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EN
This paper focuses on the problem of cultural differences with respect to legal terms translation concerning the extradition procedure between Germany and Poland. In this context, the question as to how to tailor German legal terminology referring to institutional and office names to that of the Polish language in order to make the text comprehensible and understandable for Polish readers, e.g., judges, prosecutors or legal representatives, will be considered from a cultural perspective. The study is illustrated by examples from a German prosecutor’s letters to the Polish District Court regarding extradition arrangement.
EN
Between lexical meaning and valency – towards a method for extracting equivalents based on a parallel corpus Some entries in translation dictionaries (even in those for closely related languages) offer multiple target equivalents with disparate meanings even when the meaning of the source word is not considered ambiguous within the source language. The translator’s task of choosing the best fitting text unit is made even more difficult by sparse exemplification and missing or sketchy valency information. Using a parallel corpus, we explore to what extent valency (seen in a broad sense both as a syntactic and semantic property) can help to cope with a few difficult cases of Czech psych verbs in relation to Polish and how the lexical caps can be filled. Next, we compare the manually compiled lists of translation equivalents in context, annotated and sorted by their valency properties, with results of an automatic method, using word-to-word alignments in a lemmatised parallel corpus to build a list of equivalent pairs, annotated by their frequency. We conclude that valency is an important (though not omnipotent) discriminant for the choice of the target equivalent and that the list of translation pairs extracted automatically from a parallel corpus can be a useful supplement to a standard translation dictionary.
EN
“Translation is like a net […]” – Problems with Translation of Phrasemes from German to Polish Phraseme are multi-word or multi-morphemic patterns with specialized meanings and functions or patterns which are typically figurative and which have non-compositional meanings. The meanings of phrasemes in two (or more) languages are rarely identical, so a translator who has to find an equivalent to a phraseme often faces an extremely difficult task. In this paper, phrasemes as a translation problem are illustrated by many examples form contemporary fiction and Internet texts.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of Polish equivalents of the Russian proper name Kolobok. Their diversity results from insufficient familiarity with the Russian source text (a folk fairy tale) in Poland, which is caused by little acquaintance with the hero of the story and lack of a Polish equivalent of such a fairy tale character that carries the same communicative value. Examples in-cluded in the paper do not always preserve the communicative value of the context: in few cases, it had been assessed which elements of the meaning are relevant and significant, and which are redundant, i.e. semantically irrelevant. Provisional equivalents in most cases are based on the inner semantics of the discussed proper name.
Prawo
|
2018
|
issue 326
97-106
EN
The aim of the study is to present the latest and current judicial trends in financial issues regarding volunteer fire. You should not pay a cash equivalent for participating in emergency and rescue exercises. Based on Article. 32 para. 3b of the Fire Protection Act, subsidies for volunteer fire brigades may be planned in the commune budget. Compensation and compensation for members of volunteer fire brigades is exempt from tax.
The Biblical Annals
|
2023
|
vol. 13
|
issue 3
439-461
EN
Albertus Bobovius/Ali Ufkî Bey was a typical go-between of his time, a learned translator and convert who benefited from his double religious sensitivity. As a consequence, he was able to create a transcultural translation of the Bible in the 17th century. This paper brings context to these aspects of his life. Ali Ufkî Bey created his works on religion during a time of intensive confessionalization, when Istanbul was a hub for many political interests with various religious and cultural options intersecting in the Ottoman capital. The project of translating the Bible to the national languages of Islam was carried out according to the vision of an alliance between Islam and reformed Christian groups, supporting the thesis of Calvino-Turkism, promoted by John Amos Comenius. As oriental scholars were lacking sufficient command of Turkish, they had to commission highly qualified go-betweens. There were two competing plans: Dutch Calvinist and Anglican. Bobovius was a part of the Dutch plan, along with Yahya Bin Ishak, a Jewish dragoman. The strategies of translation chosen by Bobovius were very modern according to the present knowledge of the art of translation, but in his era, there were difficulties in choosing the right language register and the right religious imagery to find proper equivalents. Underestimated by his contemporaries, Bobovius was rehabilitated by today’s linguists, and his “Turkish Bible” is still in use today. The text does not contest the religious identity of the author of this translation of the Bible but presents the hybridity of this figure against the background of the wider historical and confessional context of 17th-century Istanbul. It also provides examples of Bobovius’s translation choices and an initial interpretation of his methodology of timeless transcultural translation, from the perspective of contemporary translation theories. In the light of contemporary transcultural studies, present-day scholarship may treat Ali Ufkî as a transcultural agent and a gifted go-between.
EN
This paper analyses the problem of ”transition” of neologisms created by the author among texts of fantasy literature. Our research is based on the texts of J. R.R. Tolkien and A. Sapkowski „Transition” of neologisms created by the author will be considered as a sort of borrowing of this kind of lexicon from already existing translations and using it in their works, where it starts to function not as equivalent, but as a part of new, created in a given language original text. It is also worth mentioning, that process of “transition” of neologisms created by the author, between different texts has quite dynamic nature. That is because it might be infinite. Equivalents created by a translator may be used by different authors, as a part of lexi
EN
In French, there exists a kind of infinitive subordinate clause (ICP) introduced by a perception verb like voir, regarder, entendre, écouter and sentir. These structures, composed of a noun phrase and an infinitive verb, do not exist in Polish. This anisomorphism implies difficulties of translation and bilingual dictionaries are one of the potential sources of knowledge about the ways of translating the ICP structures into Polish. We analysed the articles of the five French perception verbs from several contemporary French-Polish dictionaries in order to verify how their authors deal with the lexicographic treatment of the ICP. The general conclusion is that the investigated structure is usually not given in all five perception verb entries of the same dictionary, and the choice of these entries seems to be random. What is more, in most of them, we only found set expressions containing the ICP clause and not free phrases. Frequently, the latter simply appear among examples of the use of the verb headword. Concerning the Polish equivalents, their choice is random too and it happens that the most frequent of them, the jak P (“as P”) structure, is not given. Thus, the microstructure of the analysed entries needs to be improved.
EN
This paper analyses different senses of the French verb boire, especially those that can be paraphrased by ‘swallowing liquid’, the most easily associated with this verb. To these meanings correspond in Polish the imperfective form pić and some perfective verbs, such as wypić, napić się and przepić. The semantico-syntactic analysis of the verb boire will be followed by the Polish equivalents of each construction. The objective is to observe regularities in the choice of the Polish equivalent of each French structure. The results will be able to enrich the information for bilingual dictionaries and for machine translation.
DE
Nicht immer kann man über einen Witz lachen. Probleme ergeben sich u.a. dann, wenn der Witz aus einer Sprache in die andere übersetzt werden soll. Anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen geht der Beitrag auf die Schwierigkeiten bei der Übersetzung von Witzen im deutsch-polnischen Sprachenpaar ein und präsentiert einige Vorschläge ihrer Bewältigung.
EN
One cannot always laugh at a joke. Problems arise, among other things, when a joke is to be translated from one language into another. On the basis of selected examples, the present article deals with the difficulties with the translation of jokes from German into Polish and vice versa, and presents some suggestions of coping with them.
EN
The article presents the difficulties that, in the application of, currently, both for public administration bodies and administrative courts, art. 115a of the Police Act. In the conclusions it was stated that one of the sources of misunderstandings on the background of this regulation is the duality of the legal form of action used by the Police authorities specifying the right to a police equivalent, i.e. the company of a material and technical act when the law is granted, and the form of an administrative decision when it occurs to refuse to accept the officer’s request.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania są zagadnienia związane z prawem funkcjonariusza Policji do ekwiwalentu za niewykorzystany urlop wypoczynkowy oraz urlop dodatkowy. Artykuł relacjonuje poszczególne fazy, przez jakie przechodziły unormowania z zakresu tego prawa służbowego oraz wskazuje na prawne następstwa wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego co do stawki ekwiwalentu, która okazała się niezgodna z Konstytucją. W artykule zaprezentowano trudności, jakie w stosowaniu stwarza aktualnie, tak dla organów administracji publicznej, jak i dla sądów administracyjnych, art. 115a ustawy o Policji. W konkluzjach stwierdzono, że jednym ze źródeł nieporozumień na tle tego unormowania jest dwoistość prawnej formy działania, jaką posługują się organy Policji konkretyzujące prawo do ekwiwalentu policyjnego, tzn. forma czynności materialno-technicznej, gdy prawo jest przyznawane, oraz forma decyzji administracyjnej, gdy dochodzi do odmowy uwzględnienia żądania funkcjonariusza.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the terms concerning a roe‑deer used by hunters in the 21st century. There were discussed the names of spices living in Poland and living in Russia, names specifying the sex of the animal and names of its offspring. Semantic comparison research of each term began with an analysis of its meaning in the dictionaries of the hunting language. The frequency of their occurrence was checked as well as the accuracy of definitions in all sources was compared. The sources were dictionaries of hunting language, manuals for hunters and internet sources as well. The results of the research indicated a discrepancy in definitions mostly in manuals for hunters. In Russian sources there were less professional terms than in Polish sources.
EN
This paper constitutes an attempt to assess English equivalents of the Polish term “pełnomocnictwo ogólne” suggested in four most popular bilingual specialist dictionaries and four Polish civil code translations into English. The English equivalents discussed include: “general proxy”, “full power” and “general power”. In order to conduct a thorough assessment of the suggested equivalents, the definitions of the Polish term and its English equivalents presented in English monolingual legal dictionaries have been analysed. Moreover, the study aims to verify whether or not the suggested equivalents occur in the texts of the British sources of law. Finally, translation techniques applied while forming English equivalents under discussion are identified.
RU
Настоящая статья представляет собой попытку оценить английские эквиваленты польского термина “pełnomocnictwo ogólne”, предложенные в четырех самых популярных двухъязычных специалистичесих словаряx и четырех польских переводаx Гражданского кодекса на английский язык. Рассматриваемые английские эквиваленты это в частности “general proxy”, “full power” и “general power”. Для того чтобы провести тщательную оценку предложенных эквивалентовб Автором анализируются понятия польского термина и его английских эквивалентов, представленных в английских одноязычных толковых юридических словарях. Кроме того статья подтверждает, действительно ли предлагаемые эквиваленты появляются в текстах британских источников права. Автор пытается определить методы перевода, применяемые при формировании описанныx английскиx эквивалентов.
EN
The paper first describes Czech verbal nouns and Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие). Despite many formal similarities, the position of these nouns in the systems of the Czech and Russian languages respectively is different — they are assigned to non-finite verbal forms in Czech and to event nominals in Russian. The aim of this paper is to focus on the contrastive examination of these nouns and to present a corpus-based study of the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns in Russian. The analysis showed that nominals in -ние (-тие) have a specific position among the Russian event nominals and that at least some of them retain the verbal potential. Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие) exhibit the highest frequency among the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns. Both languages prefer to use these nouns in certain contexts (e. g. to express verbal process). The position of Czech verbal nouns in the verbal system is significant; the actively used non-finite verbal forms are participles and verbal nouns, i. e. forms which relate to existing part-of-speech paradigms. Consequently, nonfinite verbal functions can be expressed in Czech by means that are not contrary to morphological regularities of the inflectional type.
EN
The article puts forward a proposal for a Russian-Polish entry article on the diplomatic term of agrément. The study is a part of the lexicographic research project “Diplomacy and politics. Russian-Polish dictionary survey”. Bilingual (Russian-Polish) dictionaries give only the basic pair of equivalents of the term in question. However, the exploration of texts enabled the researcher to collect the pairs of equivalents not recorded so far in the Russian-Polish lexicography. Basing on the material of the proposed entry article the author highlights the methodological assumptions of the project – draws attention to frequency as a classifying criterion and the significance of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for verification of collected material, as well as characterizes the peculiar nature of the process of confronting parallel texts (created independently of each other, yet similar in genre and topic).
EN
This paper expounds the results of a query conducted in terminological resources related to the hare’s characteristics and features a subsequent comparison of findings. The approach is semantically-oriented and consists of qualitatively and quantitatively processed Polish and Italian data. A single species is at the focus of this lexical study: the hare. To narrow down the size of the data submitted to analysis, nouns and adjectives describing qualitative characteristics of the hare have been given priority; thus, common hare-denoting nouns are given emphasis. Additional areas of interest extend over terms describing its age, sex, as well as its physical and mental features. The corpus comprises lexical units drawn from 19th- and 20th-century dictionaries of hunting lexis. It extends over present-day terms, documented in blogs and web pages frequented by hunters. The present investigation has benefited greatly from oral interviews and surveys carried out amongst Polish and Italian hunters coming from a variety of regions.
IT
Il presente articolo espone sia i risultati ottenuti durante la raccolta dei lessemi relativi alla lepre sia la loro analisi comparativa. L’interesse principale è stato posto sull’analisi semantica dei nomi e degli aggettivi riguardanti le specie di lepre e i singoli animali, le abitudini di vita, il sesso, l’età e i tratti del carattere leprino. Tutti questi lessemi fanno parte del linguaggio speciale venatorio. Considerando la ricchezza lessicale del materiale e la sua varietà interna, il corpus è stato ricavato dai dizionari venatori polacchi e italiani del XIX e XX secolo, nonché dalle fonti più recenti ed informali: forum e blog dedicati alla caccia. I risultati avvalorano l’ipotesi dell’esistenza di una terminologia molto ramificata ed estesa nelle lingue analizzate. Tuttavia, sono state riscontrate alcune differenze nella struttura dei campi lessicali, come pure discrepanze nel numero delle espressioni relative alla lepre in polacco e in italiano.
EN
The purpose of the article is to show the applicability of selected Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work. The paper analyses how well labour-law terminology, found in the Polish Labour Code, is covered in Polish-English LSP dictionaries and compares them to equivalents selected by Agnieszka Jamroży, the author of an English translation of the Polish Labour Code. Based on a collation of the English equivalents present in the reviewed resources, the author presents some conclusions as to what the studied dictionaries lack and what terminographers should focus on when compiling a labour-law dictionary that would be more useful to translators and other users. Essentially, the article presents the Polish labour-law language system and labour-law corpus, legal terms and labour law in the context of LSP dictionaries. The methodology is then outlined, followed by the findings from the review of the selected dictionaries and an example translation of the Polish Labour Code. Certain labour-law terms particularly stood out, and these have been reviewed in detail in the paper: they are documentacja pracownicza, wymiar czasu pracy, norma czasu pracy and dobowy wymiar czasu pracy. The publication ends with conclusions and findings on the applicability of Polish-English LSP dictionaries in legal translation work and implications for creating a labour-law dictionary for translation purposes based on the research.
EN
The article focuses on the borrowings types from the Ukrainian language into the Russian one based on the analysis of V. Dahl Dictionary of the Russian language. The direct and indirect borrowings, the cognate borrowings, lexical, lexical-semantic borrowings and their semantic types; the borrowings that became the facts of the Russian literary language and the ones that enriched the Russian language as the dialect words have been singled out. The Ukrayinisms enriched the passive stratum of the Russian language because they nominate the archaisms as well as the active stratum of the Russian language taking into account the stylistic diversity and the diversity of style, representing the direct and indirect nominations. Not all the facts of borrowings from the Ukrainian language fixed by V. Dahl are registered in modern dictionaries of the Russian language. The nominations of the facts of Ukrainian culture, its history, lexemes that verbalize the key concepts of Ukrainian mentality, exotisms and ethnographisms belong to the borrowings-Ukrayinisms in the Russian language.
PL
W artykule wyznaczono na podstawie analizy słownika żywego języka rosyjskiego W. Dala typy zapożyczeń z języka ukraińskiego na rosyjski. Wyróżniono zapożyczenia pośrednie i bezpośrednie, kognaty, zapożyczenia leksykalno-semantyczne oraz semantyczne, zapożyczenia będące faktami rosyjskiego języka literackiego oraz te, które weszły w skład języka narodowego jako dialektyzmy. Ukrainizmy uzupełniły pasywną leksykę języka rosyjskiego w postaci archaizmów oraz historyzmów, jak również jego aktywną leksykę, z uwzględnieniem stylistycznej oraz stylowej różnorodności, reprezentując nominacje językowe właściwe i przenośne. Nie wszystkie fakty zapożyczeń z języka ukraińskiego odnotowane w słowniku W. Dala zostały formalnie potwierdzone we współczesnych słownikach języka rosyjskiego. Do ukrainizmów w języku rosyjskim należą przede wszystkim nominacje faktów ukraińskiej kultury i historii, leksemy, które „ujęzykowiają” kluczowe koncepty ukraińskiej mentalności, egzotyzmy oraz etnografizmy.
EN
Comparing the terminology in Polish and Japanese civil law, it can be divided into thefollowing four groups; the first group, in which there are equivalents in both languages with thesame meaning; the second group, in which the equivalents exist, but in one language the semanticfield is wider; the third group, in which the equivalents exist, but their semantic fields to someextent are not identical; and the last one, in which there are no equivalents. In this article I wouldlike to analyze the Polish-Japanese legal terminology in accordance with that division into fourgroups.
PL
W tym artykule terminologia występująca w polskim i japońskim prawie cywilnym została podzielona na cztery grupy: i) terminy posiadające ekwiwalenty o tym samym znaczeniu; ii) terminy w postaci hiperonimów lub hiponimów; iii) terminy posiadające ekwiwalenty, odnoszące się do nieco innej rzeczywistości; oraz iv) terminy, w których brak jest odpowiednich ekwiwalentów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie trudności związanych z przekładem tej terminologii, jak i poruszenie zagadnie odnoszących się do terminologii wykorzystanej na sali sądowej, a różnej w obu tych krajach.
EN
The article deals with the problem of specificity of language adaptation of the Biblical words and expressions. Despite of the generality of the sacred text, on the basis of which in many European languages are born Biblicisms each language treats them according to the peculiarities of its own linguistic system. Hence the semantic and stylistic differences of Biblicisms, which have a common source. This process is demonstrated by authors with the example of the biblical expression the блудный сын (prodigal son).
RU
В статье рассматривается проблема специфики языковой адаптации библейских слов и выражений. Несмотря на общность сакрального текста, на основе которого в европейских языках рождены многие библеизмы, каждый конкретный язык по-своему воспринимает их сообразно особенностям своей собственной языковой системой. Отсюда — семантические и стилистические различия библеизмов, имеющих общий источник. Этот процесс демонстрируется авторами на примере библейского выражения блудный сын.
PL
W artykule omówiono problem specyfiki adaptacji językowej słów i wyrażeń pochodzenia biblijnego. Autorzy stwierdzają, iż każdy język europejski adaptuje biblizmy zgodnie z regułami własnego systemu, co z kolei implikuje określone różnice semantyczne i stylistyczne tych jednostek. Proces ten prześledzony jest na przykładzie wyrażenia biblijnego блудный сын ('syn marnotrwany').
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