This study sought to explore the formality styles of writing among intermediate EFL Iranian learners to scrutinize their competence in the writing skill. A convenience sample of 30 students were chosen through Oxford Quick Placement Test (2001) from among 60 university students. The first group sent their messages (essay tasks) through e-mail and the second group used Telegram. A corpus containing a total of 240 written texts was extracted from both groups. This corpus was then analyzed and compared in terms of formality styles. A detailed comparison of the two sub-corpora revealed a significant difference between texts written and sent by Telegram application and e-mails. The results of data analysis also indicated that informality and formality markers potentially function as distinctive factors, capable of differentiating between the texts sent by Telegram and e-mails. Ultimately, the essays sent by Telegram (containing 5 factors including contractions, questions, modal verbs, opening sentences, vocabulary) were recognized to use more informal styles of writing than emails. Taking the current study’s findings into account, academic writing pedagogy may benefit from a focus on employing appropriate writing strategies and techniques to accelerate Iranian university students’ writing development.
This study examines the issue of student essay writing in higher education. The main focus of this research is on the lecturers and writing tutors who wish to help undergraduates in learning foreign languages as well as to enable them to bring improvement in their essay writing skills. Essay writing is critical to academic success; usually, an essay is a piece of writing that systematically analyzes and evaluates a topic or issue. Mind mapping is one of the versatile tools that help to break down the topics into manageable chunks, fire up the brain, and boost creativity. This study focuses on how mind mapping was effectively used as a strategy to support and develop students’ writing skills. The data required for this study was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed with the primary purpose to evaluate the use of mind maps as a pre-writing brainstorming strategy. The statistical techniques used to determine the role of mind mapping in the enhancement of writing skills include one-way ANOVA, Chi-Square test, and Correlation Analysis. The findings of the statistical analysis confirmed that planning an essay before writing with the use of the mind mapping technique helped in writing essays more effectively in their coursework, thereby making essay writing more enjoyable and fun.
To teach effective writing skills is one of the tasks of German-as-native-language- and German-as-foreign-language lessons. Taking these as a basis, this paper aims at explaining different approaches, their advantages and disadvantages and at developing an new concept – writing as discourse ability. The paper emphasizes the necessity of this new concept, which enable the pupils to write “real” texts and take part In discourse. Furthermore it focuses on training program with internet.
This review focuses on the essay by Andrzej Wasilewski Teoria literatury Stanisława Lema [Stanisław Lem’s Theory of Literature]. This work differs from other previously mentioned studies for several reasons. The author focuses on a specific aspect of Lem’s intellectual work, namely, on the theory of literature. This was a new issue that had not previously been given much thought when considering Lem’s works. However, despite how it was advertised, the essay is of a philosophical nature rather than about the theory of literature. Nevertheless, despite the misunderstandings and the hermetic style of the dissertation, this monograph was the first to offer a wider view on the issues of literature. In this sense, Wasilewski’s essay may play an important role in this field and make it easier for future researchers to comprehend the issue of understanding Lem’s essays.
PL
W recenzji omówiona została rozprawa Andrzeja Wasilewskiego Teoria literatury Stanisława Lema. Jest to praca wyróżniająca się na tle pozostałych, przywołanych uprzednio opracowań z kilku względów. Autor, zgodnie z tytułem, koncentruje się na wybranym aspekcie intelektualnej działalności Lema, tj. teorii literatury. To z pewnością zagadnienie w refleksji nad myślowym dorobkiem Lema nowe, któremu nie poświęcano dotychczas większej uwagi. Jednakże, wbrew zapowiedziom, rozprawa sytuuje się raczej w kręgu filozofii niż teorii literatury. Niezależnie jednakże od nieporozumień oraz hermetycznego stylu wywodu omawiana monografia jest pierwszą rozprawą oferującą tak szerokie spojrzenie na zagadnienia związane z literaturą. W tym sensie rozprawa Wasilewskiego może pełnić istotną funkcję rekonesansu, ułatwiającego przyszłym badaczom rozpoznanie problematyki rozumienia literatury w eseistyce Lema.
The article discusses new and republished translations of Susan Sontag’s work, recently launched by the Karakter publishing house: Regarding the Pan of Others, On Photography, and Against Interpretation and Other Essays. The article focuses on the elements of Sontag’s thought that make her a forgotten mother of feminist and gender theoreticians, as well as such influential critics as Michel Foucault and Roland Barthes. The article points out to continuations of Sontag’s thought in contemporary theoretical and social projects, and to the pertinence of her critical observations on theories based on metaphysics of presence: psychoanalysis, Marxism, or hermeneutics. The article also touches upon history of war photography and related war journalism, and upon the ambivalent quality of imaging of the misery of war. It also present historical and cultural circumstances of the development of Sontag’s thought in the intellectual milieu of New York in the 1960s. The discussion recapitulates the main statements of Sontag’s essays, relating them to a wider theoretical context, which is aimed at a reappraisal of the forgotten intelectual in the history of literature.
The article presents the profile of one of the forgotten and underestimated writers of Polish emigration after 1939 – Wojciech Gniatczyński. The intricate history of his life is the story of a man marked by the stigma of war and the traumatic experiences of a concentration camp, and an emigrant with unfulfilled ambitions, who disappeared into the shadows of his more combatived colleagues. Discussed briefly essay writing of Gniatczyński shows him unusual erudition and a writing workshop with great artistic, aesthetic and cognitive qualities. It gives the possibility of various interpretations and urges to multifaceted research, clearly indicating that Wojciech Gniatczyński is worth rediscover today.
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