Search results - CEJSH

1

CASPIAN REGION: GEOPOLITICAL ARENA. CLASH OF INTERESTS AND ENERGY SECURITY

100%

Iskandarov K., Mahammadali V. M., Gardashkhan A. G.

Civitas et Lex

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2020

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vol. 26

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issue 2

7-22

EN

The Caspian region is one of the most important regions of the world with its rich hydrocarbon resources, which in turn draws attention from different countries. The purpose of this paper is to underscore the geopolitical importance of the Caspian basin and the impact of its energy resources on the energy security of non-regional countries. The realization of the “Contract of the century” has been specified in the paper. Russian hegemony has been evaluated and the characteristic features of Northern route have been introduced. The authors attempted to delineate the US’ strategy in the Caspian region and to judge the security of the Western route stretching from the Caspian Sea. The status of the Caspian Sea has been clarified based on the most recent information. Threats to the security of the transit routes have been identified and measures have been offered to prevent possible incidents. A formula was suggested for the mathematical evaluation of possible terrorist attacks on the pipelines in the foreseeable future.

2

GEOPOLITICAL IDEAS AND ENERGY SECURITY OF CENTRALEASTERN EUROPE

100%

Łysek W.

Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem

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2017

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vol. 2(9) Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa

215-227

EN

The paper addresses the issue of geopolitical ideas in term of energy security in the area Central and East Europe in the early 21st century. Main point of academic paper focuses on geopolitical dimension of “Nord Stream” and the chance of success of “Energy Intermarium” conception. Hence a considerable part of paper applies to the historical ideas and their influence on independence of states in Central Europe (“Intermarium” idea), especially in the face threat of cooperation between Germany and Russia.

3

Rola Parlamentu Europejskiego w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Unii Europejskiej

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Młynarski T.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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issue 4(35)

401-417

EN

Participation of the European Parliament in the process of energy sector communitarization and providing assurance of Community energy security is enormous due to its position and its legitimacy in European institutions structure. European Parliament – through its participation in the development of energy acquis communautaire, under the ordinary legislative procedure – is a full‑fledged entity responsible for the shape of EU’s legal order, and the views of MPs interact indirectly on EU law and policies final version. Using indirect legislative initiative, the European Parliament has become also an active creator providing the mandate of EC political initiatives. Consequently, the European Parliament has played an important role at the supranational level in the energy sector communitarization, often acting as a political forum facilitating building of compromises, necessary to deepen the EU’s energy policy. It also actively participates in the development of EU energy and climate policy.

4

Prawnofinansowe aspekty bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w Polsce i UE

100%

Kostka-Twór J.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

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2014

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issue 2(15)

209-217

EN

This article describes issues related to the provision of broad understanding of energy security within the EU and in the Polish legal order in force. On the basis of the cited definition of the term “energy security” showing the essential elements necessary for achieving this purpose. Due to the fact that the subject of security, to the greatest extent are the raw materials are fossil source of their origin and value of demand. Shows the adjustments resulting from the two EU directives: horizontal and energy policy. Their implementation to the Polish legal order were presented on the example of last update the law on excise duties in terms of taxation from 2 January 2012. excise products. The development, in addition to a description of the issues shall be under question the correctness of the Polish tax law fit to the requirements already in force under national law and EU law. The manifestation of the contradictions is widely applied in relation to the exemption of organic not directory. It should be noted that provision of energy security is inextricably linked with the use of fossil raw materials, and hence greenhouse gas emissions. The current Excise Tax Act fails to comply with the rigors of applying already Act-energy law, in which one element of energy security are requirements for the protection of the environment. In addition, the study cites the obligations of Member States arising from published in March 2006, the Green Paper and indicates the adopted in April 2009. climate and energy package. At the same time, is an example of the new solutions used to reduce, among others emissions of these gases carbon taxes.

5

Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski w ujęciu autonomicznym i zintegrowanym z Unią Europejską

100%

Bożyk P.

Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula

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2013

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issue 4(38)

28-40

PL

Zarówno w literaturze przedmiotu, jak też w oficjalnych dokumentach rządowych i materiałach organizacji międzynarodowych bezpieczeństwo energetyczne definiowane jest w sposób autonomiczny i zintegrowany z gospodarką światową. W pierwszym przypadku bezpieczeństwo ma zapewnić samowystarczalność kraju (lub grupy krajów) oraz zmniejszyć ich zależność od surowców importowanych. W drugim przypadku warunkiem bezpieczeństwa jest dostępność energii w wystarczających ilościach i w stosownym czasie oraz przy poziomach cen sprzyjających pożądanej efektywności ekonomicznej i rozwojowi gospodarczemu, a także społecznemu. W odniesieniu do Polski można sformułować trzy podstawowe scenariusze bezpieczeństwa energetycznego: – scenariusz zakładający oparcie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego na węglu (kamiennym i brunatnym); – scenariusz podporządkowujący wykorzystywane źródła energii nadrzędnemu kryterium w postaci ochrony środowiska naturalnego; – scenariusz równorzędnego traktowania wszystkich źródeł energii. Zdaniem autora artykułu, najbardziej racjonalnym rozwiązaniem jest scenariusz trzeci, będący formą kompromisu między pozostałymi dwoma (zwanymi węglowym i unijnym).

EN

Both in the subject literature and in official governmental documents and materials of international organisations, the energy security is defined in the autonomous way and in the way integrated with the global economy. In the first case, security is to be ensured by self-suffi ciency of the country (or a group of countries) and to reduce their dependence on imported commodities. In the second case, the prerequisite of security is accessibility of energy in suffi cient volumes and at a proper time as well as with the levels of prices conducive to the desired economic effectiveness as well as to the economic and social development. Related to Poland, one may formulate the three basic scenarios of energy security: – the scenario assuming reliance of energy security on coal (hard coal and lignite); – the scenario subordinating the used energy sources to the overriding criterion in the form of natural environment protection; – the scenario of equal treatment of all energy sources. In the opinion of the article author, the most reasonable solution is the third scenario, being a form of compromise between the two other ones (called the coal and the EU scenarios).

6

Rola państwa w kształtowaniu lokalnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego

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Niedziółka M.

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne

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2019

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vol. 27

213-222

EN

The state, in addition to its classical economic functions, must also take care of the safety of its citizens. At the same time, the nature of this security has changed in recent years. Greater economic security is now more important than military or defense security. Energy is one of its main elements. The state performs its tasks in this area at various levels of the territorial organization of the country. The aim of the article is to analyze local conditions for ensuring energy security.

7

The Eastern Partnership and the EU-Turkey Energy Relations

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Demiryol T.

Baltic Journal of European Studies

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2014

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vol. 4

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issue 2

50-68

EN

This article discusses the prospects and challenges of energy cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Turkey within the context of the Eastern Partnership (EaP). Part of the EaP agenda is to advance energy cooperation between the EU and the partner states, particularly regarding the diversification of import routes. As an energy corridor between the EU and the hydrocarbon-rich Caspian states, Turkey is a strategic asset for European energy security. Turkey also has economic ties and political capital in the Caspian region that can help the EU reach out to its eastern partners. Despite robust incentives for cooperation, however, the EU-Turkey energy partnership has so far failed to meet mutual expectations. This article argues that this is primarily due to the inability of the two actors to credibly commit to regional energy cooperation. Commitment problem stems from two factors. First, the predominance of national energy interests over communal ones undermines credible commitment. The variation in energy needs of Member States prevents the EU from acting in unison in external energy policy. Similarly, Turkey also prioritizes its own energy security, particularly in its relations with suppliers, which undermines cooperation with the EU. Second, the EU and Turkey hold divergent perspectives on the potential political payoffs of energy cooperation. Turkish decision makers are convinced that energy cooperation warrants palpable progress in Turkey’s accession while most EU actors appear hesitant to establish a direct connection between energy and accession.

8

Energy Security and the Problem of Peripherality: case study of the CEE region between Russia and the EU

100%

Pawluszko T., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2018

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issue 2

EN

The article presents the issues of energy security with regard to center-peripherality theory using Central and Eastern Europe as an example. Until now the subject of energy security has not been discussed in the context of this theory and the author presents the question of peripherality of the region in terms of energy policy. Due to their long-lasting historical, political and economic dependence, CEE states do not possess secure and well-diversified sources of energy supply; in this area they depend on Russia. Moreover, they do not have an appropriate level of technology for investing in the latest and most ecological energy resources typical for the wealthy states of the former EU-15. Thus, their capability to influence the agenda of EU energy policy is lower than those of the EU-15 states. The following article aims to define the factors of peripherality and to examine its influence on the energy security policy adopted by CEE states.

9

Energy security: between markets and sovereign politics

100%

Dudau R., Nedelcu A. C.

Management & Marketing

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 3

544-552

EN

Energy security is a constant presence in the energy-related political discourse all over the world. States strive to secure steady inflows of needed energy supplies, as well as the price affordability of those supplies. However, what are deemed to be the best means to meet such goals depends on one’s theoretical vantage point. On the one hand, economically-minded theorists maintain that energy security is only a matter of market rules and interactions. Thus, they call upon energy markets to deliver both steady supplies and competitive prices. On the other hand, politically-minded scholars emphasize the political and hard-power nature of international energy trades, especially in a global context market by the emergence of state-centered, authoritarian regimes that use large national energy companies as foreign policy instruments. These two positions delineate competing approaches to how energy security risks ought to be managed. The former approaches energy security risks by means similar to portfolio management, requiring diversification of investments in order to insulate them from market shocks. The latter approaches energy security as a matter of foreign policy, by which states envisage interest coordination and favorable alignments within countervailing alliances against the agent of energy security risk. The present paper goes beyond the uncontentious point that these two dimensions are complementary. It argues that, depending on the international context, a more market-driven or a more-politically driven behavior may be adequate.

10

An easy target? Types of attack on oil tankers by state actors

100%

Hacaga M.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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vol. 28

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issue 1

54-69

EN

There was a huge reaction to the attacks that took place in the Gulf of Oman in May and June 2019 but, in fact, attacks on oil tankers are a century old problem. Oil tankers appear to be easy targets because of their size and cargo. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of different types of attack on oil tankers that have been undertaken since widespread use of oil began. A comparative case-study approach was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of attack on oil tankers over the long-term, namely the last century. It briefly reviews the destructiveness of three anti-tanker campaigns during the two World Wars. They are subsequently compared with two post-1945 sets of attacks in the Persian Gulf region – the Tanker War of the 1980s and the 2019 attacks. The scale of damages inflicted by attacks on oil tankers is varied. The experience of both World Wars shows their effectiveness. However, post-1945 events do not provide confirmatory evidence. The main difference is the scale of hostile activities. It is not the characteristics of tankers that make them easy targets but political conditions (war/peace state of international system) that enable the application of weapons and tactics that bring about a different scale of destruction.

11

The management of distributed energy resources for national security

100%

Waśniewski K.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2022

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vol. XLVII

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issue 2

39-48

EN

This article investigates the possibilities of using distributed energy resources (DER) to increase the resilience of national energy systems and national security, including the case of war. A review of literature is conducted, regarding the management of DER systems. Conclusions focus on the specificities of managing such systems for national security, namely: a) the importance of complexity theory as basic framework for strategic planning in DER systems b) the management of risks relative to disruptions in supply chains and c) the role to be played by financial instruments and markets.

12

Challenge of the European Union’s Energy Security Approach

100%

Maksuti B., Sela Y.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2015

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issue 11

106-115

EN

Aim of this research is to answer if organizational commitment changes according to demografic factors. Inputs gained from 200 person sample group from banking sector. According to the analysis it is found that affective and continuance commitment increases with age and job experience, and all componenets of commitment increase according to time in the last job. With the results derived from analysis, research’s support to organizational theory is discussed and some advices put forward.

13

Polish-Norwegian cooperation in the field of energy security in the political thought of Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) and Platforma Obywatelska (PO)

100%

Paszkowski M.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2022

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vol. XLVI

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issue 1

101-114

EN

The large share of natural gas supplies that are sent to Poland from the Russian Federation has been heavily criticised by many Polish political parties. Politicians from several political groups have emphasised the need to diversify the sources and directions of this commodity. In this respect, cooperation with Norway was to play a key role in ensuring the implementation of this scheme. The goal of this article is to analyse the political thought of Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS, the Law and Justice) and Platforma Obywatelska (PO, the Civic Platform) parties in the construction of the Baltic Pipe gas pipeline. The main research paradigm applied in the text is the analysis of testimonies and traces of political thought. Taking up the topic is important due to an overall lack of studies that show original findings of the standpoint of various political parties in Poland on the idea of building this specific type of energy infrastructure.

14

Problem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Niemiec w kontekście stopniowej rezygnacji z użytkowania elektrowni jądrowych

100%

Molo B.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2013

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issue 2(347)

69-89

EN

The article presents selected problems pertaining to Germany’s energy security in the context of the country’s resignation from the exploitation of nuclear power plants. The following issues are discussed: power mix structure, degree of dependence on the import of energy resources and diversification of directions of supplies. The causes and essence of the change of decision concerning the use of nuclear power in Germany following the failure of nuclear reactors in Japan in March 2011 are also analyzed.

15

Sprzedaż mocy przesyłowych infrastruktury energetycznej w drodze aukcji, a bezpieczeństwo energetyczne RP

100%

Smyrgała D.

Securitologia

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2013

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issue 2(18)

29-38

EN

The article discusses the issue of energy infrastructure capacity auctions as a tool of improving the energy security of Poland. It argues that the experiences from foreign markets clearly indicate that this method of capacity allocation may be an effective way of providing the energy supply precisely where it is needed or generating extra funds for further infrastructure development.

16

Polityka bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej wobec państw kaspijskich Azji Centralnej

100%

Misiągiewicz J.

Azja-Pacyfik

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2022

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issue XXVI

7-26

EN

In contemporary international relations, the issue of energy security is becoming fundamental. Access to energy resources is an existential need of every country, conditioning its economic and social development. In such a situation, states try to construct long-term energy security policies to ensure smooth supplies of raw materials. The research problem is the analysis of the energy security policy of the People’s Republic of China towards the Caspian states of Central Asia: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. In the research process, a hypothesis was verified, assuming that China’s energy security policy in the Caspian region of Central Asia is determined by the increased demand of this superpower for energy resources and geographical proximity to oil and gas deposits located in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) became interested in the hydrocarbon resources of the Central Asian region right after the collapse of the USSR. At that time, the energy security policy of this superpower was implemented in several stages: from gaining access to the oil and gas reserves of the countries of the region to the construction of export pipelines supplying the absorptive Chinese market. Thus, the analysis presents the conditions of the PRC’s energy security policy, its institutional dimension and actions towards Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, both in upstream and midstream terms.

17

Economic dimension of Polish energy security

100%

Czech A.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 3

383-399

EN

Research background: Stable and reliable access to a variety of energy carriers is undoubtedly a basis for the development of any economy. Therefore, the primary condition for the security of the state and its citizens is to ensure the essential minimum of energy on its territory. We can observe, however, an increasing dependence of the Polish energy sector on external sources. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to examine and evaluate the economic aspects of the Polish energy security considering the fact of growing de-pendency on foreign supplies of energy carriers. Methods: In this paper we analyze the Polish energy security using several indicators: fuel/price efficiency ratio, energy intensity of the economy and Herfindahl-Hirschman rate of market concentration. For calculations we use statistical data provided by Energy Market Agency publications, including ?Energy Situation in Poland? covering the years of 2000? 2015. Findings & value added: On the one hand, the Polish energy security depends on its internal conditions and resources - in this context, the available resources of coal and lignite play an extremely positive role because they provide access to a reliable source of energy. On the other hand, Poland is becoming dependent on external commitments that restrict the free use of domestic resources, thus lowering the energy security of the country, speaking in particular of oil and natural gas resources. The analysis carried out in this paper will allow to evaluate the effectiveness of using various energy carriers with respect to their price, market structure and geopolitical conditions.

18

Assessing the energy security of European countries in the resource and economic context

100%

Jonek-Kowalska I.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 2

301-334

EN

Research background: In recent years, much attention in the literature has been paid to the economic and environmental conditions of energy development as a key sector for the development of national economies. The issue of availability of individual energy resources and related energy security is receding into the background, most often due to the strong globalization of economies and the associated assumption of free international flow of goods and services, and thus practically unlimited possibilities of buying on the international commodity markets and energy exchanges. Nevertheless, the importance of energy security increases significantly in crisis situations. Purpose of the article: Bearing in mind the circumstances indicated above, the main objective of this article is to assess the energy security of European countries carried out in the context of resource and economic conditions. Methods: The article proposes its own methodological approach to the assessment of energy security based on the analysis of the energy mixes of 32 European countries and the availability of their own internal energy sources. In the process of classifying the studied economies into homogeneous groups in terms of resource and economic determinants (GDP per capita), principal component analysis was used. Findings & value added: The theoretical and methodological added value of the article results from the development of the author's approach to the assessment of energy security using individual and aggregated energy sufficiency index. Empirical added value is related to the results of energy security assessment in European countries, which can be used in shaping energy policies. Therefore, most of the 32 European countries assessed have a low level of energy security, which is due to the dominant use of non-renewable energy resources in their energy mixes. Countries with a high level of energy security have their own non-renewable resources or use alternative energy carriers in the form of renewable sources, hydropower or nuclear energy.

19

Energy Security as a Priority for CEE countries. Is the King Naked?

100%

Szwedziak-Bork I.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2016

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vol. 9(13)

95-120

EN

The aim of this article is to assess the implementation process of the EU energy security policy in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In the EU, energy security remains a crucial issue for European Energy Strategy, the fundamental goals of which include the security of supply, sustainability and competitiveness. Security of supply should be considered the most important aspect in this context, because it is connected to deep interdependencies between markets and economies, often based on political or even geo-political considerations. This is currently particularly noticeable, among other things, in the relations between the EU and Russia, where – in the event of any potential energy supply disturbances – some CEE countries are considered to be the most exposed. By analysing matters referred to the security of energy supplies, the article aims to determine the scope of activities undertaken by selected CEE countries which are also EU Member States in order to achieve this goal. The paper stresses the significance of cooperation by CEE countries at regional level, and focuses on initiatives and projects meant to ensure the security of their energy supplies. The conclusions of the paper assess some of the success stories as well as failures experienced by CEE countries in the process of building their energy independence.

FR

Le but de cet article est d'évaluer la mise en oeuvre de la politique de sécurité énergétique de l’Union européenne dans les pays de l’Europe centrale et orientale (PECO). Dans l'UE, la sécurité énergétique est un enjeu crucial pour la Stratégie énergétique européenne qui contient parmi ces objectifs fondamentaux la sécurité de l'approvisionnement, la durabilité et la compétitivité. La sécurité de l’approvisionnement doit être considérée comme l'aspect le plus important dans ce contexte, car elle est liée aux interdépendances profondes entre les marchés et les économies, souvent basées sur des considérations politiques ou même géo-politiques. Ceci est actuellement particulièrement visible, entre autres, dans les relations entre l'UE et la Russie, où - dans le cas de perturbations concernant l'approvisionnement en énergie - certains PECO sont considérés comme le plus exposés. En analysant les questions concernant la sécurité de l’approvisionnement énergétique, l'article vise à déterminer l’étendue des activités entreprises par certains PECO [qui sont aussi les États Membres de l’Union européenne] afin d’atteindre cet objectif. L’article souligne l'importance de la coopération des PECO au niveau régional et se focalise sur les initiatives et les projets visés à assurer la sécurité de l’approvisionnement énergétique de ces pays. Les conclusions de cet article évaluent des réussites, ainsi que les échecs des PECO, dans le processus de la construction de leur indépendance énergétique.

20

Poland’s Energy Security in the Context of the EU’s Common Energy Policy. The Case of the Gas Sector

100%

Nowak B., Grzejszczak P.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2011

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vol. 4(4)

41-56

EN

The concept of energy security can be rather difficult to precisely define. In fact, the scope of energy security includes a somewhat different set of issues in the gas sector than in the electricity sector. After all, electricity can be produced in every country of the European Union, but gas extraction is possible only in some. Natural gas is a commodity which constitutes a significant component of the export policy of only a few countries. As a result, the scarcity of gas in the EU makes it a very desirable resource for many countries, some of which are taking important energy-related decisions without consulting or assessing their impact on other Member States. This hampers the coordination of energy policy and the setting of common objectives with regard to energy security for the EU as a whole. The lack of cooperation among Member States has a clearly more negative impact on Poland and the other new Member States (which depend on a single gas supplier) than on the old EU-15, whose gas supply is generally well diversified. Moreover, the lack of proper infrastructure and cross-border connections puts in question the creation of a solid energy policy at the EU level in the gas sector.

FR

Le concept de sécurité énergétique est assez difficile à préciser. En fait dans le champ d’application de la sécurité énergétique, différentes sont les données dans le secteur du gaz par rapport celui de l’électricité. Tant que l’électricité peut être produite dans tous les pays de l’Union européenne, l’extraction du gaz n’est pas possible partout. Le gaz naturel est un produit qui constitue une composante importante de la politique d’exportation de quelques pays seulement. En raison de la pénurie de gaz dans l’UE, il est une des ressources très souhaitable par de nombreux pays, qui prennent des décisions importantes concernant l’énergie, sans consulter ni évaluer leur impact sur les autres Etats membres. Ce l’autre côté entrave la coordination de la politique énergétique et la fixation d’objectifs communs en matière de sécurité énergétique de l’UE dans son ensemble. De toute évidence, le manque de coopération entre les Etats membres a un impact plus négatif sur la Pologne et les nouveaux États membres qui dépendent d’un seul fournisseur de gaz dans l’ancienne UE–15, dont les sources d’approvisionnement sont en général bien diversifiées. Aussi le manque d’infrastructures adéquates et de connexions transfrontalières met en question la solidité de la politique énergétique au niveau de l’UE dans le secteur du gaz.

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