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EN
The dispute over whether there exists a Silesian nation, Silesian nationality or whether Silesians are an ethnic group, has flared up in Poland, but mainly in the Silesian Voivodeship, on a surprisingly large scale. This rather fresh controversy, growing since the turn of the 80s and 90s of the last century, i.e. since the beginning of the transformation processes in Poland, takes place in public discussions and in the media, and its finale – in the courts. Some believe that the basis is the Silesians’ disappointment with the way the region has been transformed, through a destructive rather than creative restructuring, through closure of coal mines and steel mills, all of which has resulted in citizens’ impoverishment, in sudden outbreak of unemployment, and in the lack of any program or strategy for the region. The 1990s saw the appearance of an idea of recognizing the Silesian national distinctiveness, founded on a wave of renaissance of Silesian cultural identity. Loud became demands of reviving the idea of autonomy of the Silesian province, and the fight for recognition of Silesian nationality as a different social and political entity. The Silesians, convinced of the marginalization of indigenous people as well as of injustices and wrongs inflicted by the Polish authorities after World War II, in various ways, including the political and judicial ones, are attempting to gain the status of a national minority or, as in recent times, an ethnic one. It is hard not to agree with the thesis that these efforts fit in with the idea of multiculturalism, which – being an indicator of the level of democratization of all spheres of life – has accelerated the revival of regional identity in a large part of the population of Silesia and provided them with the ideological basis to articulate their needs, expectations and aspirations.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to attempt to describe, analyse and interpret the experience of Italian immigrants in New York, in Rochester. Author of the dissertation compares the pre-war and post-war fate of immigrants. Furthermore, he is trying to find an anthropological sense and a cultural principle organizing the life of that specific ethnic group (symbols, rituals, strangers). The meaning of being a member of an ethnic group depends on both a specific situation and the total situation. The total boundary between groups must take in the total situation; that is, all the possible contacts in which a member of one ethnic group may come into contact with members of other such groups. Ethnic groups, in sum, exist to promote and organize interactions between and within groups organized on the mythic principle of common descent. Differences between those Italians who migrated to the United States before World War II and those who came after World War II can be understood through the framework of specific historical and cultural experience (mythic principle).
EN
The matter and significance of the issue of the rights of national minorities belongs not only to the traditional subject matter of legal and socio-political sciences, but due to its legislative anchoring and actual implementation, it is included among topics that are often problematic, or have a controversial interpretation, which is manifested in plurality, or rather in the difference of opinion on their essence and meaning. However, lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, and also politicians agree on one thing – the rights of national minorities and ethnic groups are subject to constitutional regulation in the domestic environment, they are part of the constitution as the basic law of a democratic state. In this indicated sense, the concept of their constitutional adjustment can be understood in two directions. In general sense – when the status of national minorities and ethnic groups can be characterized as part of the constitutional principles of fundamental rights and freedoms; and in the specific sense – when constitutions grant national minorities and ethnic groups certain specific rights linked to their nationality, or ethnicity (Fridrich, 2013).
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present and discuss research ideas related to the status of Polish Tatars. This group is an example of an ethnic group that is variable in time and space and is being under the influence of dynamic processes as well as transformations. As a consequence, the views on the status of the group did not always keep pace with the proper reflection of these changes. This article will present the positions and research assumptions under which Polish Tartars are an ethnographic group, ethnic group, or a nation.
EN
Ukraine has been an independent state for 25 years. During the years of independence the democratic world blamed Ukraine's political elite for the reluctance to carry out political, economic and social reforms in the country as well as for the lack of sustainable development, corruption in the state apparatus, unfair elections and administrative pressure. However, in the field of language policy and interethnic relations, Ukraine managed to gain success. Ukraine was one of the few post-Soviet states where there was no interethnic conflict. Over the years of Sovietization in Ukraine, as in the most countries of the former Soviet Union, almost everyone understood Russian. It was spoken by many, but only in the imagination of Putin's propaganda did the Russian speakers suffer harassment. The political mobilization of Russian speakers has got its momentum in 2014. We are convinced that Putin doesn’t play fair, despite his desire to convince everybody that he does! In fact, the “protection” of Russians and Russian speakers was one of the reasons for the annexation of Crimea and aggression in Eastern Ukraine. The media in the Russian Federation (as well as the media from around the globe that had received their salary from the Kremlin) constantly repeated and still repeat “the Russians (Russian speakers, whatever) need protection from nationalists in Kyiv...” Applying the value free approach, we try to determine whether this political mobilization of Russian speaking Ukrainian citizens could be Putin’s labelled cards, a threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Do Russian speakers face an oppression, which the Kremlin propaganda constantly speaks of? Is it possible to communicate freely in Russian in Ukraine without any fear of xenophobia? Could multiculturalism practices be helpful in Ukraine?
Society Register
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2019
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vol. 3
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issue 4
199-207
EN
Iran is a country of great ethnic diversity. Although the official language of the country is Farsi, more than 8 other languages and hundreds of dialects are spoken throughout the country. This great ethnic diversity has led to emergence and growth of different cultures and religions (both official and non-official). This great diversity has potential for cultural growth and development. In recent years, many non-governmental organizations have made great efforts to teach children peace in different ways. The biggest motivation for these trainings are: to end misbelieves toward education, and professing to equal citizenship rights for all the ethnic groups. In the past 20 years, the issue of the right to equal education has been a hot topic of discussion in most non-governmental children’s researches. This refers to the promotion of peace culture, by peace-based educational programs for all age groups, from the beginning pre-school education stages. A group of active consultants and educational planners did a lot of work in this way. They held lots of workshops and meetings, and achieved successful programs with positive results.
EN
Bunjevci from the region of Bačka are a deeply divided community: some of them believe they are a separate ethnic group with a distinct language, while others claim they are a subgroup of Croats and speak a Croatian dialect. The paper explains historical roots of the group’s divided ethnic consciousness and explores its consequences on the construction of their contemporary identities. First, the formation of Bunjevci as a pre-modern ethnicity in Dalmatia is discussed. It is followed by an account of historical experiences of those of them who later migrated to the Danube region in Hungary. The paper is concluded by a comparison between the Bunjevci’s two models of language regulation and politics of memory.
EN
European immigration policy is a complex and dynamic field of science with interdisciplinary profile. It is based on humanitarian rights and international regulations concerning immigration and development of humanity. Unfortunately, the dynamics of migration in global and European scale, especially the inflow of immigrants, (according to ONZ - irregular immigrants) has reached in EU levels which make effective integration impossible. Europe needs immigrants but is unable to assimilate them. The author describes similar situations in EU and in neighbouring countries. Immigration policy focused on securing boarders against illegal immigrants is considered to be inhumane and generates criminal behaviours. Later chance for integration is extremely difficult.
EN
How the Other dies: The artistic anthropology of death in Vaclav Seroshevsky’s works (based on the works: At the Edge of the Woods, The Depths of Misery) The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of Vaclav Seroshevsky’s novels At the Edge of the Woods and The Depths of Misery in the context of the anthropology of death. The author concentrates on the specificity of the perception of death by a particular ethnic group. The re­interpretation of the writer’s works shows the model of the intended symbolization of the depicted world through the creative assimilation of ethnographic elements.
PL
Jak umiera Inny? Artystyczna antropologia śmierci w twórczości Wacława Sieroszewskiego (na podstawie utworów Na kresach lasów, Dno nędzy) Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie porównawczej powieści Wacława Sieroszewskiego Na kre­sach lasów i Dno nędzy w kontekście antropologii śmierci. Rozważania autorki opracowania koncentrują się na wyjawieniu specyfiki percepcji śmierci przez określoną grupę etniczną. Próba ponownego odczytania tekstów pisarza pokazuje model świadomej symbolizacji świata przedstawionego poprzez twórczą asymilację elementów etnograficznych.
EN
The article discusses the influence of macro-social processes and issues of assimilation, acculturation, ethnic and linguistic revitalization on the example of one particular group of German woodsmen in the social context of Western Slovakia. It attempts to analyse how historical and political changes during the 20th century influenced changes in the structure, system of values and hierarchy of ethnic group and whether that helped or prevented the assimilation of the group’s members. The article also attempts to indicate the possibilities of today’s ethnic and linguistic revitalization.
EN
Some politicians in Europe ever more frequently claim that multiculturalism has failed. Others assert that it is primarily the current model of democracy which is in crisis. On the other hand Africa is generally perceived as a continent without experience with either democratic tradition or even liberal concept of multiculturalism. But is that really the case? What do we know about the diversity of the African continent in Central Europe? A potential positive example of successful democratisation and multiculturalism forming processes in Africa could be presented by Zambia. Where are then the limitations and challenges in the process of building a democratic system within the framework of African multiculturalism?
EN
The author of the article focuses his attention on the latent (implicit) ethnicity paradox, the essence of which lies in the fact that the ancient phenomenon of ethnicity has not yet been articulated and reflected on the social level. But definite ethnic groups and ethnicities did really exist. In the pre-modern period ethnicity articulation was realized on either a personality level or the family societal one. The specificity of the Ukrainian case lies in the fact that nation considered itself to be separate from neighbours and this approach originated in the Southern area of Eastern Slavs in the early Middle Ages period when tribe names disappeared. Since then, Kyivan Rus’ ethnic group that is the initial form of the Ukrainian community came into existence. In the course of time its ethno-cultural, ethno-social and ethno-national strata were transformed. Collaboration of historians, ethnologists and social anthropologists is necessary for the optimization of latent ethnicity research.
EN
The article presents historical-comparative analysis of ethno-confessional processes in the territory of neighboring border regions – Grodno region and Podlyasheskogo province. Identified are the historical, political, national, social factors that had an impact on the content, direction, dynamics of these processes. The existence of different ethnic groups (nations), their interaction leads to the formation of multi-culturalism of the region, however, each ethnic group sought to develop and preserve their culture. Shown is the role of the ethno-confessional and cultural processes of the Church, in the first place of traditional religions – Orthodox and Catholic and Protestant, Islam, Judaism. Examines the impact on the ethno-confessional processes of public policy. The author concludes that the Trials Belarusian-Polish borderland meet emerging trends to improve relations between Belarus and Poland, and may be useful in the development of comprehensive cooperation programs both at the intergovernmental and regional level.
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Name-calling in Slovenia: “we” and the “others”

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PL
Autorka zajmuje się przezwiskami stosowanym w Słowenii. Rozpatruje je na tle wyrażeń charakteryzujących daną grupę etniczną. Artykuł oparty jest na materiale mikrogatunków folkloru, a także gatunków poetyckich i prozatorskich. Rozważania skupiają się wokół problemu, czy przezwiska należy ujmować jako odrębny gatunek, czy może raczej jako „perspektywę etologiczną”, ujawniającą się w różnych gatunkach: wyrażeniach porównawczych, maksymach, przysłowiach, zagadkach, wierszach i opowiadaniach/bajkach. Tekst stanowi próbę pokazania słoweńskich przezwisk jako spójnego systemu, wskazuje się także możliwe kierunki dalszych badań. Analizy przezwisk w folklorze pokazują, że Słoweńcy uczestniczą w międzynarodowej „wymianie dóbr” na poziomie kultury duchowej. Badanie wariantów przezwisk pozwala też odkryć podstawy poetyki folkloru.
EN
The article deals with name-calling in Slovenia against the background of expressions characterizing a given ethnic group. The study is based on data from micro-genres of folklore, as well as from poetry and prose. The following problem is in focus: should nicknames be treated as a distinct genre or as an “ecological perspective”, manifesting itself in various genres, such as comparative expressions, adages, proverbs, riddles, poems and fables/tales. The article attempts to show that Slovenian nicknames constitute a system and proposes directions of further research. The analysis presents Slovenians as participants in an international “exchange of goods” at the level of spiritual culture. A study of variants of the nicknames also allows one to identify the foundations of the poetics of folklore.
EN
The History of the Normative Opposition of “Language versus Dialect”: From Its Graeco-Latin Origin to Central Europe’s Ethnolinguistic Nation-StatesThe concept of “a language” (Einzelsprache, that is, one of many extant languages) and its opposition to “dialect” (considered as a “non-language,” and thus subjugable to an already recognized language merely as “its” dialect) is the way people tend to think about languages in the West today. It appears to be a value-free, self-evident conception of the linguistic position. So much so that the concept of “language” was included neither in Immanuel Kant’s system of categories, nor in the authoritative Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. This paper sketches the rise of the “dialect vs language” opposition in classical Greek, its transposition onto classical Latin, and its transfer, through medieval and renaissance Latin, to the early modern period. On the way, the Greek and Latin terms for “language” (and also for “dialect”) sometimes functioned as synonyms for peoples (that is, ethnic groups), which – importantly – contributed to the rise of the normative equation of language with nation in the early nineteenth century. It was the beginning of the ethnolinguistic kind of nationalism that prevails to this day in Central Europe. Dzieje normatywnej dychotomii języka i dialektu: Od greko-łacińskich źródeł po państwa etnicznojęzykowe Europy ŚrodkowejPojęcie języka jako jednego z wielu (Einzelsprache) stawiane w diametralnej opozycji do „dialektu” (czyli „nie-języka”, który normatywnie musi zostać przyporządkowany jakiemuś już wcześniej uznanemu językowi jako jeden z jego dialektów) stanowi formę pojęciową, poprzez pryzmat której postrzega się języki i dyskutuje o nich we współczesnym świecie Zachodu. Z powodu powszechnego uznania owa forma pojęciowa wydaje się tak oczywista i wolna od nacechowania ideologicznego, że Immanuel Kant nie uwzględnił języka w zaproponowanym przez siebie systemie kategorii filozoficznych, podobnie jak i autorzy niezmiernie wpływowego dzieła z zakresu historiografii i socjologii politycznej o znamiennym tytule Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiam wyłonienie się opozycji języka wobec dialektu w starożytnej grece oraz jego recepcję na gruncie łaciny od starożytności rzymskiej po okres nowożytny. W ciągu wieków utarło się używanie greckich i łacińskich terminów w odniesieniu do „języka” jako synonimów na określenie ludów (czy też grup etnicznych), co we wczesnym XIX stuleciu silnie wpłynęło na wykształcenie się normatywnego zrównania języka z narodem. Stanowiło to początek fenomenu znanego pod nazwą „nacjonalizmu etnicznojęzykowego”, który na poziomie państw dominuje po dziś dzień w całej Europie Środkowej.
EN
The article describes tha place Cham's Muslim minority in Cambodia as a different ethnic and religious group. Cham people are members of three Muslim groups, who not share the same origin. But they suffered the similar fate as rest of the society during the Khmer Rouge era. As a Muslim, Chams were considered a threat to the communist leadership and its policy of collectivization. Despite the fact, that all cultural and material properties were destroyed and almost the half of the community was murdered, chams rebuilt mosques, religious buildings and Koranic schools being supported by Muslim governments from Southestasia and Middle East.Most Cambodian Muslim consider themselves Shafi'i Sunnis, follower of the Shafi'i school of Sunni law.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia miejsce muzułmańskiej mniejszości czam w Kambodży jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej i religijnej. Czamowie, członkowie trzech różnych grup pochodzenia dzielili z Khmerami los zgotowany im przez rządy Czerwonych Khmerów. Jako muzułmanie, czamowie zostali uznani za zagrożenie dla polityki kolektywizacji przez komunistycznych przywódców. Pomimo utraty dziedzictwa materialnego i połowy wspólnoty czamowie od lat 90 tych XX wieku dokonali odbudowy większości zniszczonych meczetów i szkół koranicznych przy pomocy rządów państw muzułmańskich z regionu i Bliskiego Wschodu. Wspólnota otworzyła się także na salafickie interpretacje islamu. Islam czamów odzwierciedla różne prądy islamu sunnickiego.Islam czamów odzwierciedla różne prądy islamu sunnickiego. Radykalizm niektórych odłamów nie zagroził jak dotąd dobrym i przyjaznym relacjom czamów z buddyjską większością.
17
63%
EN
This article is an attempt to identify and examine factors that, according to the author, had a fundamental influence on the contemporary situation of the Slovenian minority in Carinthia. These include, among others, territorial disputes with Carinthia, the geopolitical situation of Austria after World War II, and the bilateral relations with Slovenia. Particular emphasis has been placed on the last of these factors. Bilateral relations have a huge impact on ethnic policies of individual countries. They are one of the external factors that shape the situation of national minorities. This article is an attempt to analyze the importance of good neighborly relations for ethnic relations in Austria. The basic research question is the issue of whether such relationships can be classified as primary causal factors. The article is also an attempt to verify the argument that the geography and history of the state are the main factors that determine its policies. The analysis concerns mainly Carinthia – one of nine Austrian federal states, which directly borders with Slovenia (next to Styria). This is the territory in which the Slovene minority remains the most active. Not without significance is the number of minorities and the fact that Carinthia is regarded as a traditional area of habitation.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę wskazania i zbadania czynników, które zdaniem autorki miały zasadniczy wpływ na współczesną sytuację mniejszości słoweńskiej w Karyntii. Wśród nich znalazły się m.in. spory terytorialne o Karyntię, sytuacja geopolityczna Austrii po II wojnie światowej oraz dwustronne relacje ze Słowenią. Szczególny nacisk położony został na ostatni z wymienionych czynników. Podstawowym pytaniem badawczym pozostaje kwestia, czy takie relacje można zaliczyć do podstawowych czynników sprawczych. Artykuł stanowi również próbę weryfikacji tezy, według której geografia i historia państwa należą do głównych czynników określających jego politykę. Analiza dotyczy w głównej mierze Karyntii – jednego z dziewięciu austriackich landów, który bezpośrednio graniczy ze Słowenią (obok Styrii). Jest to terytorium, w którym mniejszość słoweńska pozostaje najbardziej aktywna. Nie bez znaczenia jest również liczebność mniejszości oraz fakt, że Karyntia uchodzi za tradycyjny obszar jej zamieszkiwania.
EN
The aim of this study is to show the contemporary transformations of identity of minority ethnic group whose ancestors came from Wisła (Silesia, Poland) to Ostojićevo (Banat, Serbia) in the 19th century. Those changes of identity are directly related to the organizational changes taking place in this ethnic group today. I show the aspects of the cultural and artistic associations, whose activities affect the redefinition of the identity of this minority community in a multiethnic environment. The village of Ostojićevo lies an area which has a diverse ethnic structure, so the boundaries between groups of people are constantly negotiated. Interactions between them lead in effect to changes both in the organizational group and, in the symbolic dimension, at the level of identification. The article is based on field research conducted in Ostojićevo in November 2016.
PL
Celem opracowania jest ukazanie współczesnych przemian tożsamości Wiślan z Ostojićeva (Banat, Serbia), które są bezpośrednio związane ze zmianami organizacyjnymi zachodzącymi w grupie etnicznej. Przedstawione są aspekty funkcjonowania stowarzyszeń kulturalno-artystycznych, których działalność wpływa na redefinicję tożsamości tej społeczności mniejszościowej w środowisku wieloetnicznym. Jako że wieś Ostojićevo jest obszarem o zróżnicowanej strukturze etnicznej, dochodzi do nieustannych negocjacji granic między grupami ludzi o różnej przynależności etnicznej. Interakcje pomiędzy nimi prowadzą w efekcie do przemian zarówno na płaszczyźnie organizacyjnej grupy, jak i w wymiarze symbolicznym, na płaszczyźnie identyfikacji. Tekst został opracowany na podstawie badań terenowych przeprowadzonych w Ostojićevie w listopadzie 2016 roku.
EN
Foreign immigrants are an integral part of the Polish economy, which arouses the interest of not only politicians but also scientists. The change of the place of permanent residence is connected, among other things, with the need for social adaptation and finding a stable source of income in the new country of residence. Immigrants often use the help and support of the migration network, and the preservation of culture and traditions creates business opportunities for foreigners. Due to the excellent knowledge of the preferences of potential consumers, the newcomers’ activities are concentrated, among others, on the ethnic market. The article analyzes the impact of social capital on the development of ethnic entrepreneurship among Belarusian immigrants in Poland. The research was based on a literature review, statistical data obtained from the Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, and in-depth individual interviews with Belarusian immigrants running a business in the ethnic market in Poland.
PL
Imigranci zagraniczni stanowią nieodłączny element Polskiej gospodarki, co wzbudza zainteresowania nie tylko polityków, ale również naukowców. Zmiana miejsca stałego zamieszkania wiąże się m.in. z potrzebą adaptacji społecznej oraz znalezienia stabilnego źródła dochodu w nowym kraju pobytu. Imigranci nierzadko korzystają z pomocy i wsparcia sieci migracyjnej, a zachowanie kultury i tradycji stwarza dla cudzoziemców okazje biznesowe. Z uwagi na doskonałą znajomość preferencji potencjalnych konsumentów działalność przybyszy jest skoncentrowana m.in. na rynku etnicznym. W artykule poddano analizie wpływ kapitału społecznego na rozwój przedsiębiorczości etnicznej wśród białoruskich imigrantów w Polsce. Artykuł został oparty na przeglądzie literatury przedmiotu, danych statystycznych uzyskanych w Ministerstwie Rozwoju, Pracy i Technologii oraz pogłębionych wywiadach indywidualnych wśród imigrantów z Białorusi prowadzących działalność gospodarczą na rynku etnicznym w Polsce.
PL
Postępujący proces globalizacji związany z przemianami politycznymi i gospodarczymi na świecie wywiera istotny wpływ na sferę kultury, przyczyniając się do jej unifikacji i powszechnego przejmowania modelu kultury masowej. Nie pozostaje do bez wpływu na zbiorowości etniczne i mniejszości narodowe, których dążenia do zachowania odrębnej tożsamości realizowane są pod naciskiem kultury danego kraju oraz kultury masowej. W artykule podjęto próbę ukazania czynników, które wywierają wpływ na kształtowanie się odrębności kulturowej grup etnicznych i mniejszości narodowych. Zdefiniowano pojęcia globalizacji i metropolizacji, wskazano na zagrożenia, jakie powodują te zjawiska w sferze społecznej i kulturowej. Przedstawiono pojęcie kultury, zachodzące współcześnie zmiany społeczno-kulturowe polegające na odchodzeniu od społeczeństwa tradycyjnego na rzecz społeczeństwa przemysłowego. Nakreślono pojęcia grupy etnicznej i mniejszości narodowej, pokazano różnice pomiędzy tymi zbiorowościami i współczesne mechanizmy ich powstawania. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na prawa przysługujące mniejszościom narodowym w Polsce na podstawie obowiązujących aktów prawnych. Opierając się na wynikach Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań z 2011 roku, zaprezentowano liczebność i rozkład terytorialny największych grup narodowych i etnicznych w Polsce. Przemiany, jakie dokonały się w Polsce po okresie transformacji ustrojowej, stworzyły właściwe warunki dla zachowania i rozwoju kultury oraz tradycji grup mniejszościowych. Prawo polskie jest w tym zakresie dostosowane do wymogów unijnych, nie ogranicza społecznego i kulturowego rozwoju mniejszości narodowych, co przyczynia się do postępującego procesu odradzania się kultur mniejszościowych, wzrostu zainteresowania przynależnością do nich i eksponowania poczucia tej przynależności.
EN
The ongoing process of globalisation associated with global political and economic changes has a significant impact on the cultural sphere, contributing to its unification and universal acquisition of mass culture model. It also influences ethnic communities and national minorities, whose pursuit of preservation of separate identity is carried out under cultural pressure of a given country and popular culture. This article presents an attempt to show factors affecting the formation of cultural diversity of ethnic groups and national minorities. It also defines the concepts of globalisation and metropolisation and shows the threats created by these phenomena for the social and cultural spheres. It presents the concept of culture, contemporary socio-cultural changes involving the shift from traditional society to industrial society. It outlines the concept of an ethnic group and a national minority, differences between these communities and modern mechanisms for the creation thereof. This article highlights the rights of national minorities in Poland in accordance with applicable laws. It also presents the population and territorial distribution of the largest national and ethnic groups in Poland based on the results of the 2011 National Census of Population and Housing. The changes that have occurred in Poland after the political transformation period created good conditions for the preservation and development of culture and traditions of minority groups. In this respect, the Polish law is adjusted to the requirements of the EU and it does not restrict the socio-cultural development of national minorities, which contributes to the ongoing revival of minority cultures, growing interest in belonging with them and exposing that sense of belonging.
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