Search results - CEJSH

1

Empatia w służbie ludzkości

100%

Cygan M. B.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2019

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issue 67

269-281

PL

Book review: Frans de Waal, Wiek empatii. Jak natura uczy nas życzliwości, tłum. Ł. Lamża, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2019, ss. 380.

2

Anaximandros z Mílétu a evoluce

89%

Kočandrle R.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2010

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vol. 58

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issue 4

605-622

EN

In his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin talks generally of his classical forerunners, although his only direct reference is to Aristotle. The passage cited by Darwin is, however, in reality a quotation from Empedocles. Although evolutionary thinking in the ancient world is most commonly connected with the said Empedocles, and with Lucretius, one may also point to Anaximander of Miletus. Doxography has preserved several remarks which may portray Anaximander as the precursor of evolutionary thought. Despite the incompleteness of these remarks, it is clear that in Anaximander’s writing there was an account of zoogony and anthropogony. One may suppose that the origin of life was treated by Anaximander as the last phase in the origin of the whole world. This latter was the direct result of the drying of the primal wetness by the sun’s heat. That he connected the drying of the wetness and the origin of life is, however, not supported by direct evidence. The point of departure for the origin of life was most probably water in conjunction with the earth. In the water there lived the first living beings, wrapped in spiny bark which burst open as soon as they came on to dry land. The bark here may be meant as part of a concrete analogy with a cosmogony, and it is indirect evidence that, for Anaximander, there was a direct parallel betwen the description of the world and of living organisms. About living beings we have no other documentary information. We cannot tell, therefore, whether there was, in Anaximander’s system, just one primal species from which all the others developed, or a plurality of primal species which constituted exemplars of species existing at present. Nor is it possible to show whether Anaximander took into account the adaption of species to their new environment, and whether indeed he thought the influence of environment had any effect on their development. Anaximander also presented a pioneering conception of anthropogony. Because of the long-term helplessness of man, he associated human origin with fish, or at least with beings similar to fish. Within these creatures, man originally developed to maturity. Influential on Anaximander’s thinking here is the original environment of water which man could not directly inhabit. On account of the problematic nature of the extant texts we are not in a position to adequately delineate Anaximander’s conception of zoogony and anthropogony. Most probably, however, Anaximander only explained the origin of the first living beings rather than their development into their present form. There are, to be sure, no extant remarks to the effect that Anaximander thought that there was a development of higher species out of lower, or that he took into account adaption to environmental conditions. The attribution of evolutionary thought to Anaximander is not therefore fully warranted. It is probably not justified either.

3

Man in a modern world. Reflections on the new philosophy of nature

71%

Legocki A. B.

Nauka

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2008

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issue 1

EN

Philosophical theories developed concurrently with scientific thoughts and have consequently contributed to the identification of the main purposes of cognition, thus influencing the essence of progress in civilization. One of the main questions posed here was whether the development of living species in nature is subject to a blind chance in evolution only. Rapid development of science and its exceptional culmination in the 20th century redefined the special place of human being and its natural environment.

4

Opinia publiczna jako obiekt zainteresowania propagandy politycznej

71%

Ziółkowski J.

Studia Politologiczne

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2012

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vol. 25

125-140

EN

This article aims to show the relationship between propaganda and public opnion. The author assumed that the model of the evolution of political propaganada is correlated with the process of forming public opinion. Public opinion is here treated as a recipient of propaganda content, as well as intermediary on the line: steering subject - society.

5

Krása v kontexte evolučných prístupov

71%

Démuthová S.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2019

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vol. 67

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issue 4

591-604

EN

Beauty is a meaningful quality of objects that we not only manage to perceive but which evoke positive emotions in us, catching our attention in an appealing way. We have a tendency to prefer beautiful objects. It is apparent that the perceptual and cognitive apparatus of a person is endowed with mechanisms that are able to perceive this quality. The question is, what is the significance of the presence of beauty in the objects themselves and why is it so important for those who perceive these objects. Why does the aesthetic exist at all? This study attempts to point out the evolutionary-biological conception of beauty and uses examples of the attractiveness of the human figure and the human face to shed light on the possible significance of the presence of this quality. It postulates the thesis that from an evolutionary point-of-view beauty is a specific means of presenting biologically important information and the perception of it by an individual is an unconscious mechanism ensuring the survival of one’s own genes.

SK

Krása je významnou kvalitou objektov, ktorú nielenže dokážeme percipovať, ale vyvoláva v nás aj pozitívne emócie, zasahuje pozornosť a pôsobí príťažlivo. Krásne objekty máme tendenciu preferovať. Je zrejmé, že percepčný a kognitívny aparát človeka disponuje mechanizmami, ktoré sú schopné túto kvalitu vnemov postihnúť. Otázkou je, aký význam má prítomnosť krásy u samotných objektov a prečo je tak dôležitá pre tých, ktorí tieto objekty vnímajú. Prečo vôbec estetická skúsenosť existuje a aký je jej účel? Štúdia sa pokúša poukázať na evolučne-biologické koncepcie krásy a na príkladoch atraktivity ľudskej postavy a ľudskej tváre objasniť možný význam prítomnosti tejto kvality. Postuluje tézu, že krása je z evolučného hľadiska špecifickým spôsobom prezentovania biologicky dôležitých informácií a jej vnímanie jedincom je neuvedomelým mechanizmom zabezpečenia prežitia vlastných génov.

DE

Schönheit ist eine bedeutende Qualität von Objekten, die wir nicht nur wahrnehmen können, sondern die in uns auch positive Emotionen hervorruft, unsere Aufmerksamkeit anregt und anziehend auf uns wirkt. Wir neigen dazu, schöne Objekte vorzuziehen. Der Wahrnehmungs- und Verständnisapparat des Menschen verfügt offensichtlich über Mechanismen, die in der Lage sind, diese Qualitäten von Eindrücken zu erfassen. Die Frage ist, welche Bedeutung die Anwesenheit von Schönheit für die Objekte selbst hat und warum sie so wichtig ist für diejenigen, die diese Objekte wahrnehmen. Warum gibt es überhaupt die ästhetische Erfahrung und welchen Zweck hat sie? In der Studie wird auf das evolutionsbiologische Konzept der Schönheit hingewiesen und anhand von Beispielen der Attraktivität der menschlichen Gestalt und des Gesichts die mögliche Bedeutung der Anwesenheit dieser Qualität erläutert. Dabei wird die These aufgestellt, dass die Schönheit in evolutionärer Hinsicht eine spezifische Art der Präsentation biologisch wichtiger Informationen darstellt, und dass ihre Wahrnehmung durch den Einzelnen ein unbewusster Mechanismus zur Sicherung des Überlebens der eigenen Gene ist.

6

Ewolucje ustroju i funkcjonowania administracji publicznej w Polsce w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku

71%

Szewc T.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2010

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vol. nr 3

125-141

PL

W artykule opisano, jakie czynniki i w jaki sposób wpłynęły na zmianę przepisów regulujących funkcjonowanie administracji w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w.

EN

This paper describes factors and ways of evolution of public administration in the first decade of XXI century.

7

WPŁYW NOWYCH MEDIÓW NA EWOLUCJĘ LITERATURY FAKTU. ANALIZA REPORTAŻU MULTIMEDIALNEGO JACKA HUGO-BADERA BOSKIE ŚWIATŁO

71%

BUCZEK P.

Civitas et Lex

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2015

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issue 3(7)

7-18

EN

New media becomes more and more popular. Its existence and constant development do not stay indifferent to traditional forms of non-fiction literature. The distinct example of this phenomenon is creation of a multimedia reportage. It is a combination of the classic journalistic text and elements such as: pictures, sounds, films, animations and visualizations. A typical quality of multimedia reportage is interactivity. This paper contains analysis of one of the first Polish examples of the new kind of reportage – Boskie Światło by Jacek Hugo-Bader. In the presented paper all new media tools used by the reporter and effect of this usage are described. Following this – the influence of new media on non-fiction literature evolution is depicted. The multimedia reportage is a completely new creation, so no specific literature about this genre has been written yet. To prove its otherness, it is compared with a classic form of the reportage.

8

Natural Selection or Problem Solving. Critical Re-evaluation of Karl Popper's Evolutionism

71%

Boldachev A.

Studia Humana

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2014

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vol. 3

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issue 3

29-42

EN

Among the philosophers and the educated audience the name of Sir Karl Popper is usually associated with the critical method, evolutionary epistemology, falsification as a criterion for the demarcation of scientific knowledge, the concept of the third world and with his dislike to dialectics and contradictions. This article is aimed to show in what way all these things are connected in the evolutionary researches of the philosopher and the new conceptions, which he contributed to studying the mechanisms of evolution. Also there is an attempt to comprehend the evolutionary views of Popper, test them for falsification, relate his epistemology with his claims, which he puts forward to the theory of objective knowledge evolution and show the obvious contradiction between them.

9

Environmental crisis as the final stage of the evolution of culture

71%

Škorpíková Z.

Human Affairs

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2013

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vol. 23

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issue 4

507-517

EN

The article discusses possible ways of overcoming the environmental crisis. It is based on Šmajs’ evolutionary ontological understanding of the environmental crisis of nature, which distinguishes between natural and cultural evolution and demonstrates the opposing relationships between them. It critically develops one of Šmajs’ proposals for initiating a biophilic transformation of culture by dealing with some of the consequences of the economic crisis (specifically unemployment).

10

Krakow Book Forum: Stephen Davies’s The Artful Species

71%

Davies S., van Damme W., Dissanayake E., Mellmann K., Luty J.

Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics

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2014

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vol. 51

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issue 1

85-127

EN

Except for Katja Mellmann’s and Ellen Dissanayake’s contributions, all the presented essays began as presentations given at a panel discussion on Stephen Davies’s The Artful Species at the 19th International Congress of Aesthetics in Krakow, Poland (July 21–27, 2013).

11

Michael Jackson i inni metysi Pop a ewolucja

71%

Marcela M.

Świat i Słowo

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2010

|

vol. 2010, nr 1(14)

167-176

EN

Today the end, not the beginning defines a human being. George Levine writes that in the new vision of the world which emerges from Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species nothing can be understood without understanding its history. Darwin asks about the beginning, not the end. In this perspective Michael Jackson seems to be the most important figure, since he, with his life and countless „operations”, embodies this impossible goal, becoming, as Łukasz Musiał called it, “a monstrous work in progress” and “a ghastly biological project”. Jackson means: diet supplements, surgical interventions and cosmetic procedures (botox, depilation), and fitness which help to hide natural body and create new, „holistic” (in its artificiality) project of a human being. It’s also a transcultural, transsexual and transpolitical project. Because of that maybe one of the most important myths of the present day is the myth of Pygmalion but à rebours: it is not the reality’s triumph over the art – the enlivening of Galatea by Pygmalion – but the time of Pygmalion’s transformation into a statue. It is the triumph of art over reality. The triumph of universal hybrids created in the process of hybridization (Jean Baudrillard), and Michael Jackson was one of the precursors of that process.

12

Czy muzyka jest ewolucyjną adaptacją?

71%

Huron D.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2015

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vol. 8

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issue 2

211-233

PL

In this paper it is being argued that music might be regarded as a adaptive human behavior in the light of the evolutionary process. The author recalls here the NAPS theory of music according to which music does not prolong the existence of humanity but it might use one or many channels related to feeling pleasure which had evolved to strengthen adaptive behavior. The article recalls examples of theoreis of musical evolution connec ted to such issues as sexual choices, social integrity, development of perception, development of movement abilities, group effort, reduction of conf lict of interests, safe time consumption and communication between generations. All this evidence is being here regarded through archeological, anthropological and etological context. The conclusion of this paper is based on two assumptions. The first one is the notion that our mood is regulated through conversation and being with a friendly human. The other says that music takes and important place in this mood regulation.

13

According to Newton, the evolution of Classical Physics: epistemological point of view

71%

Borges de Meneses R. D.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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issue 3(24)

93-105

EN

Suppression of new ideas that seriously modified the officially accepted explanations was enforced within the religious system, but mere models like the copernian system were tolerated as a way of representing appearances so long as the interpretations were not present as the absolute truth in conflict with official church position. brahe recorded the motions of a comet that moved in the space between the crystalline spheres, but this result was absorbed by the scholastic foundations. meanwhile, on this paper, i explain the positions and foundations of mechanics by the centuries. To Physics is very important role plays the mechanic by the epistemologic questions.

14

Evolution of Public Finance in Selected Countries

71%

Bartes R.

Financial Law Review

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2021

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vol. 22

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issue 3

163-184

EN

This contribution deals with the evolution of public finance in two selected European countries. France and Germany were selected as countries to compare their evolution of public finance. The reason why the two countries were chosen is their general proximity to each other in many respects. From a professional point of view, i.e. from the point of view of the discipline of public finance, however, these are countries with different concepts of public finance disciplines. The contribution presents the historical background, context and consequences of this evolution. The relevant public finance evolution is divided into several historical stages in each country. The contribution focuses on each stage separately and points out solutions and effect of each stage. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the evolution of the public finance discipline was different in each of the selected countries. The scientific methods used in the article are analysis and synthesis, description and comparative methods.

15

Viticultural landscapes in transition: permanence and change

71%

Miętkiewska-Brynda J., Makowski J.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2018

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vol. 22

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issue 2

63-68

EN

This article concerns the transitions of cultural landscapes, especially of viticultural landscapes. The authors do not aim to present new definition of the term “landscape” but base their study on the existing output of Polish and foreign scholars. The fact that cultural landscapes are in a constant state of flux is stressed, and periods of both development and regression are included. These phenomena are illustrated with reference to the transformations of Poland's viticultural landscapes, the cultural landscapes of the Palmeral de Elche, and the mouth of the Vistula, as well as the metamorphosis of the landscape of Alto Douro. These examples may be an apt illustration of F. Braudel's concept of “longue durée”.

16

Vineyard's Cultural Landscape in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): evolution and transformations

71%

Cañizares M. C., Ruiz Pulpón Á. R.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2018

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vol. 22

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issue 2

90-94

EN

The autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha is the region with the biggest vineyard area of Spain. The rural landscape is totally adapted to the geographical conditions of the Mediterranean Europe, with signs of proper identity derived from its historical tradition and a peculiar way of working the territory by the population. Its natural dynamics and complexity, consequence of the capacity to adapt to social and economic processes which have conditioned it over time, is united to the importance of the agricultural structure. This work has the objective to analyse that kind of process with the analysis of the vineyard's historical evolution, transformations derived from the application of the Common Agrarian Policy of the European Union, and its undeniable cultural nature that means an interesting potential to contribute to the territorial development.

17

Próby interpretacji nauki o grzechu pierworodnym w świetle teorii ewolucji w teologii katolickiej

71%

Stwora T.

Studia Ełckie

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2012

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vol. 14

453-468

EN

Attempts of explaining the Catholic doctrine of original sin in the light of the theory of evolution are important in the interdisciplinary dialogue between theology and natural sciences. Solutions, proposed by theologians, can be divided into three main groups. Initially the dominating concepts justified monogenism (Adam as the only origin of humanity), while taking the neutral position towards natural sciences, and basing on conclusions drawn from the doctrinal teaching of the Church and biblical exegesis (e.g. young K. Rahner, L. Scheffczyk). In the 60s of the twentieth century, there were studies which were open to natural sciences and the evolutionary vision of the world. There were attempts of reconciling polygenism (a primary community instead of an indi-vidual Adam) with the dogma of original sin, while respecting the indivisible source of the origi-nal sin (late K. Rahner, Z. Alszeghy, M. Flick, R. Schwager). Concurrently, there were theologi-cal suggestions which under the influence of interdisciplinary dialogue gave up on monogenism, individual sinner, and any first sinful community (P. Teilhard de Chardin).

18

Integrated Education Programmes Evolution in Poland

71%

Marek E.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze

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2019

|

vol. 583(8)

17-30

EN

One of the aspects of reforming education in Poland is the curricular reform. Since 1999 until today there have appeared four core curricula of the general education (1999, 2009, 2014, 2017) and several programmes of the integrated education. The purpose of the presented research was to show the changes taking place in early childhood education programmes in 21st century. The research used contents analysis of the following documents: the core curricula and teaching programmes. The presented text includes the synthesis of the programmes research that the author has carried out over the past two decades. Research shows that the most new programmes appeared in 1999, nonetheless, the quantity did not always match the quality. Their authors lacked theoretical foundations and practical experience in constructing such programmes. The research shows that the authors of programmes are increasingly aware of the paradigms that should be present in child education, hence the preferred place they give to constructivism. To the positive changes in the programmes I include the following elements:: individualisation of the education process, applying the diversified methods of working with child, change in the position of a teacher manifested in departing from the transfer of knowledge in favour of diagnosing and supporting child development as well as animating the process of discovering knowledge, indicating the role of parents as school partners. Especially noteworthy are the programmes that arose as a result of competitions and projects implemented in our country. Unfortunately, the fast pace of transformations causes that they have not been disseminated, and their interestingly developed e-learning platforms have disappeared from the Internet. The analysis of the programmes that were created in 2017 shows that they have regressed.

19

Utilitarianism: Doctrinal analysis evolution of thought

71%

Górecki O.

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 5

141-153

EN

Utilitarianism as an innovative and original stream of ethical and political thought has enriched the philosophical discourse of the last three centuries. Utilitarian thinkers claim that maximization of pleasure correlated with minimization of pain is the correct way to create an objective catalog of rules or behaviors that result in the formation of the highest utility for a society and its individuals. From a methodological perspective, there are differences among the utilitarian philosophers on issues such as: happiness, pleasure or utility guide to diametrical disaccord on an ethical or institutional area. The present analysis of the utilitarian thought represents some of the interesting differences in interpretation of this doctrine. However, utilitarianism does not include logical or intellectually strong arguments for the protection of an individual’s rights against the interest of people at large. Thus, this doctrine during the 18th and the 19th centuries postulated the political egalitarianism. Nowadays, utilitarianism has lost its strong ethical position. In the past, utilitarianism was a political instrument to protect most of the people in a society from an arbitrary reigning of small elite groups. In recent times, this thought legitimizes the coercion of the majority will regardless of the fact that other smaller groups may have different political views. Such thinking allows to objectify the individual man which is only identified with instrumentality to maximization of utility. The author analyzes the writings of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer, and compares their doctrines with the scientific literature and forwards a basic thesis on the universal principles of utilitarianism. The author argues that the actual rules of political ethics under conditions of limitation theory of utility append the law of inviolability of the natural rights of an individual.

20

Maritime tourism space

71%

Butowski L.

Turyzm

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2014

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vol. 24

|

issue 1

51-57

EN

The aim of this article is to provide a description of the processes which take place within offshore and coastal areas treated as contemporary tourism space. The article presents the evolution of maritime space towards the formation of maritime tourism space. It also offers a classification of maritime tourism space types according to types of sailing tourism (investigated on a global scale). The analysis has covered the main geographical-structural conditions and forms of adaptation (with particular focus on coastal areas). The analysis covered seaside areas as well, but only in the context of their functional relation with sea areas. The entire investigation was conducted from the perspective of maritime sailing tourism (yachts and other recreational crafts).

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