The idea of waste is used by left thinking authors rather incidentally. In the text author tries to conceptualise category of waste and shows main critical moments when waste phenomenon is actualized. Hereby the idea of waste is introduced to left thought dictionary. Author underlines two main areas of waste in modern capitalism. First is commodity waste which is caused by too big supply and/or demand. Second is waste of labour force. It includes such phenomena as unemployment, house work and ineffective work. Author concludes that capitalism is wasteful economical system. Although we can not think abut systems that are not wasteful at all because it does not exist. We can analyse level of waste and its function. In capitalist society its function is maintenance of principle of profit and private property.
This literature review deals with the understanding of ecosystem services related to the question of their applicability and appropriate methods for their valuation. We distinguish between ecological valuation methods that aim to assess the significance of landscape characteristics, conventional economic, i.e. monetary valuation and non-monetizing valuation or assessment. Ecological evaluation methods derive values by following a cost of production approach which neglects consumer preferences. Economic valuation methods focus on the exchange value of ecosystem services, i.e. they are based on consumer preferences, but do not adequately take into account the complex internal structure of ecosystems. We conclude that – from the view of implementation of ecosystem services for policy support and consulting – successful valuation approaches should particularly consider the relationships between economic, ecological and social aspects of ecosystem services’ provision.
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