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EN
By the example of Central Federal District of the Russian Federation the dynamics of the changes of political, economic and social-cultural segments of the elite group in the conditions of modernization processes in Russia are viewed. Special attention is paid to such factor as a type of economic development of the federal subject. The article is based on the results of the researches carried out within a framework of the Federal targeted programme “Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Personnel of the Innovative Russia” for 2009–2013.
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Modernizacja w Rosji

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RU
Журнал «Политическиe исследования» – лидер среди польских периодических изданий, представляющих сферу политических наук – в течение нескольких лет ведет активное сотрудничество с ведущими политологами наших восточных соседей. Мы неоднократно предоставляли вниманию читателей выпуски нашего ежеквартального журнала, посвященные проблематике трансформации, перемен и реформирования, осуществляемых на постсоветском пространстве. Данная совместная деятельность имеет необычайно важное значение, поскольку разрушает мифы и стереотипные подходы в раскрытии образа данного региона, сверх того – это попытка представить реальный процесс перемен. Следует подчеркнуть, что мы предоставляем слово исследователям, непосредственно связанным с регионом, а не только наблюдателям, анализирующим в данный момент процесс перемен и преображений, наступивших после 1989 года.
EN
The first wave of researches on democratic transition appeared during the Cold War, which were too ideological and over-optimistic about the victory of capitalism over its ideological adversary – communism. Till the beginning of 1990-s the researchers had a great confidence, that democracy and market economy can be crafted following the certain set of rules. But some setbacks in democratic transitions force to pay more attention to the causes of their initiations and their impact on further development of democratic institutions. Despite of plenty approaches to definition of the democratic transformation drivers, they can be divided into five groups: social, economic, personal (elitists), international and institutional. The social approach uses such terms as civil political culture, civil values (R. Patnam), social capital, trust and cooperation, which promote the democratic practice in society. But some empirical studies proved that democratic transformation can occur in conditions, when civil values are less common. Early arguments that Islam can not be combined with democratic institutions were contradicted by the recent Arab revolutions (see, for example, L. Diamond). S. Lipset was the first, who pointed out the relations between the level of economic development and stability of democratic institutions. The later researches mentioned the importance of the middle classes, economic disparity, availability of natural resources and so on. The role of the agreement between new and old politicians, especially on the early stages of transformation, is examined in the context of elitist approach. The international factors are presented by foreign countries and international organizations (EU, NATO, World Bank, IMF). The institutionalists are convinced that election system, political parties, parliament, constitution agreements are the key to successful democratization.
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