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EN
The technology of food product fortification through the addition of bioactive ingredients such as vitamins requires the development of innovative methods, due to the high sensitivity of vitamins to the chemical and physical conditions present during the food production process. The adverse effect of temperature, high pressure or oxidising agents may reduce biological activity and can chemically degrade the bioactive components. One challenge in food fortification technology is developing the appropriate formulations of fat-soluble vitamin A. The search for new carriers of vitamin A is extremely important because of its limited stability, insolubility in water and toxicity in excessive amounts. This study characterises the properties and role of vitamin A as a bioactive additive in food fortification technology. It focuses particularly on potential methods for stabilising retinol in order to enhance its functional properties.
EN
Parliamentary debate (PD) as a specific genre of parliamentary discourse exhibits a hybrid nature: part oral and part written discourse. It is performed orally, but planned ahead and formal. From the point of view of lexical cohesion, encapsulation by means of abstract and unspecific nouns (e.g. fact or reason) is an indicator of the informative density and the underlying written nature of PD. With the tools provided by Discourse Analysis and Cognitive Linguistics, this paper aims at describing and characterizing cross-linguistically lexical encapsulation’s potential to define the information structure of PD. In this regard, encapsulation is analyzed in relation to the notions of topic and focus in three PDs in Catalan, Spanish and English. In order to determine the contribution of encapsulation to the information structure of PD, we describe the properties of lexical encapsulation as a referential cohesion device and analyze the various lexico-grammatical and discourse patterns in which encapsulators occur. From a cross-linguistic point of view, the results show a higher frequency of encapsulation in the debate in English. In this respect, the Scottish debate exhibits a higher cohesive and informational density than the Catalan and the Spanish ones. However, there has also been observed a homogeneous crosslinguistic behavior of encapsulation with regard to weaving the information structure of PD. In fact, the different usage patterns uncover similar general trends in the three languages. These quantitative coincidences are interpreted as genre related features. On the other hand, some patterns unveil cross-linguistic differences linked to a more speaker-dependent style aiming at guiding the addressee (persuasive function) and to the lexico-grammatical features of each language.
PL
Przedstawiono praktyczne aspekty bezpiecznego programowania w języku Java. Zbadano znaczenie hermetyzacji jako kluczowego elementu kontroli dostępu do kodu źródłowego Javy. Przeprowadzono badania reakcji maszyny wirtualnej Javy (JVM) w zależności od różnych wariantów zastosowanych specyfikatorów dostępu. Wyniki badań dowodzą, że konstrukcja kodu źródłowego odgrywa zasadniczą rolę w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa oprogramowania.
EN
The article discusses some aspects of safe Java programming. The importance of encapsulation as a key element of access control for Java source code has been examined. JVM has been tested, depending on the variants of the access controllers used. Research shows that the design of Java code plays a vital role in ensuring the software security.
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