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Pražští Rusové

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EN
The article deals with situation, attitudes and behaviour of members of Prague's Russian immigrant community. At the beginning an overview of recent socio-economic development in Russia, existing findings about Russian minority in the Czech Republic and Czech citizens’ attitudes towards Russians are presented. The core of the article is presentation of main results of a survey conducted by the author in spring 2010 among members of Russian community that live in Prague and its surroundings. Among the main hypotheses that came out of the survey is growth of importance of positive motivations to migrate, extension of geographical and social basis from which migrants come, continuity of self-isolation of the community combined with strong ties to the country of origin and rise of Russian ethnic economy in Prague.
EN
In the article the author is trying to show the process of complicating national structures and the evolution of the national identity on the area of the borderland. These changes are happening in progressing social, cultural and political transformations which touched these areas upon last decades. An Ukrainian minority in podlaskie voivodeship is a subject of these transformations. Within the last decades this population was subject of intense and characteristic identity transformations. It is interesting to trace the evolution of the national identity of Ukrainian minority in podlaskie voivodeship and simultaneously state that this proces still didn’t end. The article is leaning on two rounds of own examinations as well as researches conducted in the past by historians and linguists concerning areas of today’s podlaskie voivodeship.
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The article describes the basic problems of the Lemko community in Central Europe, with particular emphasis on the population living in Poland, its fate, history and contemporary position in Poland, recalling, among other things, the activities of associations (the Association of Lemkos, the Union of Lemkos, organization of Watra). The author presented literature by analyzing the content of Marek Koprowski’s book.
EN
The European policies regarding minorities include a number of institutionalised practices aiming to protect ethnic languages. When it comes to Poland, these procedures are particularly significant in the case of Kashubians, who are the only group in the country having a.status of “a.community using a regional language”. These legal circumstances justify considering the significance of Kashubian language for the members of ethnic community and its relations to other key values of the group. Analysis presented in the paper confronts the above matters with the results of the qualitative field research conducted in the Kashubian municipality of Parchowo. The analysis focused on the influence of particular institutions (educational, administrative, church) on the process of Kashubian language revitalisation from the point of view of the
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EN
Social forces dormant in people can be used in the method of empowerment. This method allows to release social forces and change the functioning of a person and social groups. This article, based on a case study, will present the strength of women from the Hmong ethnic group living in northern Vietnam. The author describes how social forces dormant in one woman can rouse to action other women from the local community and become a drive wheel to financial liberation, thereby improving the quality of ethnic minority life.
Ethnologia Actualis
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2015
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vol. 15
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issue 2
46-65
EN
The study ‘Current Manifestations of the Ethnic Identity of Transylvanian Saxons’ presents this ethnic minority in Romania. Based on the theoretical concepts of T. H. Eriksen, it deals with the issues of the ethnic identity and its contemporary manifestations in the culture of Transylvanian Saxons. Information gathered during the qualitative field research make it possible to capture changes in the manifestations of the ethnic identity and the relationship between the minority and the majority culture. As a result of modernization processes and large-scale emigration, there has been a change of the group’s mentality, with traditional behaviour patterns and models of social coexistence disintegrating. The need has arisen to revise the ethnic identity of the community. The observed aspects of the ethnic identity include ethnicity and Saxon self-concept, Saxon dialect, Saxon Evangelical Church, festivities, minority education and interethnic relations. Attention is also paid to the opinions of Saxon politicians and intellectuals of the current situation of the society and its future direction.
PL
Aid Funds for the Roma Population – hopes for change or wasted Chance?The Roma in Poland consist of thirty thousand people and they were granted the ethnic minority status in 2005. Although they have been present in Poland since 15th century, the society still feels rather ambivalent about them. On the one hand they amaze, fascinate and intrigue others with their dissimilarity, on the other hand they scare and repel the non-Roma because of their lifestyle and perception of reality which is contradictory to the commonly respected norms. The stereotypes and myths concerning this community have had a long history and are deeply rooted. That’s why a change of the image and the improvement of the difficult social situation of the Roma seems to be a very grueling, hard or even impossible task. Nevertheless, since 2004, when Poland became a member of the European Union, one has been able to use the tools to do so – thanks to the financial resources from EU’s budget. The main purpose of my article was to analyze the influence of EU’s financial activity till 2010 on the social situation of the Roma people in Poland, particularly in the area of education, labour market, social situation and culture.
EN
The Lemkos are a group of Ruthenian population, whose history is closely linked with that of Poland. Historically, they emerged as a fully distinct ethnographic entity in the Polish Carpathians, that is within the Polish state. The article is an attempt to answer the question: how are the Lemkos perceived by the Poles, who for centuries have constituted their natural social and national milieu? There is no doubt that the Lemkos differ from the Poles in their customs, language and religion. But are they strangers? In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the Polish gentry regarded the Ruthenians living in the Commonwealth as part of the Polish community. In the Second Polish Republic they enjoyed all the rights of Polish citizens. Shortly after the war, in 1944–1947, they were forcibly moved by the communist authorities from their little homeland in the Beskid Mountains. Today, as surveys conducted among the Poles show, the Lemkos are a group practically unknown to ordinary Poles.
PL
The aim of the paper is to reflect upon the results of the educational project among children from Vietnamese families living in Poland, Kraków. By doing so, I intend to propose a framework for further activities that could support children’s development in linguistic and cultural sense meanwhile respecting their rights as ethnic minorities and representatives of Vietnamese families successfully accommodated in Poland. Also, I aim to contribute to the debates on what it means to be growing up as an ethnic minority in the 21st the amount of material and specificity of Polish as a Slavonic language in the case of pupils with Vietnamese background make the education a particularly ambitious task which results are constantly challenged by the school realms and the overall progress of the child. Two case studies reflected upon in this presentation are analyzed from the perspective of ethnographic participant observation. Children and tutors immersing in the context of learning and teaching generate multiple creative ideas, which help in mutual understanding and knowledge transmission. Hence, the identities are constructed on the basis of and connected with culture, customs and traditions of Poland. It supports child’s self-understanding in the Polish context, meanwhile it allows for recognizing own identity enriched by the cross-cultural exchange and bilingual experience. century Poland. Education among ethnic minorities is a challenging task, which means constant negotiation between the knowledge to be thought as part of a school program and own experience, skills and knowledge coming from the children’s background. To meet formal expectations established by Polish school, tutors need to constantly revise teaching methods and search for new activities. Close cooperation with school and the head teacher is necessary, however
EN
For centuries Central and Eastern Europe has been the scene of frequent changes of borders and numerous ethnic conflicts. Contemporary ethnic diversity of this region is much smaller, however, the growing nationalisms of the various societies, mutual mistrust, and the temptation of politicians to use ethnic issues in the regional geopolitical competition pose a real threat to the stability and peace in Central and Eastern Europe. The dynamic political, legal, social and economic changes which have been taking place in this part of Europe for three decades now, which overlay its clear civilization division into the Latin and the Byzantine parts and are intensified by historical animosities, must have had an impact on the situation and the perception of minorities. In contrast to Western Europe, the contemporary ethnic diversity of Central and Eastern Europe is primary the consequence of various, often centuries-old historical processes (settlement actions, voluntary and forced migrations, border changes, the political and economic expansion of particular countries), and in the ethnic structure especially dominate the indigenous groups, migrants, particularly from the outside of the European cultural circle, are of marginal importance. Moreover, national minorities are usually concentrated in the border regions of countries, often in close proximity to their home countries, becoming – often against their will – element of the internal and foreign policies of neighbouring countries. The main aims of the article are to explain the threats to peace arising from the attempts to use minorities in inter-state relations and regional geopolitics as well as engaging minority groups into ethnic and political conflicts (autonomy of regions, secession attempts) and still the very large role of history (especially negative, tragic events) in the shaping of contemporary interethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe. However, the varied ethnic structure typical for this region does not have to be a conflict factor, on the contrary – it can become a permanent element of the identity and cultural heritage of each country.
EN
The difficult and complicated history of Upper Silesia, especially changes in state affiliation, created in the native population the need of a stable identity that would resist political transformations. This led to the formation of the Silesian community, which the latest national census (2011) estimated at 817 thousand. The number is a substantial argument in the strife of Silesians for the recognition of their Silesian nationality, all the more so, since according to the law on national and ethnic minorities and regional language Upper Silesians are neither an ethnic nor a national minority. Hitherto endeavors to register the Silesian nationality proved unsuccessful. But Silesians persist in their efforts. They preserve their cultural system and strive for the recognition of the Silesian idiom as a regional language. Culture and language are important elements defining nationality and Upper Silesians are aware of the fact. In their activity they are supported among others by the Movement for Silesian Autonomy (Ruch Autonomii Śląska), which in its aspiration to the autonomy of Upper Silesia does not forget about the Silesian tradition and above all about the language.
EN
Narratives of ethnic identity and language among young Pannonian Ruthenians in SerbiaThis article offers a study of narratives of ethnic identity among young Ruthenians in Serbia. The analysed data comes from in-depth interviews and questionnaires conducted in 2016 with nine informants studying at the University of Novi Sad. The narrative approach has proven to be most suitable, especially when trying to understand the individual perspective of one’s ethnic and linguistic identity. In order to understand Ruthenians as an ethnic minority in Serbia, the study also provides a brief overview of the historical context, including information on Ruthenian migration from Transcarpathia to Vojvodina in the eighteenth century, their strategic positioning towards the nation states they have lived in, their Greek-Catholic denomination as a factor distinguishing them from other ethnic communities, as well as the intersubjective understanding of their ethnic identity. Vojvodina, the northern region of Serbia, where they live, is a multicultural and multi-confessional province, which has proven to be both an opportunity and a challenge for this community. The historical overview also presents how they have obtained their minority rights since their migration to the region. Narracje tożsamości etnicznej i języka wśród młodych Rusinów Panońskich w SerbiiNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest narracjom tożsamości etnicznej wśród młodych Rusinów w Serbii. Analizowane dane pochodzą z wywiadów pogłębionych i badań kwestionariuszowych przeprowadzonych w roku 2016 wśród dziewięciorga rozmówców studiujących na Uniwersytecie w Nowym Sadzie. Podejście narracyjne zostało wybrane jako najwygodniejsze do zbadania osobistych spojrzeń na własną tożsamość etniczną i językową. Aby pomóc w zrozumieniu położenia Rusinów jako mniejszości etnicznej w Serbii, praca przedstawia również w zwięzły sposób kontekst historyczny, w tym informacje o migracji Rusinów z Zakarpacia do Wojwodiny w XVIII wieku, strategie ich funkcjonowania w państwach narodowych, na obszarze których zamieszkiwali, grekokatolicką identyfikację religijną, stanowiącą czynnik odróżniający ich od innych miejscowych społeczności, oraz indywidualne sposoby rozumienia tożsamości etnicznej. Położona w północnej Serbii Wojwodina to region wielokulturowy i wielowyznaniowy, co przynosi rusińskiej wspólnocie zarówno trudności, jak i korzyści. Zawarte w artykule spojrzenie na historię ukazuje ponadto proces zdobywania praw mniejszości przez Rusinów po ich migracji do obecnego miejsca zamieszkania.
13
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The paper describes the situation of national and ethnic minorities in the Greater Poland voivodship. A part of the research refers to the results of a field study done by the author in the years 2011-2013. On the basis of the numeric size, territorial location, internal organization and activity of NGOs the minorities studied were classified into three groups. The following minorities are described: Russian, Belorussian, Lemko, Lithuanian, Armenian, Tartar, Czech, Greek, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Jewish, German and Rom. The minorities in Greater Poland are rather small in number and territorially dispersed. They do not form any compact local communities in any region of the voivodship. Particular national and ethnic minorities differ in the scale of internal organization. As these minorities live in deep diaspora they do not form any noteworthy NGOs that would in a significant way influence the political, social or cultural life of the region.
EN
The aim of the article is to show different aspects of diversity among the Vlachs in the contemporary socio-political realities of the particular countries in South-Eastern Europe. Their diversity leads to a general threefold description. Most commonly the Vlachs are regarded as a cultural or regional minority (in Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia), they are identified with the Romanian nation (Bulgaria, Romania), or seen as an ethnic and language minority (North Macedonia, Albania). The communities of Vlachs had shaped their customs, traditions and identity in relation to their local living conditions. They were forced to find a modus vivendi with the dominant Slavic, Greek or Albanian-speaking population, as well as their local codes of conduct. As a result, the dispersed communities have never developed a uniform ethnic or cultural identity, which would bind them into a greater whole. What differentiates them further, is their legal and political situation in the particular countries of residence. 
PL
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zróżnicowaną charakterystykę ludności wołoskiej we współczesnych realiach społeczno-politycznych poszczególnych państw Europy południowo-wschodniej. Na jej podstawie można wyodrębnić trojakie rozumienie Wołochów. Najczęściej traktuje się ich jako mniejszość w sensie kulturowym i regionalnym (w Grecji, Bułgarii, Chorwacji), identyfikuje z żywiołem rumuńskim (Bułgaria, Rumunia) lub uznaje za mniejszość etno-językową (w Macedonii Północnej i Albanii). Obyczajowość, tradycje i tożsamość społeczności wołoskich ukształtowały się w odniesieniu do lokalnych warunków życia. Wołosi musieli szukać modus vivendi z ludnością, która na danym obszarze dominowała liczebnie i określała reguły funkcjonowania. W rezultacie, rozproszone społeczności wołoskie nie wygenerowały jednolitej tożsamości etnicznej czy kulturowej, która mogłaby je spoić w większą całość. Zróżnicowana jest także ich sytuacja prawno-polityczna w poszczególnych państwach. 
EN
The article, while discussing the concept of friendship, presents social and personal relations between the protagonists of Zofia Nałkowska’s fiction. Against the background of tragic social conflicts, numerous shows of disloyalty, trade in women, low motives, and thoughtlessness, the writer points out to friendship as the only worthwhile relationship, even if it brings many disappointments. Apart from her enormous sensitivity to women’s plight, and focus on their mutual solidarity, Nałkowska often focused on friendship between men, representing their emotional engagement and delight of one man in another. In Nałkowska’s fiction, friendship is linked to risk, opening up to otherness, and internalization of the gaze of another human being. Friendly relationships, although they are fleeting and full of ethical tensions, help people to free themselves from their mould, change their character, and escape from dependencies that discipline their desires. Thus, friendship means a personality crisis, weakening of character, and temporary transgression. The passage, a temporary escape from entrenched ways of living, is possible in Nałkowska’s fiction only at the cost of a friendly bond.
Lud
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2023
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vol. 107
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issue 1
77-109
EN
The article – based on the exam papers from 19 main sessions – shows that the issue of ethnic minority groups in Poland was overrepresented in matura exam in Civic Education. Analysing the tasks concerning the recognition of minorities, their rights and the ethnic processes they are subjected to, it was proven that this presence was multifaceted. The observed deficiencies in the tasks and their materials did not serve to build up a negative image of these groups, but sometimes even raised their position.
PL
W artykule – na podstawie arkuszy maturalnych z 19 sesji głównych – wykazano, że problematyka etnicznych grup mniejszościowych w Polsce była nadreprezentowna w egzaminie maturalnym z WoS-u. Analizując zadania dotyczące rozpoznawania mniejszości, ich praw i procesów etnicznych, którym podlegają, udowodniono, że obecność ta bywała wieloaspektowa. Zauważone uchybienia w zadaniach i materiałach do tych zadań nie służyły budowie negatywnego obrazu tych grup, a bywało, że „podnosiły” ich pozycję.
Polonia Journal
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2018
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issue 7
219-239
PL
Autor rozpatruje kwestie Polaków, a zwłaszcza zastanawia się nad tym, jakie mają oni możliwości rozwijania swojej tożsamości narodowej w Czechach. Zastanawia się, co pozwala im właściwie rozwijać polską kulturę, tradycję, obyczaje, folklor, język w środowisku polonijnym, reprezentując mniejszość narodowościową w Republice Czeskiej.
EN
The author considers the question of Polish people, particularly of what possibilities they have to develop their ethnic identity in Czech Republic. The author analyses the factors enabling them to cultivate Polish culture, traditions, customs, folklore and language properly in Polish community, which represents ethnic minority in Czech Republic.
EN
Social exclusion is linked to limited opportunities in meeting either individual or social community needs. The most significant factors leading to marginalisation are considered to be poverty, health and wellbeing. Those factors are then linked to the situation of labour market and its indicators such as: unemployment, homelessness and disability. The sitaution of Roma Community in Poland after 1989 was very difficult. It resulted in severe criticisism reports published by international organisations which carried on research on those ethnic miniorities that aplied for UE membership. The first real attemp of how to resolve Roma Coomunity problems was the Pilot Study of Roma Community in Małopolska County in 2001. This program became succesful and was recognised by polish society which resulted in continuing it all over the country. This paper describes the present situation of Roma Community living in Małopolska County, who experienced 13 years of integration practices especially in relation to education, employment and positive attitude coming from the rest of society.
PL
Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne, mimo niewielkiego udziału w strukturze ludności współczesnej Polski, przyczyniły się do powstania wyjątkowego pod względem narodowo-konfesyjnym dziedzictwa polskiej przestrzeni. Stosując podejście geograficzno- -polityczne dokonano próby uchwycenia, zrozumienia i wyjaśnienia procesu przemian narodowościowo-etnicznych ludności Polski, prowadzącego do ukształtowania się jej współczesnego oblicza.
EN
The preponderance of people of Polish nationality who are followers of the Roman Catholic Church does not make Poland a state of one nation and denomination. In addition to the national and religious majority, Poland also includes national, ethnic and Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce z perspektywy geografii politycznej religious minorities. Their presence is stressed not only because in democratic countries such as Poland the protection of these groups is very important. In the case of Poland, it is crucial that throughout its history it has been a multicultural country with representatives of various national and religious groups living together. Minorities occurring in contemporary Poland, despite their numerically small share in the overall population, are a testament to the unique national and religious heritage of Polish land. The general aim of this article is to present the communities that kept their national and ethnic identity in this special cultural context, differing from the majority of Poles in their national (partially coincident with denominational) affiliation. This general objective will be achieved through several detailed objectives including: a retrospective analysis of the recognition of ethnic issues (including minorities) by the political geography, the identification, determining the number and location, as well as an analysis of legal positions of national and ethnic minorities in contemporary Poland.
EN
The core of analysis in this article is the situation of the Cracovian Roma community aVer Polish accession to the European Union. The analysis considers two levels − institutional (activity of Roma associations) and private (the situation of families and individuals). The base material in the case of institutions are interviews with their representatives and, in the case of individuals, interviews by questionnaires. This analysis proceeded multidi-rectional, proposals for different areas are: the housing situation of the Cracovian Roma community is not bad, but the vast majority of non-proprietary occupants live on the premises without the possibility of purchasing the property for financial reasons; most of them have employment, it increased in recent years, despite rising unemployment in the country; significantly increases the level of education of the Roma and aware of the limitations associated with its lack; majority of the Roma is satisfied with the activities of their nassociations, on the other hand, the associations perceive greater opportunities and resources to help than before 2004; the Cracovian Roma feel strong deterioration in the standard of living due to the decline in revenues and an increase in prices, as well as a clear increase in the discrimination in the last decade. The analysis can help to verify the situation of this minority and to break some stereotypes, but this is necessary to conduct research in other Polish regions.
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