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EN
The article presents the research results, the aim of which was to learn different ways of dealing with aggression by teachers, and to examine knowledge that children have about aggression and related problems. Research problems were formulated that concerned ways of eliminating children`s aggressive behaviors, which are used by teachers at work. One of the research tools was a questionnaire addressed to teachers. Providing answers, they had to demonstrate their knowledge about the different types of aggression that can be observed among children, and describe the methods and ways of dealing with it. The children were interviewed by a puppet, which was used to transform the interview into a process of interaction and to reduce the distance between the child and the researcher. The second study involving children was an interview focused on a problem. The presented research results have shown how big the problem is aggression in the life of preschool children who have shown a great knowledge about this subject. The article includes quotes from children's statements, that give an idea of what they think, feel or experience dealing with aggression. The study shows, that all the tested teachers are aware of factors causing aggression in children and know different methods and ways of eliminating aggressive behaviors. In practice, however, they are not always able to cope with this difficult and important problem and they need support. This research can be useful for teachers and parents so that they learn and understand better the problem of aggression which is ubiquitous among children, familiarize with the ways of reacting properly in difficult situations and ways of eliminating aggressive behaviors.
PL
Na przestrzeni wieków postrzeganie ludzi chorych i niepełnosprawnych zmieniało się. Zaczynając od czasów starożytnych, a nawet wcześniejszych, społeczeństwa różnie podchodziły do tematu choroby i kalectwa. Cywilizacje dążyły do tworzenia zdrowego społeczeństwa, co było możliwe (zdaniem ówczesnych społeczeństw) tylko drogą eliminacji. Niepełnosprawność, kalectwo, ułomność w czasach starożytnych obejmujących okres od 2500 r. p.n.e. do 476 r. n.e postrzegane były jako przejaw przekleństwa, kary bogów, działania sił nadprzyrodzonych. W starożytnej Grecji porzucanie, zabijanie noworodków często wymagane było nawet przez państwo, a filozofowie Platon czy Arystoteles przedstawiali poglądy wykluczania niepełnosprawnych ze społeczeństwa. Rzymianie uważali, że narodzenie się dziecka z defektami było zapowiedzią zbliżającej się katastrofy. Ułomnych dorosłych obrażano, nadając im przydomki wyśmiewające ich cechy czy niedoskonałości anatomiczne. Wczesne chrześcijaństwo, to pierwsze próby leczenia niepełnosprawności, chociaż nękające choroby, kalectwo przedstawiano jako karę za grzechy. Starożytne cywilizacje dążyły do tworzenia zdrowego społeczeństwa drogą eliminacji, okrucieństwa, bezwzględności wobec niepełnosprawnych, ułomnych, co miało odzwierciedlenie w religii, kulturze czy aspekcie ekonomicznym. Na ewolucję poglądów dotyczących niepełnosprawności miało wpływ wiele czynników, takich jak rozwój nauki, technologii, obowiązująca kultura, systemy wartości czy poglądy filozoficzne. Medycyna dopiero się rozwijała, więc dostęp do jakiegokolwiek lekarza był bardzo ograniczony. Bogatsi, lepiej usytuowani często mieli szansę na przeżycie, ale często i ci, w przypadku choroby czy niepełnosprawności, byli spychani na margines społeczeństwa.
EN
Over the centuries, perceptions towards disability varied significantly. In ancient times, and even before, there were different approaches to illness and disability. Civilizations sought to create a healthy society that was possible, according to contemporary societies, only by elimination. In ancient times, in the period from 2500 BC to 476 AD, disability was seen as a result of a curse or punishment from gods for sinning. In Ancient Greece, abandonment of newborns or killing babies was even often required by the state. Philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, held a view that people with disabilities should be excluded from the society. Also the Romans believed that the birth of a child with birth defects presaged impending disaster. Adults with disabilities often experienced verbal attacks, such as taunts or name calling. First attempts to treat disability date back to early Christian times, although illness and disability were regarded as punishment for sins. Ancient civilizations sought to build a healthy society through elimination, cruelty and ruthlessness towards people with disabilities, which was reflected in religion, culture or economy. Beliefs about disability have changed over time through many different factors that is development of science, technology, culture, value systems and philosophical views. Ancient civilizations began practicing medicine, so there was a very limited access to a doctor. Even though wealthier people had a chance to survive, in the case of an illness or disability they were often pushed to the margins of society.
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