Search results

1

Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: The Role of Theory of Mind

100%

De Mulder H. N. M., Gautero-Watzema A., Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Independent researcher, De Mulder H. N. M. h. n. m. d. m. h. l. n., Gautero-Watzema A. a. g. c.

Research in Language

|

2018

|

vol. 16

|

issue 1

EN

This study considers the acquisition of epistemic modal auxiliaries (EMA) in typically developing (TD) and autistic children and the role that Theory of Mind (ToM) plays in this development. Nineteen Dutch-speaking TD children and ten autistic children received tasks assessing ToM, general linguistic ability and EMA comprehension. Results suggest that both groups have some understanding of the Dutch EMA system, but no significant differences were found between groups. However, once participants were divided into ToM passers and ToM failers irrespective of clinical diagnosis, results showed that passers performed significantly better than failers on EMA understanding. Having a good understanding of others’ mental states, as evidenced by full marks on ToM tasks, thus seems important in the acquisition of EMA.

2

Текстовые соответствия русского модального слова конечно в английском языке

100%

Puk M.

Acta Neophilologica

|

2018

|

vol. XX/2

13-27

EN

This article analyzes the Russian modal exponent конечно expressing the speaker’s commitment to the truth of the proposition and its English translational equivalents. Some of the equivalents lower the level of epistemic modality, e.g., possibly, perhapsand might convey possibility and most probably, I suppose, I expect and I bet denote probability. Owing to such translational solutions, the translated sentences evoke a dif- ferent set of associations in the target language. The sentences with the omitted marker of epistemic modality constitute a great number of examples in English.

3

Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: the Role of Theory of Mind

100%

De Mulder H. N. M., Gautero-Watzema A.

Research in Language

|

2018

|

vol. 16

|

issue 1

99-112

EN

This study considers the acquisition of epistemic modal auxiliaries (EMA) in typically developing (TD) and autistic children and the role that Theory of Mind (ToM) plays in this development. Nineteen Dutch-speaking TD children and ten autistic children received tasks assessing ToM, general linguistic ability and EMA comprehension. Results suggest that both groups have some understanding of the Dutch EMA system, but no significant differences were found between groups. However, once participants were divided into ToM passers and ToM failers irrespective of clinical diagnosis, results showed that passers performed significantly better than failers on EMA understanding. Having a good understanding of others’ mental states, as evidenced by full marks on ToM tasks, thus seems important in the acquisition of EMA.

4

Čas v psane publicistice

100%

JUNKOVÁ B.

Stylistyka

|

2007

|

vol. 16

415-421

CS

Joumalistic texts provide information about events that have happened or will most probably happen in the nearest futurę. Temporal data represent merely a single piece of information in these texts. They are expressed by means of morfological, lexical and syn- tactic elements. Apparently, the subject is considerably extensive and varied.

5

Modalidade epistémica e evidencialidade nos sermões católicos na língua portuguesa

100%

Wielgosz M.

Studia Iberystyczne

|

2014

|

vol. 13

507-518

EN

Epistemic modality indicates the degree of certainty or doubt speakers have for the proposition expressed by their utterance. Evidentiality, on the other hand, is the indication of evidence for a statement in question. Given the eminently persuasive character of homiletic discourse, it features a high degree of epistemicity and frequently makes use of evidential markers. The preacher emphasizes his high degree of certainty about the content of what he says and, in order to gain credibility, he supports his reasons citing the Bible or other sources deemed reliable. This paper aims to analyze the markers of epistemic modality and evidentiality in Catholic sermons in Portuguese. Moreover, it intends to define the limit between different kinds of evidence. In order to carry out this analysis, fifteen homilies pronounced in the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima have been examined.

6

Vznik Evidenčných Operátorov V Slovenčine Z Hľadiska Gramatikalizačnej Teórie / The Rise of Evidential Operators in Slovak from the Perspective of Grammaticalization Theory

100%

Ivanová M.

Jazykovedný Casopis

|

2012

|

vol. 63

|

issue 1

31-52

EN

The study provides a synchronic account of evidenciality markers produced by grammaticalization processes in Slovak. While Slovak is not currently counted as having a grammaticalized evidenciality system, the high text frequency of verbal and adverbial operators that spred evidential scope over clauses is a clear indication of a great potential for such a system to be grammaticalized. The study describes two grammaticalization channels: from verb to parenthesis and particle, and from qualification adverb to commentary (sentence) adverb and particle. The research of grammaticalization steps is based on examination of material gained from the Slovak National Corpus.

7

Modalność epistemiczna w ustnych wypowiedziach maturzystów

89%

Tabisz A.

Stylistyka

|

2016

|

vol. 25

429-443

EN

In this article the author analyses components of the epistemic modality, by means of which a student assesses the accuracy of views presented during the oral matriculation examination in the Polish language. Considering the specificity of spoken utterances during the oral matriculation examination, the epistemic modality can be defined as all kinds of information on an intellectual attitude of the speaker who, on the basis of his/her own knowledge and thinking processes which are taking place in his/her mind at a given moment, makes a “gradable” assessment of a view’s reliability. The analysed texts differ depending on the level of certainty of their authors as far as the communicated content is concerned and they can be divided into two basic groups: 1) utterances containing markers of a modal certainty function and 2) utterances with markers of a modal probability function and possibilities which are much more numerous in the examined material. The fact of highlighting the hypothetical nature of views by secondary school graduates comes from a specific asymmetry between an examinee and an examiner, non-equivalence not only of the played social roles but also of areas of knowledge between the speaker and the recipient. The assumption that the examiner knows more results in the fact that students increase the distance to the views which they communicate, what seems to be rather unfortunate because the uncertainty in relation to their own utterances does not favour achieving the recipient’s acceptance or support for the communicated views and this is one of the aims of an argumentative utterance.

8

An Analysis of Certainly and Generally in Late-Modern English English History Texts

88%

Álvarez-Gil F. J.

Research in Language

|

2019

|

vol. 17

|

issue 2

179-195

EN

This paper analyses the adverbs certainly and generally as stancetaking markers. These adverbial devices are said to show authorial stance and to communicate the author’s commitment or detachment towards the information presented, and so they are classified as epistemic adverbs (Alonso-Almeida 2015). For this study, I have selected a corpus of history texts from the Modern English period (1700-1900), as compiled in The Corpus of History English Texts (Crespo and Moskowich 2015), on the basis of which the two evidential adverbs are examined using computer corpus tools, although manual inspection is also employed to assess the meaning of the items in context. The findings suggest that, in this type of scientific articles, the two adverbs are used with differing pragmatic functions, in the case of certainly it functions mostly as a booster and, in the specific case of generally, its use seems to primarily suggest a hedging purpose (Hyland 2005a).

9

Formy wyrażające modalność imperceptywną w bułgarskich i polskich tekstach prasowych oraz na portalach informacyjnych

88%

Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska J.

Adeptus

|

2020

|

issue 16

EN

Forms Expressing Imperceptive Modality in Bulgarian and Polish Press Texts and on Internet News PortalsForms expressing imperceptive modality, whose semantic structure contains renarration and reservation about the truth of the utterance, are found both in Polish and in Bulgarian. In both languages, their lexical exponents include, for example, Pol. podobno, rzekomo, jakoby, Bul. вероятно, може би, сигурно ‘apparently’, ‘allegedly’, ‘supposedly’. Apart from these lexical markers, Bulgarian has a separate morphological form: the inferential mood (несвидетелско наклонение, преизказно наклонение). Considering Polish, in turn, we should note the quasi-morphological construction mieć ‘to have’ + infinitive, which is also used to express imperceptive modality. This article presents an analysis of the use of these forms in Polish and Bulgarian press texts and on Internet news portals. It also attempts to explain the high frequency of their use in the opinion-making media. Formy wyrażające modalność imperceptywną w bułgarskich i polskich tekstach prasowych oraz na portalach informacyjnychFormy wyrażające modalność imperceptywną, czyli zawierające w swej strukturze semantycznej jednocześnie renarrację i rezerwę prawdziwościową, występują zarówno w języku polskim, jak i bułgarskim. W obydwu językach temu celowi służą wykładniki leksykalne typu pl. podobno, rzekomo, jakoby, bg. вероятно, може би, сигурно. Poza wykładnikami leksykalnymi język bułgarski posiada dodatkową kategorię morfologiczną wyrażającą jednocześnie renarrację i rezerwę prawdziwościową, czyli formy narratywne (tzw. tryb nieświadka, bg. несвидетелско наклонение, преизказно наклонение). W języku polskim możemy natomiast zauważyć zwiększającą się częstotliwość użycia quasi-morfologicznej konstrukcji mieć + bezokolicznik. W artykule zaprezentowano analizę wykorzystania powyższych wykładników modalności imperceptywnej w polskich i bułgarskich tekstach prasowych oraz w internetowych portalach informacyjnych. Podjęto również próbę wyjaśnienia zwiększonej częstotliwości ich użycia w mediach opiniotwórczych.

10

An emerging future infinitive in present day German?

88%

Reiner T. E.

Open Linguistics

|

2014

|

vol. 1

|

issue 1

EN

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that there is a future infinitive evolving in present day German and addresses the theoretical consequences that this might have. Section 1 gives the basic definitions as well as some introductory examples. Section 2 presents evidence in favour of the hypothesis, and possible objections are considered in section 3. Finally, section 4 focusses on more theoretical implications.

11

La evidencialidad y la modalidad epistémica en los sermones católicos en español

87%

Wielgosz M.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

|

2014

|

vol. 41

|

issue 1

31-43

EN

Epistemic modality indicates the degree of certainty or doubt a speaker has for the proposition expressed by their utterance. Evidentiality, on the other hand, is the indication of the kind of evidence for a statement in question. Given the eminently persuasive character of homiletic discourse, it frequently makes use of epistemic and evidential markers. The preacher emphasizes his high degree of certainty about the content of what he says and, in order to gain credibility, he supports his reasons citing the Bible or other reliable sources. This paper aims to analyze the markers of epistemic modality and evidentiality in Catholic sermons in Spanish. Moreover, it intends to defi ne the limit between different kinds of evidence. In order to carry out this analysis, twenty homilies pronounced in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City have been examined. First of all, the defi nitions of epistemic modality and evidentiality are presented and the relation between these concepts is explored. Then, a classification of evidential values, based on the one by Plungian (2001: 351, 353), is illustrated. After that, the results of the analysis of epistemic modality and evidentiality in twenty sermons are discussed. Finally, the paper touches upon some problematic issues resulting from the classifi cation of different kinds of evidence.

12

Evidentialität und epistemische Modalität in deutschen und ukrainischen informationsbetonten Pressetexten

75%

Kijko J.

tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs

|

2013

|

issue 6

131-168

EN

The article focuses on the following questions: How do epistemic modality and evidentiality correlate in German and Ukrainian newspaper texts? What forms of expression apply in both linguocultures? What kinds of similarities and differences are observed in their expression in the German and Ukrainian newspaper discourses?

DE

In dem Beitrag stehen folgende Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt: In welcher Relation stehen epistemische Modalität und Evidentialität in Pressetexten deutscher und ukrainischer Sprachkulturen zueinander? Wie werden sie in informationsbetonten Textsorten beider Länder zum Ausdruck gebracht? Worin liegen Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede ihrer Ausdrücke in der deutschen und ukrainischen Sprachkultur?

PL

Zasadniczymi zagadnieniami omawianymi w niniejszym artykule są: w jakiej relacji wzajemnej znajduje się modalność epistemiczna i ewidencjonalność w tekstach prasowych niemieckiej i ukraińskiej kultury językowej, jak są one wyrażane w rodzajach tekstów z dominującą funkcją informacyjną w obydwóch tych krajach, jakie różnice i jakie podobieństwa dają się zaobserwować w ich wyrażaniu w obrębie niemieckiej i ukraińskiej kultury językowej?

13

Stance and politeness in spoken Latvian

75%

Chojnicka J.

Lingua Posnaniensis

|

2015

|

vol. 57

|

issue 1

25-40

EN

The present article is concerned with the concept of stance and its relationship to face, face work and politeness applied to Latvian spoken discourse. It offers an extensive review of relevant literature on stance and politeness theories, followed by an illustrative analysis of politeness strategies and stance markers found in a radio interview. On this basis, the article argues that stance markers - epistemic, evidential, mirative and hedging devices - may be considered a negative politeness strategy, responding to the speaker’s and hearer’s desire for autonomy. In conclusion, it suggests a hypothesis that could explain differing use of stance markers and politeness strategies by speakers fulfilling varying conversational roles and of various social standing.

14

Эпистемическая модальность в борьбе за голоса избирателей – анализ телепрограммы «разговор с Владимиром Путиным»

75%

Dudek G.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

|

2012

|

vol. 3

457-466

EN

The article is considering condition of Ukrainian language in contemporary sociopolitical situation in Ukraine. This problem is presently one of the biggest importance, especially if we realize that Ukraine is so much culturally and nationalistically diversified country. For over 130 nationalities living in Ukraine only Polish people adopts Ukrainian language as its mother tongue. The rest prefers Russian. Russian language is also dominant in media and mass culture and with its visibility and popularity, especially at certain territories makes at present a big political issue. For that reason State’s authorities must act to promote usage of Ukrainian language and to prevent ideas of adopting Russian language as an second official language in the country as legal bilingual nature of the country would cause death of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian language is then introduced as the only language allowed in the official, public sphere, as well as in education, and theoretically also in media. The later is not yet enforced in reality. The legal superiority of the Ukrainian language is not able to constrain people to speak the language they desire, so Russian is still strong as a daily language of the huge masses of Ukrainians, rooting them out of their identity and national culture.

15

Univerzální koncepce modality a její aplikace na španělský modální systém

63%

Kratochvílová D.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

|

2014

|

vol. 96

|

issue 1

58-73

EN

This article analyses the concept of modality presented by Palmer (1986). Over the years since its publication it has become a universal instrument for describing modality across different languages. The basic contrast between epistemic and deontic modality is nowadays generally accepted. This article focuses primarily on modality in Spanish although it analyses this field in other languages as well (Italian, Romanian and English). By contrasting these four languages the article attempts to answer the question whether a universal terminology can be proved sufficient for the exhaustive description of the modal system of one particular language. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that a uniform approach to modality is not ideal because it does not take into consideration specific aspects of a concrete language and its particular way of expressing modality.

16

Anglické překladové protějšky českých vět s částicemi copak a jestlipak

63%

Šebestová D., Malá M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

|

2016

|

vol. 98

|

issue 2

228-237

EN

The paper examines English translation counterparts of Czech sentences containing the particles copak and jestlipak. These two particles share the expressive and intensifying postfix -pak. They are elements of the ‘third syntactical plan’ (or level) which consists of “components which place the content of the sentence in relation to the individual and his special ability to perceive, judge and assess” (Poldauf 1964: 242). The third syntactical plan is fully developed in Czech but to a much lesser degree in English. The aim of this paper is to identify and describe specific English means which correspond to these Czech particles in terms of their function. English counterparts of Czech sentences with copak/jestlipak are excerpted from the fiction component of the InterCorp parallel corpus. As opposed to the lexical means in Czech, the third syntactical plan in English is shown to rely on syntactic constructions, above all on different types of interrogative sentences. The English counterparts are used, at the same time, as markers of the functions of the Czech sentences containing copak and jestlipak, thereby further specifying the functional description of the two Czech particles. Apart from their expressivity and emotionally evaluative nature, the particles are shown to have two main functions: establishing contact and serving as means of epistemic modality.

17

Particules/adverbes exprimant la modalité épistémique : Vers la comparaison des systèmes des langues tchèque et française

63%

Vybíhalová M.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

|

2015

|

vol. Special Issue: Le monde de la litérrature

265-273

EN

Epistemic modality represents one of the linguistic modality expressing the speaker’s certainty evaluation of the proposition’s validity. The French and Czech approaches are compared to show the common bases for this linguistic matter. One way of expressing the epistemic modality, among others, are the little words that the French system calls epistemic modal adverbs, while the Czech terminology defines them as particles. These two systems (French epistemic adverbs and Czech epistemic particles) are compared from the point of view of their semantico-syntactic characteristics and their existing classifications based on the level of certainty the adverbs/particles express. To gain a better insight into the functioning of epistemic adverbs/particles the analysis of two French adverbs (vraisemblablement, apparemment) and two Czech particles (pravděpodobně, patrně) has been conducted and confirmed the important influence of context and subjectivity on their semantic interpretation.

18

Using Kreisel’s Way Out to Refute Lucas-Penrose-Putnam Anti-Functionalist Arguments

55%

Buechner J.

Studia Semiotyczne

|

2020

|

vol. 34

|

issue 1

EN

Georg Kreisel (1972) suggested various ways out of the Gödel incompleteness theorems. His remarks on ways out were somewhat parenthetical, and suggestive. He did not develop them in subsequent papers. One aim of this paper is not to develop those remarks, but to show how the basic idea that they express can be used to reason about the Lucas-Penrose-Putnam arguments that human minds are not (entirely) finitary computational machines. Another aim is to show how one of Putnam’s two anti-functionalist arguments (that use the Gödel incompleteness theorems) avoids the logical error in the Lucas-Penrose arguments, extends those arguments, but succumbs to an absurdity. A third aim is to provide a categorization of the Lucas-Penrose-Putnam anti-functionalist arguments.

19

Typy łacińskich przysłówków oceniających

51%

Górska M.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2014

|

vol. 62

|

issue 3: Filologia Klasyczna

051-071

PL

Artykuł ten jest propozycją uporządkowania nie dość konsekwentnego podziału podgrupy przysłówków zdaniowych określanych jako przysłówki oceniające. Propozycja ta polega przede wszystkim na oddzieleniu przysłówków oceniających w ścisłym sensie, czyli takich, które odwołują się do kategorii aksjologicznych od innych typów przysłówków oceniających. Wśród tych ostatnich można wyróżnić 1. przysłówki epistemiczne, za pomocą których mówiący dokonuje oceny prawdziwości propozycji (certe, certo, plane, profecto, sane, vero, vere, fortasse, forsitan), 2. przysłówki ewidencjalne, które wskazują, na jakiej podstawie mówiący wypowiada jakieś informacje (scilicet, videlicet) oraz 3. przysłówki miratywne, poprzez które mówiący daje wyraz zaskoczeniu, że dany stan rzeczy ma miejsce (inopinanter, inopinate, inopinato, necopinato). Wśród 4. przysłówków oceniających w ścisłym sensie można natomiast wyróżnić cztery podgrupy: a. ogólnie wartościujące (bene, male), b. odwołujące się do wartości poznawczych (sapienter, stulte, imprudenter, inepte, recte, falso), c. odwołujące się do wartości utylitarnych (opportune, feliciter, (per)commode incommode, perincommode) i d. odwołujące się do wartości moralnych (recte, falso, merito, iure, iniuria). W propozycji tej najbardziej dyskusyjne jest uznanie przysłówków wyrażających zaskoczenie za wykładniki miratywności, jako że jest to kategoria językowa dostrzeżona stosunkowo niedawno i nie dość dobrze rozpoznana.

EN

The article suggests ordering the division of the sub-group of sentential adverbs, defined as evaluative adverbs, that is not consistent enough. The suggestion consists first of all in separating evaluative adverbs in the strict sense, that is ones referring to axiological categories, from other types of evaluative adverbs. Among the latter the following ones may be distinguished: 1. Epistemic adverbs, with the help of which the speaker evaluates the truth of the proposition (certe, certo, plane, profecto, sane, vero, vere, fortasse, forsitan), 2. evidential adverbs that point the basis on which the speaker gives some information (scilicet, videlicet), and 3. mirative adverbs, with which the speaker expresses his surprise that the given state of affairs does occur (inopinanter, inopinate, inopinato, necopinato). Among 4.the evaluative adverbs in the strict sense, in turn, four sub-groups may be distinguished: a. generally evaluating (bene, male), b. referring to cognitive values (sapientier, stulte, imprudenter, inepte, recte, falso), c. referring to utilitarian values (opportune, feliciter, (per)commode incommode, perincommode), and d. referring to moral values (recte, falso, merito, iure, iniuria). In the suggestion, recognizing the adverbs expressing surprise as the marker of mirativity is the most arguable point, as it is a language category that has been noticed relatively recently and has not been yet well recognized.

20

Towards a Construction Grammar Analysis of English Pseudo-Copular Constructions with Perceptual Impression Verbs

51%

Kopeć Z.

Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego

|

2020

|

vol. 76

321-335

EN

Be as a copula in English, traditionally part of the subject-verb-subject complement pattern, syntactically links the subject to a complement and semantically makes little or no contribution of its own to the meaning of the clause. Semi-copulas (e.g. become, grow, turn, remain, etc.) share a number of properties with the be copula, but differ from it in that they cannot be left out without resulting in ungrammaticality or changing the meaning of the construction. They are introduced as the expression of ingressive or continuative aspect. Pseudo-copulas including perceptual impression verbs such as sound, look, taste, smell, and feel do not really link the subject to a complement. Their meanings are evidential and evaluative, based either on the speaker’s sensory modality or reported modality. The author provides descriptions of five pseudo-copular constructions with perceptual impression verbs, based on the Construction Grammar approach, but derives insights and their names from Functional Grammar (Hengeveld 1992) and Word Grammar (Gisborne 2010).

PL

Artykuł omawia angielskie konstrukcje z czasownikiem posiłkowym be ‘być’ (ang. copular constructions), konstrukcje z czasownikami częściowo posiłkowymi (ang. semi-copular constructions) oraz konstrukcje z czasownikami pozornie posiłkowymi (ang. pseudo-copular constructions). Czasownik posiłkowy be ‘być’ (ang. copular verb be) pełni funkcję łączącą podmiot z dopełnieniem i posiada nieznaczną wartość semantyczną. Czasowniki częściowo posiłkowe (ang. semi-copular verbs) posiadają kilka wspólnych właściwości z czasownikiem posiłkowym be ‘być’, jednak różnią się od niego tym, że ich opuszczenie skutkuje niepoprawnością gramatyczną. Występują one w aspektach ingresywnym i kontynuatywnym. Analizowane czasowniki pozornie posiłkowe są czasownikami sensorycznymi. Ich znaczenia są znaczeniami modalnymi. Na podstawie doświadczenia pośrednio lub bezpośrednio sensorycznego, użytkownik języka dokonuje oceny wartościującej. Autor proponuje opisy pięciu konstrukcji z sensorycznymi czasownikami pozornie posiłkowymi na podstawie teorii gramatyki konstrukcji, choć swoje rozważania wywodzi z teorii gramatyki funkcjonalnej i teorii gramatyki słowa. Słowa kluczowe: czasownik posiłkowy, czasownik częściowo posiłkowy, czasownik pozornie posiłkowy, czasownik sensoryczny, konstrukcje, modalność epistemiczna, modalność wartościując

Refine search results

Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: The Role of Theory of Mind

Текстовые соответствия русского модального слова конечно в английском языке

Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: the Role of Theory of Mind

Čas v psane publicistice

Modalidade epistémica e evidencialidade nos sermões católicos na língua portuguesa

Vznik Evidenčných Operátorov V Slovenčine Z Hľadiska Gramatikalizačnej Teórie / The Rise of Evidential Operators in Slovak from the Perspective of Grammaticalization Theory

Modalność epistemiczna w ustnych wypowiedziach maturzystów

An Analysis of Certainly and Generally in Late-Modern English English History Texts

Formy wyrażające modalność imperceptywną w bułgarskich i polskich tekstach prasowych oraz na portalach informacyjnych

An emerging future infinitive in present day German?

La evidencialidad y la modalidad epistémica en los sermones católicos en español

Evidentialität und epistemische Modalität in deutschen und ukrainischen informationsbetonten Pressetexten

Stance and politeness in spoken Latvian

Эпистемическая модальность в борьбе за голоса избирателей – анализ телепрограммы «разговор с Владимиром Путиным»

Univerzální koncepce modality a její aplikace na španělský modální systém

Anglické překladové protějšky českých vět s částicemi copak a jestlipak

Particules/adverbes exprimant la modalité épistémique : Vers la comparaison des systèmes des langues tchèque et française

Using Kreisel’s Way Out to Refute Lucas-Penrose-Putnam Anti-Functionalist Arguments

Typy łacińskich przysłówków oceniających

Towards a Construction Grammar Analysis of English Pseudo-Copular Constructions with Perceptual Impression Verbs