and production of environmentally friendly energy. The following stages of scientific-cognitive activity of students are identified. First, preparation, is awareness of the problem of energy and the formation of understanding of the need to address it at least partially. The next stage is the search and mobilization: creating the conditions and means of scientific research. Then – executive-implementation, during which projects are created under the guidance of the supervisor. The final stage is an algorithm of actions on implementation of the project.
EN
The paper aims to analyse the development of the financial leverage and its determinants in companies producing electricity from wind resources in Latvia during 2005-2012. The financial ratio technique is used to compute the financial leverage in the companies and the regression analysis method is employed to determine the relationships between variables. The results of the analysis revealed that wind electricity generating companies use substantial share of debt and the financial leverage is increasing. Statistically significant relationships were found between the financial leverage and profitability of companies, their growth opportunities, collateral value of assets, size of the company and an effective tax rate. Results will be used to construct weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the economic assessment of investment into wind electricity sector in Latvia.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono dane ilościowe obrazujące produkcję energii elektrycznej z odnawialnych źródeł energii w Polsce. Zaprezentowano elektrownie wodne, wiatrowe, wytwarzanie energii z biomasy stałej oraz biogazu. Omówiono mechanizmy promocji odnawialnych źródeł energii oraz uregulowania prawne dotyczące wytwarzania i obrotu energią elektryczną w Polsce.
EN
The article shows the quantity data depicting the production of electricity achieved from renewable resources in Poland. Hydroelectric power stations, wind power stations, producing energy from solid biomass and biogas. The promotion mechanism of renewable energy have been discussed here along with the laws regulating the production and sales of electricity in Poland.
EN
The presented text highlights the benefits of making parts of electricity market public comparing to the risks associated with the politicization. The following parts of the article highlight some of the most important problems arising from politicization. These include: investment delays, problems related to the characteristics of the production and connection of energy from renewable sources, and insufficient use of the international integration potential of the power grid. The article also refers to the motivational function of market competition and globalization processes.
PL
W przedstawionym tekście zwrócono uwagę z jednej strony na korzyści wynikające z upublicznienia, a z drugiej na zagrożenia, które niesie powiązane z upublicznieniem upolitycznienie części rynku elektroenergetycznego. W kolejnych częściach tekstu zwrócono uwagę na niektóre, najistotniejsze z punktu widzenia autora, problemy wynikające z upolitycznienia. Wśród nich należy wyliczyć: opóźnienia inwestycyjne, problemy związane z charakterystyką produkcji i przyłączania energii pochodzącej ze źródeł odnawialnych oraz niewystarczające wykorzystanie potencjału integracji międzynarodowej sieci elektroenergetycznej. Opracowanie odnosi się również do funkcji motywacyjnej, jaką w gospodarce wolnorynkowej odgrywa konkurencja oraz procesy globalizacyjne.
EN
This paper applies the general insights of liberalization of the electricity and gas market to the market conditions of a particularly important new Member State in the EU, Poland. To this end the aim of this paper is to explain the Polish experience of liberalizing its energy market by reviewing those developments that produced its current shape. In fact there are two possible scenarios Polish policy makers can follow in liberalizing its energy sector. One would involve the UK approach that encompasses: ownership unbundling, less market concentration, less public ownership and more private capital in the industry. The second scenario follows the continental model: more concentration and vertical integration and more State or public ownership in the energy field (for instance, the French model). These two widely diverging approaches reflect different energy consumption patterns, energy mixes, sources of supply and natural resources of various countries. Having these differences in mind this research reviews developments that have produced the current state of liberalization of the electricity and gas sectors in Poland and discusses the prospects for further progress towards an integrated, competitive and liberalized European electricity and gas market in the light of the challenges that remain. These challenges include uneven unbundling, discriminatory third party access, insufficient independency of national regulator, consolidation and anti-competitive behaviour of incumbents or abuse of one’s dominant position on the market.
EN
The paper aims at modelling the electricity generator’s expectations about price development in the Latvian day-ahead electricity market. Correlation and sensitivity analysis methods are used to identify the key determinants of electricity price expectations. A neural network approach is employed to model electricity price expectations. The research results demonstrate that electricity price expectations depend on the historical electricity prices. The price a day ago is the key determinant of price expectations and the importance of the lagged prices reduces as the time backwards lengthens. Nine models of electricity price expectations are prepared for different natural seasons and types of the day. The forecast accuracy of models varies from high to low, since errors are 7.02 % to 59.23 %. The forecasting power of models for weekends is reduced; therefore, additional determinants of electricity price expectations should be considered in the models and advanced input selection algorithms should be applied in future research. Electricity price expectations affect the generator’s loss through the production decisions, which are made considering the expected (forecasted) prices. The models allow making the production decision at a sufficient level of accuracy.
EN
When talking about the future of Europe we also think about alternative energy sources. It is up to national governments to decide how to encourage investments in this field in order to contribute to the 20-20-20 EU-objective. Until the network delivery cost for electricity produced from renewable sources will be comparable to the cost for energy from traditional sources ("grid parity"), the development of businesses and markets for electricity from renewable sources is going to be driven by support schemes. The state of the grids and the facility of grid-access constitute another two key factors influencing the development of this sector. Last but not least, the question of policy consistency is raised within the business community. Over the past years some support schemes have proved to be more effective than others, and grid conditions have also evolved. Policies supporting the development of renewables also changed at EU-level and at national levels. Based on statistics, scientific literature and the feedback of the business community, this study aims to analyse the development of renewable energy sectors in the European Union by comparing Germany’s and Romania’s experience. Also this study describes the current and expected future market situation in these countries relying on data gained from questionnaires and interviews with specialists in the renewable field.
EN
The subject of this paper is an analysis of the electricity market in Poland. The period of 2008–2015 came under close scrutiny, whereby emphasis was laid on the trends in electricity generation and demand, while taking into account the country’s economic development. In addition, the text mentions the forecasted demand for electricity in 2030, and electricity prices. As regards electricity prices, both qualitative and quantitative forecasts have been presented. In the latter case, the results of the author’s own forecast have been presented; these were obtained with the aid of selected methods applied for the analysis of the dynamics of economic phenomena (the exponential and linear trend models). In order to make the research problem more specific, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and operation of the electricity market in Poland? (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland? (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend inthe changes in electricity prices in Poland?
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w tekście jest charakterystyka funkcjonowania rynku energii elektrycznej w Polsce. Bardziej szczegółowej analizie poddano lata 2008–2015; położono w niej nacisk na trendy w produkcji i zapotrzebowaniu na energię elektryczną, przy uwzględnieniu rozwoju gospodarczego kraju. Ponadto w tekście uwzględniono prognozy w zakresie zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną na 2030 r. i prognozy cen na energię elektryczną. W przypadku prognoz cen na energię elektryczną zaprezentowano zarówno prognozę jakościową, jak i ilościową. W ostatnim przypadku zaprezentowano wyniki z własnej prognozy, które uzyskano za pomocą zastosowanych wybranych metod analizy dynamiki zjawisk ekonomicznych (model wykładniczy i model liniowy trendu). W związku z koniecznością uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w tekścieprzedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1)Czy można wykazać specyficzne cechy, które charakteryzowałyby strukturę i funkcjonowanie rynku energii elektrycznej w Polsce? (2) Czy można wskazać charakterystyczny trend w zakresie zmian zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną w Polsce? (3) Czy można wskazać charakterystyczny trend w zakresie zmian cen energii elektrycznej w Polsce?
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EN
The article is a review of the book Lokalizacja ekonomicznie bezpieczna – aspekty metodo-logiczne i praktyczne [Economically safe location – methodological and practical aspects], under scientific edition of Prof. Kazimierz Kuciński. The work contains reflections on the essence of economic security from the point of view of several important issues of econ-omy, such as human capital, advanced technologies, power generation, spatial order of rural areas. The main conclusion that can be drawn from reading this book is the fact that the issue of economic security of companies is multi-faceted, especially in Poland.
PL
Artykuł jest recenzją książki Lokalizacja ekonomicznie bezpieczna – aspekty metodologiczne i praktyczne, pod redakcją naukową prof. Kazimierza Kucińskiego. Praca zawiera rozważania o istocie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego od strony kilku ważnych tematów ekonomii, ta-kich jak kapitał ludzki, zaawansowane technologie, wytwarzanie energii elektrycznej, ład przestrzenny obszarów wiejskich. Podstawowy wniosek, który nasuwa się z lektury tej książki to fakt, że zagadnienie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego przedsiębiorstw jest wieloaspektowe, szczególnie w warunkach polskich.
EN
Universal access to electricity has become a reality for many years. However, the use of this energy also poses threats. In case of accident or contact with unsecured electric network, the people and animals undergo electric shock. In the paper, we present the body’s response to an electricity. Here is the scale of the problem, the causes of shock on a national scale, as well as in selected branches of the national economy. In the final part, we present the frequency of electric shock.
PL
Powszechny dostęp do źródeł korzystania z prądu elektrycznego stało się faktem już od wielu lat. Jednak korzystanie z tej energii stwarza również zagrożenia. W przypadku awarii lub kontaktu z niezabezpieczoną siecią elektryczną następuje porażenie prądem ludzi i zwierząt. W artykule przedstawiono reakcję organizmu na prąd elektryczny. Zaprezentowano skalę problemu, przyczyny porażeń w skali kraju, a także w wybranych gałęziach gospodarki narodowej. W końcowej części została podana częstość porażeń prądem.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przegląd literatury na temat psychologicznych aspektów zarządzania popytem na energię elektryczną. Zarządzanie popytem stanowi szansę dla poprawy efektywności energetycznej. Podsumowanie uwzględnia teorię wartości-przekonania-normy, teorię aktywizacji norm Schwartza, teorię planowanego zachowania, model faz działania Rubicon, wpływ informacji zwrotnej. W omawianych pracach, wykorzystując metody eksperymentalne oraz badania terenowe, wykazano zależności między zmianą zużycia energii elektrycznej w gospodarstwach domowych a takimi czynnikami natury psychologicznej, jak: normy, przekonania, wartości, rodzaj motywacji, postawy, spostrzegana kontrola. Podsumowane wyniki badań pomagają zrozumieć zachowanie konsumentów, a w konsekwencji projektować skuteczniejsze programy zarządzania popytem. Jest to pierwsze zestawienie publikacji na temat psychologicznej perspektywy zarządzania popytem.
EN
The main objective of the article is providing the literature review of research on the psychological aspects of electricity demand management. The demand management is an opportunity to improve energy efficiency. It includes Value-Belief-Norm theorem, Norm Activation Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, the Rubicon model of action phases, the impact of feedback and social norms. Studies discussed in the paper, using experimental methods and field studies, show that the change in electricity consumption in households depends on psychological factors, such as norms, beliefs, values, type of motivation, attitudes, perceived control. Summarized results help to understand consumer behavior and, consequently, design more effective demand management programs. As far as we know, this is the first overview of publications on the psychological perspective of demand management.
PL
Artykuł skoncentrowany jest na tematyce wykonywania zadań publicznych przez gminy w zakresie zapewnienia jej mieszkańcom dostawy energii. Gminy są odbiorcami energii elektrycznej. Jej zakupu dokonują w celu wykonywania powierzonych im zadań w zakresie zaspokojenia potrzeb mieszkańców wiążących się z elektrycznością. Ze względu na to, że gmina jest jednostką publiczną, zobowiązana jest dokonać zakupu energii, opierając się na transparentnych kryteriach, a więc w ramach procedury zamówień publicznych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie, jakie kryteria gmina powinna uwzględnić, dokonując wyboru dostawcy energii, przy założeniu, że powinna ona uwzględnić nie tylko czynniki cenowe, ale również pozacenowe, zwłaszcza ochronę środowiska w toku wytwarzania energii przez przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne. W trakcie prac nad niniejszym artykułem wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczną przez analizę ustawodawstwa unijnego i polskiego.
EN
The article focuses on the performance of public tasks by communes in the scope of ensuring energy supply to its inhabitants. Communes are consumers of electricity. They purchase it in order to perform the tasks assigned to them in the scope of satisfying the inhabitants’ needs in the field of electricity. Since the commune is a public entity, it is obliged to purchase energy on the basis of transparent criteria, i.e. within the framework of a public procurement procedure. The aim of the article is to indicate which criteria should be taken into account by the commune when choosing the energy supplier, with the assumption that it should take into account not only price but also non-price factors, especially environmental protection during the generation of energy by energy companies. In the course of work on this article, the dogmatic method was used through the analysis of EU and Polish legislation.
PL
This article aims at analyzing the constituent elements of a criminal offense, based on Art. 278 § 5 k.k. The result of the analysis is the conclusion that in practice, only electricity can be the object of that offense. Therefore it must be specified accordingly in the provision of Art. 278 § 5 k.k. The study of literature led to the conclusion that the authors often mistakenly specify the object of that crime in a manner contrary to the principles of physics. This article presents the disputed issue of classifying the energy consumption by an entity authorized under an agreement with the provider, but with an understatement of the amounts of energy consumed by that entity. The author concluded that the classification of such act is possible based on Art. 278 § 5 and 286 § 1 k.k., depending on the definition of the result of an act which, at the time it was committed, was liable to evaluation under criminal law. The analysis also includes the controversial legal case of conscious use of energy consumed by the means of an illegal tapping into the power grid or causing a malfunction in a device designed to measure the amount of energy consumed by other persons who have not committed such an action. The study of literature led to the conclusion that according to the currently prevailing view such behavior does not fulfill the constituent elements of a crime. The author further concludes that due to the difficulties with the determination of the value of the object in question during the taking of evidence, the act of „stealing” electricity has rightly not undergone decriminalization; which could otherwise result in allegations on the grounds of infringement of the substantive law.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje Królestwo Norwegii z jednej strony jako rodzaj imperium energetycznego z największym zużyciem elektryczności per capita, a z drugiej – jako producenta ropy i gazu. W tej ostatniej kwestii nastąpiły interesujące zmiany: zmniejszenie produkcji ropy, a zwiększenie produkcji gazu. Równie ciekawie prezentują się posiadane rezerwy oraz możliwość potencjalnych odkryć. Wszystko to w kontekście nowej polityki rządu i jego ambitnych planów zmniejszenia zależności gospodarki od wydobycia węglowodorów.
EN
The article presents the Kingdom of Norway as a contemporary energy empire, which uses most electricity per capita, but on the other hand is itself a major producer of oil and natural gas. The energy industry, however, has undergone significant changes because of the substantial decrease of oil output and the significant increase of gas production. What is equally interesting are the issues of existing energy reserves in this country and the possibilities of new discoveries of the resources, especially in the context of the new governmental policy and the ambitious plans of making the economy less dependent on hydrocarbon extraction.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia tematyczny podział słownictwa mieszkańców Zalesia (gmina Wartkowice, powiat poddębicki) z zakresu pola tematycznego „Elektryczność”. Leksykę podzielono na mikropola tematyczne, wyznaczając dodatkowo cztery większe grupy. Aby pozyskać materiał do badań, przeprowadzono i nagrano rozmowy z siedmiorgiem informatorów z trzech grup pokoleniowych. Wykorzystano do tego metodę kwestionariuszową. Zebrane słownictwo zestawiono z innymi pracami, np. Słownikiem gwary Domaniewka w powiecie łęczyckim Mieczysława Szymczaka oraz Słownikiem dwudziestowiecznej Łodzi Danuty Bieńkowskiej, Marka Cybulskiego i Elżbiety Umińskiej-Tytoń.
EN
This article presents a thematic classification of the lexis of the inhabitants of Zalesie (Wartkowice commune, Poddębice district) of the subfield “Electricity”. The lexis is divided into micropoles and additionally wider thematic groups have been designated. To obtain material for research, interviews with seven informants from three generational groups were conducted and recorded. A questionnaire method was used for this. Assembled material was compared with other publications, for example Słownik gwary Domaniewka w powiecie łęczyckim by Mieczysław Szymczak and Słownik dwudziestowiecznej Łodzi by Danuta Bieńkowska, Marek Cybulski and Elżbieta Umińska-Tytoń.
PL
Celem artykułu było zebranie informacji dotyczących mechanizmów, które pozwolą odbiorcy na ograniczenie ekonomicznego kosztu energii elektrycznej. Przedstawiono dwie kategorie ulg wprowadzonych przez polski rząd z których będą mogły skorzystać przedsiębiorstwa stosujące energochłonne technologie, zakłady energochłonne oraz odbiorcy przemysłowi w 2016 roku.
EN
The aim of the article was to gather information on the mechanisms that will reduce the economic cost of electricity recipient. The author presents two categories of incentives introduced by the Polish government, which will benefit companies implementing energy-intensive, energy-intensive companies and industrial customers in 2016.
PL
Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne jest współcześnie powiązane ze sprawnym działaniem administracji publicznej, staje się fundamentem funkcjonowania gospodarki oraz wpływa na jakość życia społeczeństwa. Uzależnienie od energii wciąż wzrasta, dlatego aspekty związane z zaopatrzeniem w gaz ziemny, szczególnie istotny dla przemysłu oraz coraz ważniejszy dla gospodarstw domowych i sektora energetycznego, ropę naftową, warunkującą sprawny transport, oraz w energię elektryczną niezbędną dla funkcjonowania wszelkich podmiotów są podstawą bezpieczeństwa współczesnego państwa. Celem artykułu jest analiza bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski pod kątem kluczowych składowych oraz wskazanie głównych wyzwań i problemów wraz z sygnalizacją podejmowanych działań.
EN
Nowadays energy security is strictly connected with the efficient functioning of public administration and industry and with the standard of citizens’ life. The dependence on energy security is still growing because natural gas is more often used by households, crude oil provides functioning of transportation and electricity is widely used by all subjects and that makes it crucial for ensuring security and providing welfare of a modern state. In this context the main goal of the article is to characterize Polish energy security and to show and explain its key challenges and problems.
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