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EN
This paper addresses the problem of how civil society emerges as a by-product of EU-funded structural development projects in Eastern Europe, in the case of Slovakia. The case study is indicative of how local forms of civil society can gain strength and establish public legitimacy thanks to the growing divide between national and local political orientations. However, it is due to the planning and implementation processes of the motorway construction project, under the umbrella of the Trans-European Transport Network, that different layers of power from state to local level emerge and consolidate. The interplay and conflict in these layers endanger accountability, economic as well as environmental sustainability.
Human Affairs
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2013
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vol. 23
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issue 4
518-527
EN
The main aims of this paper are to establish the position of evolutionary ontology within the Czech environmental debate, to identify why its untapped potential may be an inspiration in other social science disciplines and, finally, to suggest that evolutionary ontology be reconfigured in a particular way so that it can capitalize on its potential. A brief introduction outlines the context and the main ideas of evolutionary ontology and is followed by a discussion of its weaknesses: an emphasis on a confrontational style in addressing other social science disciplines and ignoring the specific nature of the disciplines which represent the main target group of this theory. Consequently, I suggested three main changes as to how evolutionary ontology should be presented.
Human Affairs
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2012
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vol. 22
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issue 2
178-195
EN
The idea of civil society is one of the oldest and most contested in Western political and sociological thought. Among the social sciences, anthropology has been the discipline that has prompted the boldest critiques of the concept. This paper argues that the “revival” of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe in one particular field-that of environmental activism-has been contingent with the outcomes of EU enlargement policies. I introduce the case study of one of the most complex and contested transport development projects in Central Eastern Europe: the Budapest Ring Road. I maintain that within the EU enlargement project alternative forms of political power have been built from below and that they eventually come to compete with the state (and local governments) to influence decision-making processes. These forms, to be individuated in the emergence of environmental activism, take shape at local, state and transnational levels and aim, although often contradictorily, at restituting political agency under the condition of lowering public participation in decision-making processes.
EN
This paper presents some of the critical stages in the evolution of the concept of wilderness in American thought and its revisions. First, it shows the transformation of the idea of wilderness in American culture from something to be feared, to something to be conquered, to something to be cherished by modern environmentalism and demonstrates how nature discourse may perpetuate dualistic relations with wilderness. Than it analyzes some criticisms and responses to the traditional idea of wilderness known as the great new wilderness debate and attempts to put the concept of wilderness not only into American but also a more global perspective.
EN
This article presents the perception of environmental issue by Polish society - attaching importance to these issues and the assessment of political activities in solving environmental problems. The first part of the article describes environmentalism and the green parties which gained relevant position in Western European party system in the 70s of the twentieth century. Then the activities of the Greens in Poland and other Central European countries are described that took place after the collapse of the communist system in 1989. The article also illustrates the results of research on social perception of the environmental issues. The vast majority of Poles consider these issues important and claim that politicians should increase their activities in this area. Nevertheless, this doesn’t affect the position of the Greens in the Polish party system. This is due to the history after World War II when Central Europe was in the Soviet sphere of influence and the weakness of the green parties that have never been able to present their offer efficiently to public opinion.
EN
This article examines aspects of contemporary Slovak environmental activist discourse in the digital realm of blogging and cyberspace. It explores this subject by first comparing volunteer brigades and samizdat writing from the late communist period with present digital forms of environmentalism in the new millennium. Current environmental blogs are then analysed according to material, substantive, and discursive aspects as these suggest obstacles and benefits to promoting environmentalism in the wake of political transformation. In examining this issue in one Central and East European context, the paper aims to raise broader questions regarding both research on environmental behaviour and policy in post-socialist Europe as well as the relationships between culture, political consciousness and technology in an age of globalisation.
7
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Pragmatizmus je environmentalizmus

86%
EN
This article presents the contemporary conception of “environmental pragmatism” as an alternative strategy, still little known in the Czech context, for the solution of the problem of the relation between nature and culture. The point of departure for this conception are the ideas of the classical pragmatists, especially the naturalism and ethics of John Dewey. This philosophy bears within it an immanent environmental direction and it issues in the “Third Way” in the ecological movement, finding a path between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism; between individualism and holism; between instrumentalism and immanentism; between exploitation and preservation; between the dualisms of value and fact, aims and means, conservation and growth, and so on.
EN
The article discusses the activities of the Institute for the Construction of Cities and its president Vladimír Zákrejs (1880–1948). It explains the origins of the urbanism movement and its connection with the republican empiricism of the era. It provides examples of Zákrejs’s activities in Czech towns and reconstructs the arguments of his inedited manuscript „The Czechoslovak Repulic as an urban building site“. It proves that Zákrejs left the Institute already in 1927 and continued in his activities as an independent urban planner until 1933. His comprehensive approach was replaced by a technocratic tendency, which put emphasis on transport, and a left- -leaning tendency, which focused on housing.
Ethics in Progress
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
52-65
EN
Thomas Young (2001) argues that overconsumption and procreation are morally equivalent, and thus that anyone who disapproves of overconsumption must arrive at the same normative judgment concerning procreation (or procreation beyond a certain threshold). Young presents an analogical argument in support of his claim, and defends it against four varieties of objections intended to show that the analogy is weak or faulty. I argue that Young’s defense of his argument fails, and that though a stronger case can be made for his claim of moral equivalence between procreation and overconsumption, a full defense of the claim would unfortunately require a moral theory that we presently do not have (namely, Derek Parfit’s Theory X, the theory of beneficence that would tell us how many people there should be). This is unfortunate because in the absence of successful rational grounds for such a claim concerning the moral value (or disvalue) of procreation relative to resource consumption, we are likely to overlook or misjudge the moral and other costs of population growth.
EN
Close-reading selected poems and essays by Gary Snyder, the article examines an apparent epistemological contradiction in Snyder’s environmentalist message. As a rule Snyder consistently relies on essentialist discourse, with his frequent references to human nature, the collective unconscious, mankind’s generic identity and man’s inner voice. In the poem The Call of the Wild, however, he questions man’s ability to retrieve a “natural” generic core through, say, meditation or vision quests. This apparent contradiction is resolved when one views Snyder’s work through the lens of Neo-Aristotelian thought as exemplified by Terry Eagleton’s concept of human nature. To Eagleton, like to Aristotle, human nature is not a static biological given, but rather a mental predisposition. Thus it is more of a task, or challenge, than a set of characteristics. Such ideas resonate with Snyder’s concept of the ever-changing human nature. However, Eagleton and Snyder pass company as fellow Neo-Aristotelians when it comes to the socio-political applications of their ideas. To the British critic, socialism is the answer, allegedly providing the optimal conditions for a harmonious blend of one’s private and public self. To Snyder, state-supported socialism is but another oppressive political system, very much in the mentally-restrictive tradition of what he calls “the Judaeo-Capitalist-Christian-Marxist West.”
EN
In the Persecution and the Art of Writing (1952) Leo Strauss criticized the replace-ment of philosophical enquiry in youth education with history of philosophy and of philosophers with specialists in certain scientific fields. Contemporary calls for a “glob-al social contract” (Philippe Moreau Defarges, 2010) emphasize the need of reforming international institutions and the importance of a youth education “for” sustainable development (UNESCO Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014). Philosophical voices decry the ever-growing importance of institutions at the expense of individual freedom of expression and action. The article explores common points and differences between our ideal of sustainable development and the Straussian ideal of creative philosophical thought.
PL
Artykuł opisuje problem zanieczyszczenia środowiska we współczesnym świecie jako efekt uboczny rozwoju gospodarczego. Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja dwóch teorii politycznych z zakresu ochrony środowiska – Green Political Theory i environmentalism, oraz modernizacji ekologicznej jako możliwości kierowanego przez państwo, kompleksowego rozwiązania problemu ochrony środowiska w procesie rozwoju. Wskazana jest rola kontekstu dla zastosowania wspomnianych teorii, co wykazano na przykładzie USA, Niemiec, Norwegii, Wielkiej Brytanii, państw socjalistycznych, Polski i Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto artykuł zawiera krótką analizę stylów prowadzenia polityki środowiskowej – ekocentryzmu, technocentryzmu, ekoliberalizmu i ekokolektywizmu.
EN
The following article shows the problem of environmental pollution in contemporary world as an side-effect of economic development. The main aim of the article is to present two political theories of an environmental protection extend – Green Political Theory and environmentalism and ecological modernization as a possibility of solution for the environmental protection problem in the process of development. Action is complex and guided by the state. The role of context is pointed out, which is proved on the example of USA, Germany, Norway, Great Britain, socialist states, Poland and European Union. Additionally, article analyses the directions of environmental policies – ecocentrism, technocentrism, ecoliberalism and ecocollectivism.
EN
The article describes the principles of cultural conformity, environmentalism and homeostasis as organizational in relation to the cultural and educational space of the university as a complex social system. On the basis of the analysis of the systemic changes that accompanied the newest stage in the development of universities in Eastern Europe (from the mid 1980s up to now) a periodization of this stage was completed. Each of the stages is characterized by a description of the above-mentioned organizational principles of work, the transformations of key characteristics of social governance and the overall logic of their development. The forecast of transformational changes for the nearest future in the context of social aspects of the development management of universities in Eastern Europe is made.
IT
Lo scrittore vicentino Mario Rigoni Stern, di cui nel 2021 è ricorso il centenario dalla nascita, ha sempre mostrato un grande interesse per i giovani, come dimostrano i numerosi interventi da lui tenuti presso istituti scolastici di tutti i gradi nei quali ha spesso puntato l’attenzione sui problemi ecologici che affliggono la terra. Il tema dell’ambiente, ovvero del rispetto per la sua fauna e della bellezza del mondo animale, è ripreso in una sua raccolta di racconti selezionati per un pubblico di ragazzi dai 9 anni in poi intitolata Il libro degli animali (1992) e pubblicata con una serie di illustrazioni di Xavier de Maistre. Similmente a quello che accade nella letteratura ecologica per l’infanzia, il proposito del volume di Rigoni Stern è quello di porre l’accento sulle problematiche riguardanti l’ambiente, cercando anche di proporre possibili soluzioni ai problemi. Pertanto nel suo libro Rigoni Stern desidera soprattutto presentare ai giovani lettori un modo alternativo di vita, basato sul rispetto della natura e un comportamento equosolidale. A questo sentimento si unisce la volontà dello scrittore di entrare in simbiosi con il territorio. Solamente attraverso questo processo di comunione con la natura si potranno quindi risolvere molti dei problemi ecologici della contemporaneità. In questo contributo, partendo dalle teorie ecocritiche, in particolare legate all’ambientalismo, si intende analizzare il modo in cui Rigoni Stern presenta a un pubblico di giovani la propria visione del mondo e le proprie idee riguardanti il rispetto per l’ambiente, collocando Il libro degli animali nel più complesso discorso ecologista che lo scrittore ha sviluppato nella sua lunga carriera letteraria.
EN
Asiago-born writer Mario Rigoni Stern, whose centenary of birth was celebrated in 2021, always took a great interest in young people, as amply demonstrated by his numerous talks at schools, where he often addressed ecological problems afflicting the Earth. His Il libro degli animali (1992), a collection of children’s stories illustrated by Xavier de Maistre, characteristically engages with environmental themes by expressing respect for the animal world and admiration for its beauty. Similar to ecological literature for children, Rigoni Stern’s book aims to highlight environmental problems and suggest possible solutions to them. Given this, it is dedicated to inspiring young readers to adopt an alternative way of life, one based on respect for nature and responsible/sustainable practices. This effort is combined with promoting symbiosis with land, as communion with nature is the only viable solution to many of the contemporary ecological problems. Employing ecocritical theories, mostly those related to environmentalism, this paper explores the way in which Rigoni Stern presents his standpoint on and ideas of the natural world to the young reading public. His approach makes Il libro degli animali part of the most complex ecological discourse that he developed in his long literary career.
EN
The subject of the article is the ambiguity of terms related to environmentalism in Polish. The article presents the results of a research on students' understanding of concepts related to environmentalism. The article also includes a theoretical analysis of the comprehension and use of terms such as ‘ecology’, ‘ecologist’ and ‘ecologism’ in Polish. One of the inspirations for the study was the lack of distinction in Polish between ecology as a science and an ecologist as a biologist, and environmentalism which is also called ‘ecology’ in Polish and an ecologist as an pro-environmental activist (‘environmentalist‘) which occurs in English. The aim of the study was to find out the understanding of terms related to ecology and associations they evoke. The study was conducted in 2022 on a group of 185 students of the Maria Grzegorzewska University. Each participant answered three open-ended questions concerning their knowledge and understanding of terms such as ‘ecology’, ‘ecologist’, ‘ecologism’ and ‘environmetalism’ or associations they evoke. The results were analysed in terms of the most frequent answers. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis of the responses was carried out. The word ‘ecology’ turned out to be associated by the majority of participants with caring for the environment, and by a definite minority with science. ‘Ecologists’ also turned out to be associated with environmentalists, and only by a few participants with scientists. The associations turned out to be mostly positive, as well as positive features (e.g. empathy, responsibility) being attributed to environmentalists. Participants were also asked if they had come across terms such as ‘ecologism’ and ‘environmentalism’. ‘Ecologism’ turned out to be understood by the participants very differently, ranging from “ecological human conscience” to “fake ecology” and “aggressive imposition of views”. The term ‘environmentalism’ appeared unfamiliar to the students. The results of the study indicate the presence of conceptual chaos. Words that are nowadays increasingly appearing in various contexts turn out to be understood very differently and evoke various associations, both positive and negative, which can sometimes be distant from the communicator’s intentions. Attributing qualities such as empathy and sensitivity to environmentalists rather than awareness may, in turn, indicate that postulates regarding environmental protection are perceived as idealistic rather than scientifically based.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest wieloznaczność pojęć związanych z ekologią w języku polskim. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badania dotyczącego rozumienia przez studentów pojęć związanych z ekologią. Artykuł zawiera również teoretyczną analizę funkcjonowania i rozumienia pojęć takich jak: „ekologia”, „ekolog” i „ekologizm” w języku polskim. Jedną z inspiracji badania był brak rozróżnienia w języku polskim między ekologią jako nauką i ekologiem jako osobą z wykształceniem biologicznym, a ekologią rozumianą jako działanie prośrodowiskowe oraz ekologiem jako aktywistą na rzecz środowiska, które występuje w języku angielskim (działacz prośrodowiskowy to „environmentalist”). Celem badania było poznanie rozumienia pojęć związanych z ekologią i skojarzeń z nimi. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w 2022 r. na grupie 185 studentów Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej w Warszawie. Każdy uczestnik odpowiadał na 3 pytania otwarte dotyczące znajomości i rozumienia poszczególnych pojęć, takich jak: „ekologia”, „ekolog”, „ekologizm” i „environmetalizm” lub skojarzeń z nimi. Wyniki zostały przeanalizowane pod kątem tego, które odpowiedzi pojawiały się często oraz dokonano analizy jakościowej odpowiedzi. Słowo „ekologia” okazało się przez większość uczestników badania kojarzone z dbaniem o środowisko, przez zdecydowaną mniejszość – z nauką. „Ekolodzy” także okazali się kojarzeni z aktywistami, a jedynie przez nielicznych studentów z naukowcami. Skojarzenia okazały się w większości pozytywne, jak również przypisywano ekologom pozytywne cechy (m.in. empatia, odpowiedzialność). Studenci pytani byli także, czy spotkali się z takimi pojęciami jak „ekologizm” i „environmentalizm”. „Ekologizm” okazał się rozumiany bardzo różnie, od „ekologicznego sumienia człowieka” po „atrapę ekologii” i „agresywne narzucanie poglądów”. Pojęcie „environmentalizm” okazało się nieznane studentom. Rezultaty badania wskazują na obecność chaosu pojęciowego. Słowa, które pojawiają się obecnie coraz częściej w różnorodnych kontekstach, czy też zaczynają się pojawiać jak „environmentalizm”, są rozumiane bardzo różnie i budzą różne skojarzenia – zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne, które nieraz mogą być odległe od intencji nadawcy. Przypisywanie ekologom i osobom zaangażowanym w ochronę środowiska raczej cech takich jak empatia i wrażliwość niż świadomość może świadczyć o postrzeganiu postulatów dotyczących ochrony środowiska jako bardziej wynikających z idealizmu niż mających podstawy naukowe.
RU
Напротяжении своей истории человечество разработалo ряд стратегий с помощью которых удерживался баланс между ростoм популяции и наличием доступных ресурсов, необходимых для удовлетворения его основных жизненных потребностей. Эти стратегии всегда определялись экологическими возможностями конкретного региона, в то же время оказывали воздействие на его среду. Однако степень воздействия на окружающую среду, наблюдаемая в последние десятилетия, позволяет утверждать, что человечество стало “ведущей силой”, влияющей нa геологическое и климатическоe состяние окружающей среды планеты. Будущее человечества завист от того, успеет и сможет ли оно изменить свои стратегии до момента, пока ресурсы планеты еще позволяют существование глобальной цивилизации.
EN
In its history, humankind worked out several life strategies with which they were balancing their growth in number and the availability of sources to satisfy their basic needs. These life strategies were always determined by the environmental opportunities of specific region, but, at the same time they impacted this environment. However, the degree of environment influence attained in last decades such a level that humankind became a geologic-climate force. Now the future of humankind depends on whether the humankind will be able to change its life strategies applied until now, before the environment of the globe stops to make possible the existence of global civilization.
17
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Zmierzch humanizmu

58%
DE
Gegenwärtig scheint die "Ende"-Thematik lebendiger denn je, und die Postmoderne bildet Entwürfe vom Ende der Theorie, Kultur, Geschichte sowie auch des Menschen. Das gegenwärtige "Ende"-Gefühl kann mit der Dämmerung des Humanismus und der sie begleitenden Dezentralisierung des Menschen-Subjekts verbunden werden. Heutzutage werden als gleichberechtigt jene Elemente der Welt wahrgenommen, die im Humanismus außer Acht gelassen wurden. Diese Veränderungen lösen bei den Menschen die Furcht davor aus, etwas könne die ihnen gleichgestellte oder eine bessere Position einnehmen, was vom Menschen als die Apokalypse seiner Welt aufgefasst wird. Das Ende des humanistischen Paradigmas bricht neuen gleichberechtigten Ideologien Bahn: dem Transhumanismus, Ökologismus oder Feminismus.
EN
In modern culture themes of the demise seems to be more alive than ever, and postmodernism creates visions of many parts of the reality: theory, culture, history and human. The multiplicity and diversity of these categories, and their connection  to the aforementioned theme obviously lead to the question about nature of this demise. The aim of the article is to define the notion of the demise in the anthropological perspective. The modern meaning of the demise can be combined with humanism and the related decentralization of human entity. Nowadays, it is the center which is recognized as equal - so are those elements of the world that humanism ignored ought to be touched upon. These changes implement fear in the humanity, based on the impression that something can be on better or on the same position as human is, and it appears to him as his world apocalypse. The end of the humanistic paradigm, opens the way for the emergence of new equivalent ideologies such as transhumanism, environmentalism and feminism.
PL
Współcześnie tematyka „kresu” wydaje się być bardziej żywa niż kiedykolwiek, a ponowoczesność tworzy wizje zmierzchu właściwie wszystkiego: teorii, kultury, historii, a także człowieka. Współczesne poczucie kresu można łączyć ze zmierzchem humanizmu i związaną z tym decentralizacją człowieka-podmiotu. Obecnie jako równoprawne centrum ujmowane są te elementy świata, które w humanizmie były pomijane. Te zmiany powodują lęk człowieka przed tym, że coś może zająć lepszą lub taką samą pozycję jak on; człowiek odbiera to jako apokalipsę swego świata. Koniec humanistycznego paradygmatu otwiera drogę nowym równoważnym ideologiom, takim jak transhumanizm, ekologizm czy feminizm.
18
58%
EN
This article provides insight at so-called view green (environmental) policy and its various ideological backgrounds, as they were during the development of environmental policy since its inception settled and subsequently formulated historically one of the world's most successful political parties based on environmental policy, the German Die Grünen (Greens) in the '70s 20th century and then extended at the Green Committees of Correspondence in the USA in 1984. For the ideological assumptions are considered Ecological thinking, Social justice, Participatory democracy, Nonviolence, Decentralization, Community-oriented economy, Post-patriarchal values (feminism), Respect for diversity, Global responsibility and Focus on the future.
19
58%
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 1
163-177
EN
Peter Redpath and Gabriel Marcel warn that the West is engulfed in a crisis. From their various philosophical perspectives, they identify the source of the crisis as a distortion of traditional Christian metaphysics of the human person as a free individual capable of pursuing truth and entering into relations of community with others. The distortion is caused by an abstract humanism that rightly denounces individualism, but as an alternative promotes a socialistic collectivism. This essay argues that this distortion is further causing the emergence of a collectivist spirituality which loses the individual, free human person. This spirituality is shown to be particularly manifest in various Catholic approaches to socioeconomics and environmentalism.
EN
a2_An exception was represented by the dissident and later Minister of Environment Ivan Dejmal (1946–2008), who attempted to combine "small ecology" with the Charter 77 critique of modern rationality and to formulate a positionm of philosophically grounded political ecology within Czechoslovak dissident movement.
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