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EN
The Petrikov deposits of potash salt is situated in Gomel oblast of Belarus in the south-east of Pripyat Trough, and have Northern and Southern prospects. Underground mining of potash salt will start at the Northern prospect with an area of 166 km2. It is expected that mining will last for between 50-80 years. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out at the design stage of the Petrikov mining and processing plant. The standard EIA procedure included a set of investigations, including assessments of surface subsidence, changes in groundwater level, changes in productivity of forest phytocoenoses and crops, and assessment of groundwater pollution due to production of potash fertilizers. Maximum values of possible surface subsidence (up to 2.3 m) will occur within the area, where the surface will be affected by the mining of potash layers 1, 2, and 3 of the productive horizon IV-Π, using a long-pillar mining system. Surface subsidence will influence surface topography, surface and groundwater, landscape structure and land resources. The result of surface subsidence will lead to inundation and swamping of land, as well as to an increase in the areas affected by annual floods in the valleys of the Pripyat and Bobrik rivers. Surface subsidence will affect the whole area of the prospect within the limits of planned mining fields, except the areas above safety pillars. In the result of raised groundwater levels the area with groundwater depth of more than 2 m will decrease from 69.1% to 17.8%, and the areas with groundwater depth from 3 to 5 m will disappear. The area with a groundwater depth less than 1 m will increase from 0.1% to 34.0%. In 19.5% of the area the groundwater level will raise above the surface level (the area of inundation). Surface subsidence and change in groundwater level will cause certain decreases in yields of timber and crops, and 2564 ha of forest, 68 ha of arable land and 324 ha of meadows will be inundated. In order to prevent inundation within certain areas protective engineering facilities have been designed, and an arrangement of groundwater monitoring wells has been proposed.
XX
In the judgement, the European Court of Human Rights found the Russian Federation had violated Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to take any appropriate protective measures to minimise or eliminate the effects of serious, long-standing excessive industrial air pollution and thus to protect the complaints from the associated risk to their health. The majority of the judges considered that this regulation implies positive obligations for the state, which were not fulfilled in this case. The European Court of Human Rights interpreted Article 8, guaranteeing the right to respect for private and family life, in the context of excessive industrial pollution that poses risks to the complaints’ health. This ruling is commendable and may have far-reaching consequences with reference to both ongoing and future cases related to the environment or the climate. It is an important contribution by the European Court of Human Rights to the jurisprudence on Article 8.
EN
Introduction: Pollution of the environment with heavy metals, dioxins and PCBs is a serious ecological and health problem; moreover, these toxins are also found in food. Metals and dioxins can bioaccumulate and biomagnify, which theoretically means there is a lower risk of toxicity for vegans, who exclude animal products. Material and methods: In the study the content of arsenic (As), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls were analyzed in the breast milk of 34 women on different types of diet (vegan, vegetarian or traditional). The level of heavy metals in milk was determined with mass spectrometry and the levels of dioxins and PCBs were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results: The study revealed that in some samples the content of arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel, lead and mercury exceeded the allowable concentrations. Higher concentrations of copper and chromium were found in samples from women on a traditional diet, while in milk obtained from women on a plant diet there was a higher concentration of mercury. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were found in milk samples collected in spring than in samples collected in autumn. The concentration of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls did not exceed the admissible values. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, it cannot be stated unequivocally whether a vegan and vegetarian diet compared to a traditional diet have a positive or negative influence on the concentration of heavy metals, dioxins and PCBs in human milk.
PL
Wstęp: Zanieczyszczenie środowiska metalami ciężkimi, dioksynami i polichlorowanymi bifenylami (PCB) jest poważnym problemem ekologicznym oraz zdrowotnym, ponieważ m.in. wraz z pokarmem trafiają one do naszego organizmu. Metale i dioksyny mogą ulegać bioakumulacji i biomagnifikacji, zatem teoretycznie mniejszy poziom toksyn w organizmie powinien charakteryzować osoby stosujące dietę wegańską, czyli wykluczającą produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Materiał i metody: W badaniu analizowano zawartość metali ciężkich: arsenu (As), baru (Ba), chromu (Cr), cynku (Zn), kadmu (Cd), kobaltu (Co), miedzi (Cu), niklu (Ni), ołowiu (Pb) i rtęci (Hg) oraz dioksyn i polichlorowanych bifenyli w mleku 34 kobiet w zależności od stosowanej przez nie diety (tradycyjnej lub wykluczającej mięso). Stężenie metali w mleku oznaczono metodą spektrometrii masowej, natomiast stężenie dioksyn i PCB - metodą chromatografii gazowej. Wyniki: Stwierdzono, że w części próbek zawartość arsenu, baru, chromu, niklu, ołowiu i rtęci przekroczyła dopuszczalne stężenia. Wyższe stężenie miedzi i chromu charakteryzowało próbki pochodzące od kobiet stosujących dietę tradycyjną, natomiast w mleku kobiet na diecie roślinnej występowało wyższe stężenie rtęci. Wiosną w pobieranych próbkach mleka występował wyższy niż jesienią poziom metali ciężkich. Stężenie dioksyn i polichlorowanych bifenyli nie przekroczyło dopuszczalnych wartości. Wnioski: Na podstawie analizowanych danych nie stwierdzono jednoznacznie pozytywnego lub negatywnego wpływu diety wegańskiej i wegetariańskiej - w porównaniu do diety tradycyjnej - na stężenie metali ciężkich, dioksyn i PCB w mleku kobiecym.
EN
Characteristic of “sustainable development” is in the “recognition” of the environment as an element, outside of which cannot be thought of overall development of a society. In this article will be treated the rehabilitation project of salt production in Vlore which is the only activity of this type in Albania and the largest in the Balkans. The industry of salt Production in Vlore is part of one of the branches of industry that can contribute in an important way in the national production and in the improvement of the balance of imports-exports. This project is done for two reasons: 1. Technologies used in Albania are of a very old level 2. The current productivity is very low compared with the industrialized countries. This investment project apart from the impact to a sustainable development for the area it also presents a series of other values such as: - Saline can provide water surface which are important for the moderation of climate and air quality. - In the period of their return to their previous conditions they can turn into Lagoons of great value; - Saline serve as a tool for the regulation of flooding in the area in which they are located;
EN
Objectives Environmental pollution is associated with morbidity and mortality for chronic-degenerative diseases. Recent data points out a relationship between proximity to industrial plants and mortality due to neoplasms. The aim of this study has been to compare mortality due to chronic-degenerative diseases in the area of Tuscany (Bassa Val di Cecina), Italy, characterized by the presence of 2 neighboring municipalities similar in terms of size but with substantial differences in industrial activities: Rosignano (the site of chemical, energy production and waste processing industries) and Cecina (with no polluting activity). Material and Methods Standardized mortality rates for the 2001–2010 decade were calculated; the data of the whole Tuscany was assumed as reference. Environmental levels of pollutants were obtained by databases of the Environmental Protection Agency of Tuscany Region (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale della Toscana – ARPAT). Maximum tolerated pollutant levels set by national laws were assumed as reference. Results In the whole Bassa Val di Cecina, significantly elevated standardized mortality rates due to mesothelioma, ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and Alzheimer and other degenerative diseases of nervous system were observed. In the municipality of Rosignano, a significant excess of mortality for all these groups of diseases was confirmed. On the contrary, the municipality of Cecina showed only significantly higher mortality rates for ischemic heart diseases. Elevated levels of heavy metals in sea water and of particulate matter which contains particles of diameter ≤ 10 mm (PM₁₀) and ozone in air were detected in Rosignano. Conclusions This study shows an excess of mortality for chronic-degenerative diseases in the area with elevated concentration of polluting factories. Proximity to industrial plants seems to represent a risk factor for those diseases. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(4):641–653
EN
Problems associated with environmental pollution concern most large Polish cities. They are mainly caused by transport, municipal waste, emissions from the housing sector and from factories, particularly burdensome for the environment. Based on data related to the state and the protection of the natural environment and road transport, the author attempted to divide Polish cities with county (‘powiat’) rights into groups with different environmental features. Discriminatory analysis was used for the division. The highest average value of the discriminatory function was shown by the group with the most favourable environmental and social conditions. In subsequent groups, the environmental pollution grew more and more. In turn, classification functions of discriminatory analysis allowed for the assignment of individual cities to selected groups. Discriminatory analysis could therefore be used as a support tool for examining the state of the environment and environmental protection in cities with county rights. The goal of the work is to identify the diversity of environmental and communication conditions in Polish cities with county (‘powiat’) rights.
PL
Problemy związane z zanieczyszczeniem środowiska przyrodniczego dotyczą większości dużych miast w Polsce. Są one spowodowane głównie przez: transport, odpady komunalne, emisje z sektora komunalno-bytowego i z zakładów szczególnie uciążliwych dla otoczenia. Na podstawie danych dotyczących stanu i ochrony przyrody oraz transportu drogowego podjęto próbę podziału na grupy – różniące się cechami środowiskowymi – polskich miast na prawach powiatu. Do podziału wykorzystano analizę dyskryminacyjną. Najwyższa przeciętna wartość funkcji dyskryminacyjnej wskazała grupę o najkorzystniejszych warunkach przyrodniczych i społecznych. W kolejnych grupach zanieczyszczenie środowiska było coraz większe. Funkcje klasyfikacyjne analizy dyskryminacyjnej umożliwiły przydział poszczególnych miast do wyznaczonych grup. Analizę dyskryminacyjną można więc wykorzystać jako narzędzie wspomagające badanie stanu i ochrony środowiska w miastach. Celem tego opracowania jest identyfikacja zróżnicowania warunków przyrodniczo-środowiskowych i komunikacyjnych w miastach na prawach powiatu w Polsce.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy porównawczej w zakresie podatków związanych ze środowiskiem, obowiązujących w Polsce i w innych krajach Unii Europejskiej, które to kraje od niedawna są zobowiązane do prowadzenia jednolitej sprawozdawczości statystycznej z tego zakresu dla potrzeb Eurostatu. Badania obejmują wielkości środków pochodzących z podatków powiązanych ze środowiskiem oraz formy „opodatkowania ekologicznego” w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach „nowej Unii” – o podobnym poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego, jak też w wybranych krajach „starej Unii” – uważanych na ogół za przodujące w zakresie stosowania znacznego „fiskalizmu ekologicznego”. Ujęte w badaniach kraje to – obok Polski – Bułgaria, Czechy, Dania, Estonia, Finlandia, Niemcy, Rumunia, Słowacja, Szwecja oraz Norwegia (nie będąca członkiem Unii Europejskiej, lecz ujmowana w statystykach Eurostatu). Analizy dokonano badając wskaźniki określające: wielkości środków pieniężnych pochodzących z podatków ekologicznych wyrażone jako procent dochodów podatkowych ogółem oraz wielkości środków pieniężnych pochodzących z podatków ekologicznych w relacji do Unii. W artykule dokonano także analizy porównawczej konkretnych rozwiązań podatkowych w Polsce i w wybranych krajach.
EN
This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of environmentally related taxes existing in Poland and other EU countries which have recently become obliged to introduce a uniform statistical reporting system in this field for the needs of Eurostat. The research examines the quantity of revenues from environmental taxes and the forms of `ecological taxation´ in Poland and selected New Union countries with similar levels of economic development, as well as in some of the countries of the Old Union, generally considered leaders in ´ecological fiscalism´. Apart from Poland, the authors take into account the following countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, and Norway (which although does not belong to EU, is included in the Eurostat statistics). The analysis consists in investigating the indicators that reflect the amount of monetary resources from ecological taxes expressed as a share of total revenue from taxes as well as the amount of monetary resources from ecological taxes relative to GDP. Moreover, a comparative analysis of specific tax solutions in Poland and selected countries is conducted.
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Skutki społeczne antropopresji

51%
Rocznik Lubuski
|
2018
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2a
209-223
EN
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete phy-sical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being that depends on a variety of factors. The biggest influence on maintaining the homeostasis of the human body has lifestyle (in 53%) and, next, the living environment (in 21%). Undoubtedly, factors such as air, water, soil, and living organisms in man's surroundings are equally important. The 19th and in particular the 20th century witnessed an intensive growth of in-dustry and transportation, crop intensification, and urbanization. These developments contributed to the unprecedented pollutant emissions. They have a detrimental influence on people's health and life. It is also estimated that air pollution alone is the cause of 1.4% of the total number of deaths. Furthermore, it leads to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases as well as nervous system disorders. According to the WHO, pollution is respon-sible for 30% of all cases of cancer. One othe most serious environemental problems in the contemporary world is smog over industrialized urban agglomerations. Accordingly, in the article, the authors present various factors detrimental to the environment and thus to human health.
PL
Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), zdrowie to stan pełnego, dobrego samopoczucia fizycznego, psychicznego, społecznego i duchowego. Zależy ono od bardzo wielu czynników. Największy wpływ na utrzymywanie homeostazy organizmu człowieka ma styl życia (53%), a następnie środowiska życia (21%). Niezwykle istotne są także czynniki środowiska naturalnego, takie jak: powietrze, woda, gleba oraz organizmy żywe otaczające człowieka. Wiek XIX, a szczególnie XX to czas bardzo intensywnego rozwoju przemysłu, transportu, intensyfikacji upraw rolnych, urbanizacji itp. Działania te doprowadziły do emisji do środowiska niespotykanych nigdy dotąd ilości zanieczyszczeń. Wpływają one negatywnie na zdrowie i życie ludzi. Szacuje się, że samo zanieczyszczenie powietrza jest przyczyną 1,4% całkowitej liczby zgonów. Ponadto, powoduje choroby układu krążenia, oddechowego, dolegliwości ze strony układu nerwowego. Według WHO zanieczyszczenia powodują 30% zapadalności na choroby nowotworowe. Ogromnym problemem dzisiejszego świata jest smog, który zalega nad uprzemysłowionymi aglomeracjami miejskimi. W artykule przedstawione zostały różnorodne czynniki, mające niekorzystny wpływ na środowisko, a przez nie na zdrowie człowieka.
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