Search results

1

Wątpliwości prawne związane z faktem oddelegowywania lekarzy, zatrudnionych na podstawie umowy o pracę, do innej pracy przez kierowników podmiotów leczniczych w czasie epidemii, w kontekście art. 47 ust. 3 ustawy z 5 grudnia 2008 r. o zapobieganiu oraz zwalczaniu zakażeń i chorób zakaźnych u ludzi

100%

Stykowski S.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2022

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issue 1(73)

9-22

EN

The author analyzes the problem of issuing official orders by the employer, including the seconding of an employee to another job as part of an employment relationship, to an employee who is a doctor, in the context of the Act on Preventing and Combating Infections and Infectious Diseases in Humans, as well as the principle of equality before the law. The statutory limitations on issuing official orders were examined. A broader problem was also raised – violations of basic constitutional principles and civil rights.

2

Swedish context of the COVID-19 pandemic approach and problems of social services

100%

Perliński M.

Praca Socjalna

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2020

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vol. 35(2)

25-31

EN

The article presents the approach of the Swedish authorities and the community to the problem of coronavirus threat. It shows the specific nature of the activities of government and local institutions, different from that adopted in other EU countries, and resulting from the political system of Sweden, the government's prerogatives, and the high autonomy of local authorities.

3

A Will Made During an Epidemic – Roman testamentum pestis tempore condictum and Selected Modern Regulations

100%

Sobczyk M.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2022

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vol. 21

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issue 2

11-36

EN

This article deals with the problem of making a will during an epidemic and simplifications in the testamentary formalities that are necessary to facilitate a testator to validly express his or her wishes in such difficult and specific circumstances. It analyses testamentum tempore pectis conditum in Roman law and its modern equivalents in Spanish, Italian and Polish law. Preconditions of applicability of the special forms of a will in those systems and the simplifications introduced therein are compared. The article presents the specific provisions in which this form of a will is regulated and their interpretation in civil law doctrine and case law. The central questions are: under which circumstances this form of a will is allowed, what the purpose of the special regulations is, what the relaxation from the ordinary testamentary formalities consists in and what requirements should be fulfilled after the will is made to preserve its validity. Some basic comparisons with the ordinary forms of a will are made to establish the peculiarities of the will drawn up during the epidemic. The differences between the analysed provisions and their importance in practice are pointed out.

4

Legality of so-called “epidemic fees”

88%

Wilk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2020

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issue 2

47-50

EN

The article refers to the problem of the so-called "epidemic fees", collected by the entrepreneurs during the epidemic in order to compensate increased costs of running a business in a sanitary regime. The Author analyzes whether collecting of such fees is acceptable in the light of actual legal status. The problem is examined from the civil law point of view, with particular emphasis on the provisions referring to abusive clauses, exploitation and limitations of the freedom of contract due to the principles of social coexistence. The Author also tries to define the requirements that such fees should meet to be considered acceptable, as well as compliance with legal provisions referring to practicing a certain profession (for example a physician, a dentist), as well as the principles of professional ethics, proper and prior informational obligation and adjustment of the fee amount to the real and reasonable costs of running a business in an increased sanitary regime.

5

FAMILY WITH CHILDREN IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC – WHAT, WHERE, HOW? DILEMMAS OF ADULT-IMPOSED PROHIBITIONS AND ORDERS

88%

MARKOWSKA-MANISTA U., ZAKRZEWSKA-OLĘDZKA D.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 3

89-110

EN

The coronavirus has closed adults and children at home. We communicate by phone or the Internet. Life has moved online, it has lost its rhythm within traditional systems of school and work. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic spreading around the globe, many states have introduced numerous limitations in adults’ and children’s social functioning. The majority of education and care institutions have been closed, while companies and institutions whose type of activity allows to do so have decided to transform their work patterns into remote work. This new situation has particularly affected children, who, for their own and their families’ safety, have been cut off from the possibility to participate in activities and events that used to be part of their daily lives. In order to look at this situation and analyse the situation of families with children, an online survey questionnaire was conducted among 158 adults that aimed to collect data from below (from the perspective of reflexive adults looking after children in the situation of spatial-mobile limitations). In the article, we discuss changes in parents’ and children’s lives and analyse the social background of the areas discussed.

6

Social workers in times of the Sars-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic. First Polish experiences

88%

Wilk S., Szpoczek M.

Praca Socjalna

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2020

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vol. 35(2)

84-105

EN

The spread of the epidemic of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the announcement of the state of epidemic emergency determined the necessity of the changes in the functioning of the social welfare units. This article is an analysis of the literature sources related to the functioning of the social workers during natural disasters, that have served as the basis for conclusions. In addition, twelve pilot interviews with social workers were conducted. Previously the institutions were not prepared for such a threat, did not have procedures nor regulations and means of self-protection. In the times of the epidemic the feminization of the profession of a social worker and the fact of the necessity of taking care of the children of the age of up to 8 years, resulted in the staff shortages. The new reality created the necessity to reorganize the work system of the social assistance units especially in the area of the safety regulations that is to say teleworking, rotational work and shift work, limitations in dealing with the clients and fieldwork, conducting community interviews by phone. Working at residential care facilities, which were closed to protect their residents from infection, has become of particular nature. Due to the epidemic situation, normative acts regarding benefits for persons threatened by the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus, implementation of assistance for persons experiencing violence or support for people in crisis of homelessness are constantly changing. The text discusses in detail five factors hindering the performance of professional activities for employees of social assistance units: organizational and legal, physical, interpersonal, ethical and psychological. Finally, it is essential to start working by applying the method of organizing local communities (and using social capital), as its absence will be a barrier to the development of Polish municipalities after the epidemic.

7

Need based resource utilization: The key to successful syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries

75%

Gumashta R., Gumashta J.

Progress in Health Sciences

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 2

94-99

EN

Syndromic management approach for treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), although being an excellent tool, has been observed to have its own intrinsic limitations of scientific basis, applicability in the field level health care settings and thus derived ultimate benefits in terms of noticeable minimization of the STD events in the high risk groups including commercial sex workers, homosexuals, intravenous drug users and other vulnerable populations viz. migrant workers, truck drivers and casual laborers. The presence of widely scattered high risk population and their partners has a visible, although relatively delayed, impact on the prevalence and incidence of the STDs in the general population and therefore addressing the thus generated challenges is the need of the hour for existing health systems at the levels of government, semi government, private care providers and inter-sectoral partners. As a result, need based resource mobilization for appropriate, justified and correct use of trained manpower directed towards syndromic management based health care service delivery mechanisms linked with specialized resources is the key to achieving long desired dream of having a sexually transmitted disease free healthy society in developing countries. Such efforts shall reap rich dividends in the form of prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections as well as in non observance of related complications among the cases and their contacts thereby facilitating increased productivity among work force for ensuring achievement of the developmental targets of the country including socio-economic well being.

8

Znaczenie terminu „epidemia” w starożytnej literaturze grecko-rzymskiej (Próba analizy na wybranych przykładach)

75%

Iwańska J.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2014

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vol. 35

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issue 4

175-184

EN

The article discusses the meaning of the term ‘epidemic’ in the literary sources of ancient Greece and Rome. It presents an attempt at tracing the semantics of the words no/soj, loimo/j and e)pidemi/a in Greek literature and illustrates various usage of e)pidemi/a before Hippocrates. It also shows what terms were used by Roman scribes to define pestilence or points out that Homer used the word in Illiad in the meaning of: “this one who liked passionately the frightening civil war”. Sophocles used ‘epidemios’ in King Oedipus referring to dissemination and propagation of the king’s fame. The authors before Hippocrates applied this term almost to any phenomenon (people, rain, war) except for disease. Hippocrates was the first one to adapt it to medical terminology. (P. Martin, E. Martin, 2,500-year …).

9

A Comparative Analysis of the Information Published in the Largest News Portals in Poland at the Beginning of the Coronavirus Epidemic

75%

Waśko J.

Świat i Słowo

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2021

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vol. 36(1)

249-262

EN

The coronavirus has dominated the work of Polish online publications for several months. Every day, the largest portals in the country outdid one another in providing us with information about the subsequent illnesses and consequences of the epidemic. However, the first infection in the country was crucial for them. In my comparative analysis, I focus on how the beginning of the epidemic in Poland was reported in the largest news portals in Poland.

10

Пилип Орлик сам про себе

75%

Sobol W.

Studia Polsko-Ukraińskie

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2021

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vol. 8

85-99

EN

This article explores various forms of self-presentation of the hetman on the path of self-knowledge in the conditions of hopelessness caused by emigration. Pylyp Orlyk’s handwritten diary of 1725, 1726, and 1727 is dominated by motives of accustoming to emigration conditions, protection of privacy, discourses, illness and recovery, friendship, solitude with reading, and fi nally, more clearly than before, the self-awareness of the soul. “Peregrine”, as Orlyk calls himself in 1727, aft er eighteen years of emigration. He orders two or three services at once for the children on their birthdays, for the health of his wife Anna of the Hercyk family. Orlyk visits all the churches in Th essaloniki, is a good Christian, but nowhere emphasizes his denomination. He believes in the power of praying for the health of his family and friends. Sincere prayer becomes medicine. One of the described disasters of that time is perceived today in a very modern way - “bad air”. Th is euphemism is repeated in the manuscript when it comes to the plague pandemic in Th essaloniki, Smyrna, Istanbul.

11

Epidemia cholery w Krakowie w 1866 roku. Analiza demograficzna i przestrzenna

75%

Wnęk K.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 3

93-117

EN

The article presents the causes and effects of the epidemic of cholera that broke out in Cracow in 1866. The presentation is based on archival material collected when the epidemic was raging and when it was over. The basic source are tabular sheets and responses to a questionnaire sent to physicians by the Sanitary Commission just after the epidemic was over in 1867. The notes prepared by Cracow physicians are a splendid source for the research of that kind as they were made shortly after the epidemic. The article also presents a description of how the epidemic was approaching Cracow and its probable route along which it reached the city. The article includes various views on the aetiology of the epidemic and on various methods of curing it. In the article there is an analysis of the mortality rate according to sexes, faith and the place of treatment. The epidemic has been depicted as it was evolving in time and space; in order to make the depiction the author has used some geostatistical methods, including the method of hierarchical clustering. The incidence of cholera and its mortality rate have been presented on two maps, on which the clusters have been marked too. According to the research, in the case of Roman Catholics the disease attacked mainly the poor and malnourished social groups, who lived in poor housing conditions or were homeless. In the Jews the disease attacked various social groups, not only the poorest. The ability to survive has been analysed in two religious groups of Cracow: the Roman Catholics and the Jews. The results have not confirmed the statistical higher resistance of the Jews to cholera, which might have been suggested by the first data of the graph. In another part of the article Cox regression has been used to verify which factor was responsible for a higher mortality caused by cholera. The method of backward (stepwise) approach has not confirmed that such factors as sex, social class, faith or place of treatment influenced the probability of death. Among those factors the most doubtful one is the place of treatment, i.e. a hospital or a dwelling place, which has been rejected in the last step of the analysis. It may be the result of the fact that the sample was not big enough. The epidemic of 1866 was relatively mild, and the city council was well prepared; it was also important that there were many highly-qualified physicians engaged in the battle against the epidemic and access to medicines was not difficult.

12

Ograniczenia wolności kultu religijnego w czasie pandemii COVID-19: między konstytucyjnością a efektywnością

75%

Stanisz P.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2021

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issue 3(164)

143-165

EN

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the restrictions on the freedom of religious worship introduced by the Polish executive authorities in the face of the spreading COVID-19 epidemic. The analysis aims to answer questions not only concerning the conformity of these actions with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and statutory laws, but also pertaining to the issue of the level of preparation of Polish law for an epidemic. In reference to these questions, the author concludes that the introduction of restrictions on the freedom to manifest religion by acts of worship in the regulations issued by the Minister of Health and the Council of Ministers exceeds the bounds of statutory authorisation and is inconsistent with the Polish Constitution. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, passing a law remains the only admissible way of introducing restrictions on the freedom of manifestation of religion, and there are no exceptions to this rule even in states of emergency. On the other hand, the author also points out that if the effectiveness of combating this kind of epidemic really depends on possibility of introducing the above-mentioned restrictions without a long legislative process, it means that Polish executive authorities have been confronted by the constitutional legislator and the legislature with a choice between being efficient and acting in conformity with the Constitution and statutory laws. Therefore, the article postulates that it is necessary to make deep changes to the current law. Elaborating a broad concept of these changes requires further analysis, and the relevant discussion needs to take into account the experience gained so far in combating the coronavirus epidemic, the importance of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the solutions adopted in other countries. A clear and balanced, as well as properly sequenced and democratically justified specification of the rules that should be followed by the executive when introducing restrictions related to the spread of the epidemic, even with regard to such important values as the freedom to manifest religion through acts of worship, is undoubtedly more appropriate than formally ruling out the possibility of taking action that may turn out necessary in the future.

13

On the quick estimation of probability of recovery from COVID-19 during first wave of epidemic in India: a logistic regression approach

75%

Joshi H., Azarudheen S., Nagaraja M. S., Chandraketu S.

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2022

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vol. 23

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issue 2

197-208

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic has recently become a threat all across the globe with the rising cases every day and many countries experiencing its outbreak. According to the WHO, the virus is capable of spreading at an exponential rate across countries, and India is now one of the worst-affected country in the world. Researchers all around the world are racing to come up with a cure or treatment for COVID-19, and this is creating extreme pressure on the policy makers and epidemiologists. However, in India the recovery rate has been far better than in other countries, and is steadily improving. Still in such a difficult situation with no effective medicine, it is essential to know if a patient with the COVID-19 is going to recover or die. To meet this end, a model has been developed in this article to estimate the probability of a recovery of a patient based on the demographic characteristics. The study used data published by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India for the empirical analysis.

14

Funkcje grupy sąsiedzkiej na portalu społecznościowym w dobie pandemii

71%

Sowada T.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2020

|

issue 51

25-40

EN

This article deals with issues related to the functioning of the neighbourhood group on Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main research method was a case study based on an analysis of the content published by the group members within 30 days after the first confirmed coronavirus COVID-19 infection was recorded in Poland. Referring to the concepts related to the typology of neighbourhood, the author presents neighbouring activities, the implementation of which was supported within the group’s activities, with particular regard to the impact of the ongoing pandemic. The article summary describes three of the functions identified in the study, which were performed by the group towards the neighbourhood community: (1) informational, (2) solidarity, (3) psychological.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł porusza zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem grupy sąsiedzkiej na portalu Facebook w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Główną metodą badawczą było studium przypadku oparte na analizie treści publikowanych przez członków grupy w ciągu 30 dni od zanotowania pierwszego w Polsce potwierdzonego zakażenia koronawirusem COVID-19. W nawiązaniu do koncepcji typologii sąsiedztw autor przedstawia czynności sąsiedzkie, których realizacja była wspomagana w ramach działalności grupy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływu trwającej pandemii. Podsumowanie artykułu zawiera opis trzech, zidentyfikowanych w toku badań, funkcji, które pełniła grupa na portalu społecznościowym wobec społeczności sąsiedzkiej: (1) informacyjnej, (2) solidarnościowej, (3) psychologicznej.

15

Działania Wojsk Obrony Terytorialnej w obliczu zagrożenia, jakim jest SARS-COV-2

63%

Kukuła A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy

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2020

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issue 3(36)

PL

W niniejszym artykule dokonano opisu działań Wojsk Obrony Terytorialnej w ramach walki z SARS-CoV-2. Przedstawiono genezę powstania piątego rodzaju Sił Zbrojnych RP. Omówiona została struktura formacji, która odwzorowana została na podziale administracyjnym Polski. Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej są najnowszym rodzajem sił zbrojnych, który powstał w styczniu 2017 roku. W pierwszych dniach pojawienia się wirusa COVID-19 na terytorium Polski zmianie uległ model funkcjonowania WOT: ze szkoleniowego na przeciwkryzysowy. Cała formacja przeszła w stan 12-godzinnej gotowości do działania. Współpracując zarówno ze służbami mundurowymi, jak i służbą zdrowia, przeciwdziała rozprzestrzenianiu się koronawirusa. Na terenie całego kraju żołnierze objęli opieką kombatantów Armii Krajowej i innych organizacji niepodległościowych

EN

This paper describes the activities of the Territorial Defense Forces in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. The genesis of the creation of the fifth type of the Armed Forces was presented. The structure of the formation was discussed, which was adjusted to the administrative division of Poland. The Territorial Defense Forces are the latest type of armed forces which was created in January 2017. In the first days following the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus on the territory of Poland, the TDF model of functioning changed from training to crisis. The entire formation entered the mode of 12-hour readiness for action. Cooperating with both uniformed and health services, it counteracts the spread of the coronavirus. All over the country, soldiers took care of Home Army veterans and other independence organizations.

16

Zapobieganie zagrożeniom epidemiologicznym na przestrzeni wieków

63%

Lisiecki A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy

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2016

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issue 1(18)

PL

W artykule omówiono działania podejmowane w celu zapobiegania zagrożeniom epidemiologicznym na przestrzeni wieków. Jako narzędzia wykorzystano metodę analizy literatury przedmiotu. Cykliczne mutacje istniejących patogenów jak i powstawanie nowych mogących powodować zakażenie u ludzi, zwierząt czy roślin wymuszają ciągłą zdolność do adaptacji istniejących lub tworzenia nowych rozwiązań, służących efektywnej walce z tym zjawiskiem. W pracy przedstawiono na wybranych przykładach przebieg, opis ochrony ludności oraz zmianę podejścia do chorób zakaźnych wraz z rozwojem medycyny w kraju i na świecie

EN

The article discusses the actions taken to prevent epidemiological risks over the centuries. A method of reference books analysis was used as a tool. Cyclic mutations of existing pathogens, and the emergence of the new ones that could cause infections in humans, animals or plants, impose a continuous ability to adapt exisiting solutions or to create new ones that help fight the above mentioned phenomenon efficiently. The work presents the process, description of civil protection and change in the approach to infectious diseases together with the development of medicine in the country and all over the world in the selected examples.

17

Zwalczanie chorób zakaźnych w stanie epidemii oraz w stanie klęski żywiołowej a realizacja wolności sumienia i religii w świetle Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku i ustawodawstwa

63%

Ożóg M.

Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego

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2021

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vol. 24

327-357

EN

The article concerns the problem of realization of the freedom of conscience and religion during a state of epidemic and state of natural disaster. The aim of this study is to assess the existing statutory solutions from the point of view of the political model of protection of the freedom of conscience and religion. The article presents general characteristics of the legal regime of a state of epidemic and state of natural disaster together with an analysis and evaluation of the statutory prerequisites for the introduction of these states. Particular attention is given to the problem of the convergence of the constitutional rights and freedoms, when the realization of the freedom of conscience and religion requires other human rights which may be restricted during a state of epidemic and state of natural disaster. The analysis was performed using the dogmatic-legal method. The evaluation of the legal regulations also concerns the issues connected with the choice of the appropriate legal method. The analysis points to the conclusion that the protection of the freedom of conscience and religion during states of epidemic and natural disaster is not ensured to a sufficient extent under current legislation. The author proposes certain legislative changes to raise the level of protection of the freedom of conscience and religion in ordinary legislation.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie statusu prawnowyznaniowego człowieka w stanie epidemii oraz w stanie klęski żywiołowej. Celem opracowania jest dokonanie oceny występujących rozwiązań ustawowych z punktu widzenia modelu ustrojowego ochrony wolności sumienia i wyznania. Artykuł zawiera ogólną charakterystykę reżimu prawnego stanu epidemii oraz stanu klęski żywiołowej wraz z analizą i oceną przesłanek ustawowych wprowadzenia tych stanów funkcjonowania państwa. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na problem zbiegu praw i wolności konstytucyjnych, gdy do realizacji wolności sumienia i religii potrzebne są inne prawa człowieka, które mogą zostać ograniczone w stanie epidemii oraz w stanie klęski żywiołowej. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną. Ocena regulacji prawnych obejmuje także kwestie związane z wyborem właściwej metody legislacyjnej. Przeprowadzone analizy prowadzą do wniosku, że wolność sumienia i religii nie jest należycie chroniona na gruncie obowiązujących przepisów o stanie epidemii i stanie klęski żywiołowej. Tekst zawiera propozycję określonych zmian legislacyjnych w kierunku wzmocnienia poziomu ochrony wolności sumienia i religii w ustawodawstwie zwykłym.

18

Wolność słowa realizowana w ramach wolności religii w Kościele Katolickim w Polsce a prawne ograniczenia dotyczące epidemii SARS-CoV-2

63%

Jaskuła L. K.

Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego

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2021

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vol. 24

279-300

EN

The present paper is an attempt to analyze the state of freedom of speech exercised during public religious practices at the time of the epidemic. The main research problem addressed in the study is whether the restrictions introduced due to the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic affect freedom of speech exercised within freedom of religion. The paper discusses the normative framework of freedom of speech exercised within freedom of religion, the restrictions on the functioning of the Catholic Church established to control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Poland, and the practical consequences of these restrictions for freedom of speech in the context under discussion. The conducted analyses have led to the conclusion that restricting freedom of religion in its external dimension also means restricting freedom of speech exercised within freedom of religion. The restrictions in place in Poland do not meet the legal conditions for limiting human freedom. Therefore, it should be emphasized that in the face of the threats posed by the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, limitations of certain rights and freedoms introduced in order to protect life and health are essentially justified, but such actions should respect legal requirements. The opposite may lead to the erosion of the law, destroy its authority, violate the rights and freedoms of individuals, and negatively affect Church-State relations. Such “standards” of public administration cannot be justified by an epidemic and it is not possible to accept them in a democratic state ruled by law.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę analizy stanu wolności słowa realizowanej w ramach praktyk religijnych wykonywanych publicznie w czasie epidemii. Główny problem opracowania stanowi pytanie, czy ograniczenia wprowadzane w wyniku epidemii SARS-CoV-2 wpływają na wolność słowa realizowaną w ramach wolności religii. W artykule omówiono normatywne ramy wolności słowa realizowanej w ramach wolności religii, ograniczenia dotyczące funkcjonowania Kościoła Katolickiego, które wprowadzono w Polsce w ramach walki z epidemią SARS-CoV-2 oraz praktyczne konsekwencje tych ograniczeń dla wolności słowa w analizowanym kontekście. Przeprowadzone badania doprowadziły do wniosku, że ograniczanie wolności religii w jej wymiarze zewnętrznym jest także ograniczaniem wolności słowa realizowanej w ramach wolności religii. Ustanowione w Polsce ograniczenia nie spełniają prawnych warunków ograniczania wolności człowieka. W obliczu zagrożeń związanych z epidemią SARS-CoV-2 ograniczanie niektórych praw i wolności w celu ochrony życia i zdrowia jest co do zasady uzasadnione, jednak działania takie powinny respektować wymogi prawa. Działania przeciwne prowadzą do erozji prawa, niszczą jego autorytet, naruszają prawa i wolności jednostki i negatywnie odbijają się na relacji państwo-Kościół. Takich „standardów” sprawowania administracji publicznej nie może usprawiedliwiać epidemia i nie jest możliwe ich zaakceptowanie w demokratycznym państwie prawa.

19

Izotiazolinony jako przyczyna epidemii alergii kontaktowej XX i XXI wieku

63%

Chomiczewska-Skóra D., Kręcisz B., Kieć-Świerczyńska M.

Medycyna Pracy

|

2014

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vol. 65

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issue 4

543-554

EN

Chloromethylisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI) have been widely used as preservatives in cosmetics, household products and industrial products since the late 1970s. First cases of contact allergy to the MCI/MI combination were noted in 1980–1982 in Sweden. Then, a significant increase in the frequency of sensitization to these compounds was observed in many European centers. The increase has been stopped by the introduction of legislation on their maximum concentrations in consumer and industrial products in Europe and in some non-European countries. But approval of the use of MI alone without limits in industrial products (from 2000) and at a maximum concentration of 100 ppm in cosmetics (from 2005) resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of individuals sensitized to this compound. Allergic contact dermatitis due to MI occurs in both adults and children. It is often manifested by severe symptoms, which may be also induced by airborne exposure. The most important sources of sensitization include cosmetic products and paints. To counteract the increasing problem of contact allergy epidemic to MI, the recommendations have been developed, suggesting the ban on the use of MI in “leave-on” cosmetics and maximum concentration of 15 ppm in “rinse-off” products. These recommendations are likely to be implemented in 2014. Med Pr 2014;65(4):543–554

PL

Chlorometyloizotiazolinon (chloromethylisothiazolinone – MCI) i metyloizotiazolinon (methylisothiazolinone – MI) od końca lat 70. XX w. do 2014 r. stanowiły konserwanty powszechnie stosowane w kosmetykach, artykułach chemii gospodarczej i produktach przemysłowych. Pierwsze przypadki alergii kontaktowej na mieszaninę MCI/MI odnotowano w latach 1980–1982 w Szwecji, a następnie w wielu ośrodkach europejskich obserwowano istotny wzrost częstości uczuleń na te związki. Został on zahamowany dzięki wprowadzeniu w Europie i niektórych krajach pozaeuropejskich regulacji prawnych dotyczących dopuszczalnego stężenia MCI i MI w produktach konsumenckich i przemysłowych. Zezwolenie od 2000 r. na stosowanie bez limitu samego MI w produktach przemysłowych i od 2005 w kosmetykach w stężeniu do 100 ppm spowodowało w ostatnich latach znaczący wzrost liczby uczulonych na ten związek. Alergiczne kontaktowe zapalenie skóry związane z MI występuje zarówno u dorosłych, jak i dzieci, charakteryzuje się często ciężkim przebiegiem, a do wywołania objawów nierzadko dochodzi na drodze powietrznopochodnej. Do najistotniejszych źródeł uczulenia na MI należą kosmetyki i farby. W odpowiedzi na narastający problem epidemii alergii kontaktowej na izotiazolinony opracowano rekomendacje sugerujące zakaz stosowania MI w kosmetykach typu „leave-on” oraz uznanie za dopuszczalne stężenia 15 ppm w produktach kosmetycznych „rinse-off”. Zalecenia te prawdopodobnie zostaną wprowadzone w życie w 2014 r. Med. Pr. 2014;65(4):543–554

20

Uwarunkowania i przebieg epidemii cholery w guberni mohylewskiej w 1848 roku

63%

Janicka I.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

|

2018

|

vol. 40

215-243

PL

Do czasów obecnych miało miejsce sześć pandemii cholery, z których druga była jedną z najsilniejszych. Najbardziej tragicznie w historii wielu krajów zaznaczył się rok 1848, zwłaszcza Rosji, przez tereny której przeszła najsilniejsza epidemia. Z północno-zachodnich guberni Imperium największe straty w ludziach poniosła gubernia mohylewska, w której w ciągu sześciu miesięcy zachorowało ponad 48 tys. Ludzi (31,4% z nich zmarło). Epidemia wybuchła w powiecie orszańskim w dniu 29 maja, obejmując kolejno pozostałe powiaty i trwała w guberni do 29 listopada 1848 roku. Biorąc pod uwagę współczynnik zapadalności, najwięcej przypadków zachorowań odnotowano w powiecie orszańskim (139,6 osób na 1000 mieszkańców) oraz siennieńskim (92 osoby na 1000). W powiecie orszańskim największy był również współczynnik umieralności (40,3 osoby na 1000), zaś największa śmiertelność wystąpiła w powiecie mohylewskim, w którym zmarła ponad połowa (51,4%) wszystkich chorych. Przyczyną tak wielkich strat były między innymi warunki geofizyczne guberni, ale również społeczno-cywilizacyjne. Panujący wówczas głód, niedożywienie, a w konsekwencji osłabienie organizmów sprzyjały wysokiej zapadalności na cholerę, a brak wystarczającej znajomości choroby przez lekarzy skutkował wysoką śmiertelnością.

EN

There have been six cholera pandemics to date, the second of of which was the biggest. The year 1848, when the worst epidemic swept through the land, proved to be the most deadly in the history of many countries, Russia in particular. Among the Northwestern Russian governorates, it was that of Mogilev which suffered most and where, within six months, over 48,000 people fell sick, with 31.4% of them dying. The epidemic broke out in the district of Orsza on May 29, from where it spread into other districts and remained in the governorate until November 29, 1848. Taking the incidence rate into consideration, the highest number of infections was recorded in the districts of Orsza (139.6 people per 1,000 inhabitants) and Sienno (92 people per 1,000). The mortality rate was also the highest in the district of Orsza (40.3 people per 1,000), whereas the highest mortality rate occurred in the district of Mogilev, where over a half of those infected died (51.4%). The reasons for such huge losses included the geophysical conditions in the governorate and also social and civilizational determinants. Famine, malnutrition and weakened bodies favored the high incidence rate of cholera which, together with the inadequate knowledge doctors had of it, resulted in high mortality.

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