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EN
The article discusses different roles that the name of noises, exclamations and other onomat-opoeic lexems of expressive character that are inscribed in cultural patterns can play in de-veloping a child’s speech and in teaching Polish as a foreign and native language. It gives examples of the exercises and didactic strategies that support students in taking part in effec-tive communication and make them get used to vivd language, filled with emotions.
EN
The text focuses on the formal realization of the communicative function of exclamation in Czech. Since Czech exclamative sentences do not constitute a separate formally distinct sentence type, we apply a contrastive (English — Czech) corpus-assisted approach to identify the formal indicators of exclamations at various language levels. Following Michaelis (2001), exclamations are defined as expressions of the speaker’s affective response to a situation; they comprise two components, namely the speaker’s assessment of a situation as extreme or non-canonical and the recoverability of the propositional content. Although there is no unambiguous conventional pairing between the exclamative function and its formal expression in Czech, the analysis has shown that the exclamation is typically indicated by the accumulation of marked linguistic means pertaining to various language levels, such as intonation/punctuation, expressive lexis, intensifying adverbs and particles and deviations from the canonical word order.
EN
The article presents a comparison of older and more contemporary texts in respect of the functions and frequency of exclamations. The analysis is based on about 100 Polish texts used in Catholic ceremonies of the Stations of the Cross, published before the Second Vatican Council and 100 contemporary texts of the same devotional practice. It appears that the number of exclamations in contemporary texts has decreased radically. In the older material exclamations are numerous and have a variety of structures. In contemporary texts we find far fewer, usually in special contexts, especially in highly stylised and ironic ones. One can see the influence of other discourses and genres and the communicative situation as well. The paper also deals with indicators of exclamations in spoken and written texts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia porównanie dawnych i współczesnych tekstów pod względem funkcji i częstości występowania eksklamacji. Analiza opiera się 100 tekstach nabożeństwa drogi krzyżowej wydanych przed soborem watykańskim II i 100 współczesnych tekstach. Okazuje się, że liczba wykrzyknień znacząco spada w ciągu ostatniego stulecia. W dawnym nabożeństwie eksklamacje są liczne i urozmaicone pod względem struktury. Obecnie pojawiają się pojedynczo i w specjalnych kontekstach, zwłaszcza w stylizacji i w użyciach ironicznych. Widoczny jest wpływ innych dyskursów i gatunków oraz sytuacji komunikacyjnej. Artykuł porusza także problem wyznaczników eksklamacji w tekstach pisanych i mówionych.  
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