Search results - CEJSH

1

Kuldsele Kaananimaale: esimestest eesti valjarandajatest Brasiilias

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Jurisson S.

Mäetagused

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2012

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vol. 50

91-112

EN

This article focuses on the formation of the Estonian community in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century. There were three waves of migration: the first decade of the 20th century, the time between the two world wars and the migration of Estonian refugees after World War II. Allegedly, the first Estonians reached Brazil at the beginning of the 19th century, although this is very unlikely. The first documented case is a sailor named Jüri Jürison, who visited Rio de Janeiro during his voyage from Kronstadt to Vladivostok in 1865. The first Estonian who resided in Brazil was a missionary named Hans Tiismann, who worked as a reverend in Santa Cruz in the years 1875-1884. The first evidence of the permanent Estonian population dates from 1902. The first larger group of Estonians arrived in Brazil in 1906 and immigration continued in subsequent years. The Brazilian states, especially Sao Paolo, were on constant promotion tours in Europe in order to attract more manpower to Brazil. It is not known how many Estonians reached Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, but based on an estimate, the number could have been between 500 and 1000. Quite a large number of them were inhabitants of Estonian communes from other parts of the Russian Empire and many of them were Baptists. Due to the difficult conditions over there, several of those who had migrated to Brazil returned to their homeland after a few years. The article describes the causes of Estonians’ emigration to Brazil, the composition of migrants, group size, and adaptation in their new homeland. Also the article examines the promotional brochure written by Johann Gutmann, which had a strong influence on migrants.

2

„Ucieczka do słońca”. Problem emigracji w biografii artystycznej Ludomira Michała Rogowskiego (1881–1954)

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Wójtowicz E.

Aspekty Muzyki

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2014

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vol. 4

103-118

EN

Emigration is a significant context of Rogowski’s work; it also sheds light on the complex history of his music’s reception in the country of his origin. The composer spent over half of his life outside of Poland (38 out of 73 years). After studying under the supervision of Zygmunt Noskowski he developed his education in the years 1906–1908 in European centres: Leipzig, Munich, Rome. He did not feel an emigrant at that time, he was a Pole living temporarily abroad. Rogowski’s eight-year stay in France (1911–1912 and 1914–1921) may be considered in terms of emigration as well as the 28 years of living in Dubrovnik (1926–1954). Those two periods are different from each other in many ways. During the first of them, the composer was active in the Polish diaspora: he established a choir and wrote incidental music with patriotic message. In Dubrovnik, Rogowski was one of a handful of Poles but he did not feel alienated. Soon he blended into the local community co-creating the musical life of the city. In terms of artistic results, the Dubrovnik period cannot equal with the French time in his life, when the best compositions and a study Muzyka przyszłości [The Music of Future] were written. The ambitious author referred then to the common trends popular at that time in European music, such as the search for reviving musical language or fascination with the Orient. The musical circles of Dubrovnik, of which Rogowski was a central figure, could not play an inspiring nor a controlling function towards him. Choosing the fate of a voluntary anchorite on the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the composer condemned himself to gradual oblivion in his first homeland.

3

“Kui me tulime Rootsi...” Eesti joulutraditsioonidest voorsil

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Hiiemae M.

Mäetagused

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2012

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vol. 50

141-158

EN

The focus of the article is on the cultural adaptation of the Estonian community that left Estonia during World War II and found refuge in Sweden. The important starting point of the article is an interview with a former journalist (born 1937), who settled with her family in Kristinehamn (South Sweden) in the year 1947 and moved to Stockholm later on. The interview took place in 2004 and concentrated on the most important and meaningful days and times in Swedish as well as Estonian folk calendar. In Sweden, the beginning of the Christmas period is calculated from St Lucia’s Day (December 13), yet in the 20th century Estonia, this day had only a marginal meaning. By the middle of the 20th century, it was already a tradition in Sweden to choose a blond Lucia-maiden and have ceremonial processions as an introduction into the Christmas time. In Finland and Norway this tradition was a way to preserve the feeling of national belonging for the local Swedish population. The interviewee, who went to a Swedish school at the age of ten, remembered that she was impressed by the special role of the Lucia-maiden, yet the adult Estonian population consciously ignored the “foreign culture”. In Estonia as well as in Sweden, the friendly dwarfs were not yet a part of Christmas traditions in the mid-20th century. In Sweden, tomte, who was known as the protecting spirit of home in the older peasant culture, took over this role in the course of the growing urbanisation. Tomte lost its previous position in folk belief, got a red hat and became a member of the Lucia-procession. The attempt to preserve the old identity could be observed in the Christmas time room design, the decorating of the Christmas tree, etc. Taking over the traditions of the new homeland was perceived as surrender to the other culture. In the Lutheran Sweden as well as in Estonia, going to church was an established tradition. The Swedish Estonians also gathered in St Jacob’s Church in Stockholm with the wish to perceive the feeling of togetherness; yet, for homeland Estonians going to the church was rather an act of protest against Soviet ideology. Also, sending Christmas cards helped to preserve the feeling of keeping in touch and belonging. If we compare the Christmas traditions of the Swedish Estonians to those of the deportees and those in the Estonian villages in Siberia, which were established already in older times, we come to the conclusion that the topic of identity should deserve much more attention than it has been the case so far.

4

Translokacja konfliktów – zjawisko przenoszenia konfliktów etnicznych z kraju pochodzenia do rzeczywistości diasporalnej i imigranckiej

100%

Nieczuja-Ostrowski P.

Wschodnioznawstwo

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2016

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issue 10

27-39

EN

The study aims to identify the phenomenon of the translocation of ethnic conflicts from the home countries to emigration reality, on the example of Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish communities. It is indicated that the scientific literature often focuses on the issues of the impact of diasporas to home countries, but no so often on the inter-community relations in emigration. The form of these relations are con{ icts that through arising in space of emigration enter into social and political reality of the country of residence, directly affect its society, its attitudes, aspirations, behaviors, domestic and international policies. It is observed that these conflicts can take various forms, even extreme, which is terrorism. The evolution of these conflicts depends on a number of factors, among others, the level of communication with the home country, evolution of the conflict in their home countries, institutionalization of life in emigration.

5

Dystans społeczny emigrantów polskich w Wielkiej Brytanii wobec „obcych” a ich poziom wykształcenia

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Korczyński M.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

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2015

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vol. 25

151-174

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the importance of education in the formation of social distance of Polish emigrants towards peoples of other nationalities such as: Jews, Russians, English, Pakistani, Arabs, and Japanese. The study involved 262 people, including 137 Polish immigrants in England and 125 citizens of England as the host country. An adapted version of the E. Bogardus scale was used to measure social distance. The analyses performed show that the attitude of Polish emigrants towards people of other nationalities differed according to the level of education of the Poles surveyed. Only in the respondents’ attitude to Jews the level of education was not a differentiating factor. In all other cases, statistically significant differences were observed. British respondents generally declared a positive attitude towards people of other nationalities. Their level of distancing was rather homogeneous and more favorable, not dependent on their level of education.

6

Ukraińcy z Monachium. O okupacji niemieckiej, trudnym wychodźstwie i podziałach emigracyjnych

100%

Khoronzhuk K.

Wschodnioznawstwo

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2017

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issue 11

299-312

EN

The paper reflects on selected parts from interviews taken by the author in Lune 2016 in Munich. All the participants are so-called „displaced persons”, who after the end of the World War II were on the territory of Germany. For different reasons they did not go to the West but also decided not to return to their Motherland. In the beginning of the article the author mentions the reasons of the decisions to interview Ukrainians in Munich. They share their memories about the time spent in displaced persons camps (about 10 years). The interviewees talked about Polish-Ukrainian antagonisms, which had taken place before the beginning of World War II, the unpleasant reality during the German occupation, the terms of work in the camps of the Reich and the divisions within the Ukrainian diaspora.

7

Immigration policies in Lithuania: institutional and legislative developments, challenges and opportunities

100%

Žibas K.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

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2015

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issue 31(4)

59-79

EN

Analysing national programmes, state strategies and other documents that regulate immi- gration and migrant integration in Lithuania, this article provides an overview of policy priorities in this field before and after the enlargement of the European Union (EU). The main theoretical approaches of migration processes and policies are reviewed to conceptu- alise the field in which the Lithuanian immigration and migrant integration polices are to be analysed. The article covers different types of immigration, reveals main immigration trends and provides contextual information: policy responses and political discussions, public debates and societal attitudes towards immigration. It touches on the newest legi- slative and institutional developments in the field concerned and reveals that before 2014, immigration policy in Lithuania was based on the so-called ad hoc principle, while during the first half of 2014, a new trend emerged as the government adopted the ‘Lithuanian Migration Policy Guidelines’ and ‘Action Plan for Implementation of the Policy for the Integration of Foreigners’. At the same time, integration of foreigners as a new area of policy emerged in the Ministry of Social Security of Labour. Migrant integration is beco- ming a prioritised policy area. However, its challenging aspect has to be emphasised as deeper analysis of migrant integration infrastructure revealed that project-based activities, supported by the EU funds, have already managed to ‘change’ the implementation of migrant integration policy at state level.

8

DROGI EDUKACYJNE POLSKICH EMIGRANTEK W NIEMCZECH. PRZYCZYNKI EMPIRYCZNE

100%

Kalkowska M.

Problemy Profesjologii

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2013

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issue 1

121-132

PL

Niemcy to tradycyjne miejsce dla osób wyjeżdżających z Polski, co plasuje Polaków jako trzecią najliczniejszą społeczność cudzoziemców w Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Warto podkreślić, że proporcje płci w polskiej społeczności są dość zrównoważone. Ten artykuł zawiera cząstkowe wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród polskich kobiet emigrantów w Niemczech. Tekst wskazuje formy edukacji podejmowane przez polskie kobiety w Niemczech i przedstawia krótką charakterystykę wybranych placówek edukacyjnych, z których oferty skorzystały respondentki.

EN

Germany is a traditional destination for people emigrating from Poland, which ranks Poles as the third most numerous community of foreigners in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is worth highlighting that the proportions of sexes in the Polish community are rather balanced. This article includes fragmentary results of research conducted among Polish female emigrants in Germany. This text indicates forms of education undertaken by Polish women in Germany and presents a short characteristics of chosen educational institutions, whose offer the respondents took advantage of.

9

Success and entrepreneurship in the eyes of Polish emigrants in the British Isles

100%

Kolasińska-Morawska K.

Journal of Intercultural Management

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2014

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vol. 6

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issue 4-1

245-262

EN

This article is dedicated to the problems of success as interpreted by Polish emigrants living in the British Isles. The study begins with a presentation of selected views of success. There are then considerations of matters connected with the verification of the essence of success in terms of motivation and the values espoused in a given culture. Next is a discussion of the role and importance of the predestination of entrepreneurship as an indicator of success in the business field. A vital ingredient of those considerations was an analysis of the motives behind emigration as a phenomenon which liberates entrepreneurial actions. It is on this basis that the results are presented of the author’s own research into success a understood in terms of entrepreneurship as understood by Polish emigrants living in the British Isles.

10

RYZYKOWNE ZACHOWANIA SEKSUALNE POLSKICH EMIGRANTÓW W WIELKIEJ BRYTANII

100%

Czubińska G.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2016

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issue 4

141-157

EN

The aim of the research was to assess the determinants of risky sexual behaviours of Pol ish migrants in the UK a¤er the year 2004, and to compare those behaviours to thesexual behaviour of the same people before they emigrated from Poland. Results relate to 408 respondents, 56.9% of whom were women. Respondents had a median age of 32 years. 38.7% of them admitted to having unprotected sexual intercourse with an unknown partner in the UK. Such behaviour occurred with greater frequency in the UK than in Poland. Also more respondents declared themselves to have engaged in sexual intercourse a¤er the use of drugs and alcohol in the UK than in Poland. Relatively poor sensitivity to cultural di{erences was, in the case of this research, an independent predictor of unprotected sexual intercourse. Males were more likely to engage in unprotected sex with casual partners as well as sex a¤er alcohol and with multiple partners, which could result in a much higher probability of contracting sexually transmitted infections. All the results demonstrated the signicance of cultural adaptation and sexual education for the health of immigrants.

11

„Naszłe z mgieł Skandynawy”. O Norwidzie i pewnej debacie

100%

Nowicka E.

Pamiętnik Literacki

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2021

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vol. 112

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issue 3

121-141

PL

Artykuł przedstawia pogląd Cypriana Norwida na sprawę Polski i Słowiańszczyzny, bezpośrednio związany z zamieszczoną w „Przeglądzie Poznańskim” z 1857 roku recenzją pióra Dionizji Poniatowskiej na temat książki Henryka Kamieńskiego „Rosja i Europa. Polska. Wstęp do badań nad Rosją i Moskalami”. Krytyczne uwagi Norwida na temat poglądów Poniatowskiej zaprezentowane zostały na szerokim tle dyskusji poświęconych Słowianom, Słowiańszczyźnie i Polsce, które prowadzone były w latach pięćdziesiątych XIX wieku i nieco później w środowisku polskich (ale także rosyjskich i francuskich) autorów. Sedno tych dyskusji stanowiły zagadnienia dotyczące pochodzenia Słowian oraz ich wewnętrznego zróżnicowania, miejsca Polski w Słowiańszczyźnie czy związanych z tym wizji przyszłości i odniesień do myśli politycznej Polski sprzed rozbiorów.

EN

The paper presents Cyprian Norwid’s view on the issue of Poland and Slavdom, directly connected with Dionizja Poniatowska’s 1857 review from “Przegląd Poznański” (“Poznań Review”) of Henryk Kamieński’s book “Rosja i Europa. Polska. Wstęp do badan nad Rosją i Moskalami” (“Russia and Europe. Poland. An Introduction to the Research in Russia and Muskovites).” Norwid’s critical views towards those of Poniatowska are presented against heated discussions on the Slavs, Slavdom, and Poland held in the 1850s and later among the circles of Polish (and also Russian and French) authors. At the heart of the discussions lie the issues problems of the origin of the Slavs, their internal diversification, the place of Poland in Slavdom and references to Polish pre-Partition political thought, as well as the visions connected with them.

12

PUNO – Niepodległa uczelnia polska poza Polską

100%

Czubińska G.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2019

171-185

EN

The article presents the beginning of the Polish University Abroad establishing in Paris during the Second World War and later on in London (where we were found by the Polish authorities in exile as the private university with full public rights in 1952). Another part of the article shows PUNO activities in 21st century. e current structure of the university has been introduced, which comprises: Faculty of Humanities and three Institutes: Social Sciences, European Culture and Technical Sciences, together which 11 didactic and research units. The following categories apply: Didactics – with postgraduate studies, PhD seminars, seminars and workshops, including „Polish Culture Course” (run non-stop since 1953), „Twentieth Century Polish History Seminar” (a seminar in English with participation of leading British historians dealing with the Polish history of the 20th century). ScientiWc research – currently there are over 30 individual and group research projects at PUNO with broad scope of topics. Among them is the project funded by the European Union called TICASS and carried out by PUNO together with universities from Poland, Italy, Czech Republic and Kenya. International academic conferences – with the majority devoted to emigration issues. It includes the annual PUNO April Conference, organized on the anniversary days of the Smolensk catastrophe and commemorating the last President of the Republic of Poland in Exile – Mr. Ryszard Kaczorowski. Publishing – newly founded university publishing house PUNO Press, which issued eight books between 2016 and 2018, including „Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO”. e article also presents University plans for the closest future, including two bachelordegree studies for Polish migrants living abroad and further development of the PUNO Research Centre for young academics from Poland as well as for Polish-speaking diaspora living outside Poland.

13

Výzkum mezi krajany

100%

Havránek P.

Národopisný věstník

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2009

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vol. 26_(68)

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issue 1

234-239

EN

In the Croatia territory, the Czechs are concentrated predominantly in the area of the northwestern Slavonia. Center of this region with relatively compact Czech settlement is the town of Daruvar. Before and after the World War I, when the Czechoslovak Foreign Institute and the National Czechoslovak Council were established, the interest in this region increased. In 1930’s the Czechoslovak Foreign Institute initiated a mapping survey of this region, which was, however, not completed. The further initiative was launched several decades later. A research of culture of the Czech colony in the Daruvar region was carried out in 1965-70 by the Ethnography and Folklore Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (ČSAV) and the Folk Art Institute in Zagreb. More recent works devoted to the Czechs living in Croatia originate primarily in the country itself. My research in the region was realized above all in the form of interviews. I received a lot of necessary information from the Czech Union archives and from the local professional literature. In comparison with the previous research and with respect to the several-decade distance, it was possible to trace the process of acculturation and assimilation and to estimate its possible development. The accessible printed materials and literature are of miscellaneous origin. they partly come from the Czechoslovak Foreign Institute employees - Antonín Šembera, Rudolf Turčín and Jan Auerhan. Many valuable documents are deposited in the Central State Archive in Prague, in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs archive as well as in the Náprstek Museum’s archive. A rich archive is situated in the seat of the Czech Union in Croatia - in the Czech House in Daruvar. It contains many documents from the life of the Czech minority. The collections in this archive were assorted with the help of the Czech Republic, that is to say by archivists from the Central State Archive in Prague who had been working here for several years since 2001.

14

Vystěhovalectví z českých zemí na Krym

100%

Havránek P.

Národopisný věstník

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2007

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vol. 24_(66)

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issue 1

83-99

EN

The study focuses on the compatriot community in Ukraine, particularly on the Crimea peninsula. In the introduction, attention is paid to the history of settlement of southern Ukraine by the Czech ethnic group in the 1860s. The reasons which made several hundreds of people leave their home region, their mother country, the initial problems they had to deal with in the new land, adaptation to the new living conditions, etc. are further discussed. Apart from the past, this essay also covers the present situation. This is the period when the former Czech villages have become multinational, while the Czechs do not form the majority population in any of them as they used to in the past. In spite of the gradual irrepressible process of assimilation, the Czech Republic tries to help its compatriots. This concerns above all the funding of reconstruction of associational buildings, purchase of their equipment, assistance with organizing compatriot meetings and so on. the main emphasis is, however, on the field of education, especially on Czech language retention.

15

Implantowanie pamięci migracyjnej. Konceptualizacja i przykład Muzeum Emigracji w Gdyni

100%

Nowak M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2019

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issue 2 (371)

211-228

EN

The aim of the paper is to apply the conceptual plane put forward together with the concept of “memory implants” to the phenomenon of emigration. Deployment of the topic category requires a reconceptualization which was done on the basis of the approaches of Marian Golka and Florian Znaniecki. As the author passes in chronological order from one stage of the research process to the next, he proposes a working definition of concepts and then uses the outlined conception in the description of a specific case: the museum exposition of the Emigration Museum in Gdynia. Conclusions that follow from the proposed analysis tend towards a content description of the migration narration of the museum, a capturing of the moments of implanting memory and illustration of how the implants operate. At the same time the analysis shows, at least potentially, the cultural factors that allow one to understand the mass character of the Polish experience of emigration. The article has the status of a qualitative exploration based on a neo-classical approach to the theory of Florian Znaniecki, including his concept of value and the humanistic coefficient as well as the interpretation of the topical concept of memory implant developed in the milieu of Poznań sociologists. The monographic material was collected during two visits to the Emigration Museum in September 2018.

16

Polish emigrants in conditions of integration and unification of the world

100%

Chodubski A.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2006

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vol. 35

108-119

EN

The formation of the global civil community causes the effacing of division into “the natives” and “the strangers” within the framework of individual states. Integration and unification processes give a new dimension to such notions as: emigration, diaspora and national identity. Emigration is more and more often comprehended as civilization phenomenon. Its positive economic, political and cultural advantages are the focus of attention; the countries that receive emigrants very often reap the economical benefits and the emigrants themselves solve the problems of unemployment in their own countries; migrational movements, on the other hand, help solve political and social problems, make the global integration, and mixing of cultural and civilization norms easier. Emigration itself helps to achieve cultural compromises, get used to mutual dissimilarities and accept differences.

17

Więcej, bardziej, pełniej. Emigracja według Tomasza Łychowskiego

100%

Bąk M.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2017

|

issue 2 (20) Oblicza kobiecości

255-264

EN

The aim of the article is to describe the way in which Tomasz Łychowski defines the phenomenon of emigration in his poems from the volume Spojrzenia (Glances, 2016). Emigration is not only regarded from different perspectives here, but the author also plays with the traditional image of an emigrant. In his poetry Tomasz Łychowski promotes the idea of unity in multiplicity and the value of diversity.

18

Srebrny ekran i paryski bruk. Filmowe portrety polskich emigrantów w produkcjach zagranicznych i międzynarodowych (1976–2011)

100%

Van Heuckelom K.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2016

|

issue 2(18)

157-168

EN

The article looks into the changing on-screen treatment of Polish immigrant characters living on ‘the Paris pavement’. The corpus of film productions under discussion includes Roman Polański’s The Tenant (1976), Peter Kassovitz’s Mariage blanc (1986), Costa Gavras’s La petite apocalypse (1993), Krzysztof Kieślowski’s Trois couleurs: Blanc (1994), Paweł Pawlikowski’s The Woman in the Fifth (2011) and Małgorzata Szumowska’s Elles (2011). As a comparative analysis of the films involved indicates, both the immigrant characters and the urban space associated with them are subject to gradual changes (although some remarkable spatial motifs, such as the balcony and the roof, make their appearance both in the older and the newer productions). If the earlier films tend to focus on the – often geopolitically connoted – marginalization and degradation of male (anti)heroes in the city’s historical center (or its immediate vicinity), then the more recent films shift focus to the urban periphery, where the Polish characters become part of what Dina Iordanova has called the ‘metropolitan multicultural margins’, along with other, economically underprivileged newcomers from various parts of the (postcolonial and post-Communist) world.

19

Migration and the Labour Market – The Case of Poland and the Baltic States

100%

Piekutowska A., Grabowiecki J.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 3

247-260

EN

This article aims to examine the economic impact of emigration on labour market developments in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (since EU accession) in a comparative perspective. The realization of this goal required an analysis of the literature as well as statistical analysis. The impact of emigration on the unemployment rate reduction, the issue of labour shortages and the wage effect of emigration and rising inflation were analysed. The main conclusion of the study is that the nature of these effects seems to be country-specific. The analysis indicated that along with reduction in labour supply, the unemployment rate reduction, the wage growth pressure and inflation were observed in all of the analysed countries. However, the strength of these developments varied among them. This differentiation can be attributed firstly to a different scale and intensity of emigration. Furthermore, differences among the analysed countries in the scope of wage pressure and inflation should be explained in the context of changes in the domestic workers productivity.

20

Features and Trends in External Migration in the Republic of Belarus

100%

Hrybau A., Kulakou V., Napiórkowska-Baryła A.

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2020

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vol. 15

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issue 1

63-75

EN

This study identified the major trends in external migration, typical of the current development stage of the Republic of Belarus and their effect on the economy. The consequences of the global financial and economic crisis had a considerable impact on migration flows around the globe. These processes are reflected in the growing tension in the labour markets in different countries. The basic features of the Belarusian labour market remain the low share of the private sector and excessive state interventionism. For the Belarusian economy, which is in transition, the initial inflow of foreign labour resources at the beginning of the 2000s has transformed into a clear trend towards an outflow of skilled workers. This trend requires a detailed analysis of current processes and identification of the major directions and causes of migration, especially in the depopulation processes observed. The analysis presented in this paper is based on data from the National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus and covers the years 2014-2018. The comparative statistical analysis method used in the study (creating time series reflecting changes of the phenomenon over time) identified the current trends and characteristic features of internal migration processes in the Republic of Belarus. Moreover, the main directions of population movements were determined as well as the causes of changes in the structure and intensity of migration flows.

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